英美文学PPT课件4.englishnovel

LECTURE4,Englishnovel,JaneAusten,生於英國漢普郡(Hampshire)，有6個兄弟和一個姐姐，家境尚可。她的父親喬治奧斯汀（GeorgeAusten）是一名牧師，母親名卡桑德拉。奧斯汀兄弟中詹姆斯和亨利後來也從事神職，弗朗西斯和查爾斯則曾供職英國海軍。珍與她的姐姐卡桑德拉關係密切，她們之間的信件為後世奧斯汀研究提供了很多素材。,珍奧斯汀一生未嫁。1796年，她與後來成為愛爾蘭最高法官的湯姆勒佛伊（TomLefroy）有過短暫的羅曼史，據傳他就是傲慢與偏見中達西先生的原型。1802年，一名比奧斯汀小六歲的富有男子哈里斯彼格威瑟（HarrisBigg-Wither）向她求婚。奧斯汀最初接受了，次日又改變主意拒絕了他。,ThecottageinChawtonwhereJaneAustenlivedduringthelasteightyearsofherlife,nowJaneAustensHouseMuseum,JaneAustenisburiedinWinchesterCathedral.,JaneAusten(16December177518July1817),herworksofromanticfictionhaveearnedheraplaceasoneofthemostwidelyreadandmostbelovedwritersinEnglishliteratureherrealismandbitingsocialcommentaryhavecementedherhistoricalimportanceasawriter.,Althoughwidelyreadinherlifetime,shepublishedherworksanonymously.herworksbroughtherlittlepersonalfameandonlyafewpositivereviews.,JaneAusten,JaneAusten,ThesecondhalfofthetwentiethcenturysawaproliferationofAustenscholarship,whichexploredmanyaspectsofhernovels:artistic,ideological,andhistorical.,Inpopularculture,aJaneitefanculturehasdeveloped,centeredonAustenslife,herworks,andthevariousfilmandtelevisionadaptationsofthem.,Janeiteteapotcookies,JaneAusten,PrideandPrejudice1796(Pub.1813)SenseandSensibility1797(Pub.1811)NorthhangerAbbey1798(Pub.1818)MansfieldPark(Pub.1814)Emma(Pub.1815)Persuasion(Pub.1818),Shefirstgavethenovelitsmoderncharacterthroughthetreatmentofeverydaylife.,InallofAustensnovelsherheroinesareultimatelymarried.,Austensplots,thoughfundamentallycomic,highlightthedependenceofwomenonmarriagetosecuresocialstandingandeconomicsecurity.,PrideandPrejudice,originallycalledFirstImpressions,describedtheclashbetweenElisabethBennet,thedaughterofacountrygentlemanandanintelligentyoungwoman,andFitzwilliamDarcy,aricharistocraticlandowner.,Theirrelationshipstartsfromdislike,butDarcybecomesintriguedbyhermindandspirit.Atlasttheyfallinloveandarehappilyunited.,Itportrayslifeinthegenteelruralsocietyoftheday,ThefivedaughtersoftheBennets,JaneBennet,seeingonlythegoodinothers,marriesBingley,ElizabethBennet,withlivelinessandquickwit,marriesMr.Darcy,LydiaBennet，frivolousandheadstrongLaterelopeswithWickham,causingembarrassmenttothewholefamily,MaryBennet,bookish,CatherineBennetimmature,CharlesBingley,handsome,good-natured,andwealthyandmorepopularthanhisfriendDarcy,whoismoreintelligentandwealthierbutmorearrogant,JaneBennet,ElizabethBennet,MrBennetAbookishandintelligentgentlemansomewhatwithdrawnfromsocietydislikesthefrivolityofhiswifeandthreeyoungerdaughtersLoveandrespectJaneandElizabeth,twoeldestdaughters,Ratherthantryingtoleadhisyoungerdaughtersdownamoresensiblepath,heisrathercontenttolaughatthem.,Theinterrelatedissuesoffinancialsecurityandmarriageareattheheartofthenovel.,Mr.Bennetisagentleman,atermusedinAustinstimetodenoteamanwhohassufficientincomefrompropertyheownsnottohavetoworkinaprofessionortradetosupporthisfamily.Hehasinheritedasmallestatethatsuppliesenoughmoneytoprovideforhisfamilyduringhislifetime;however,sincehehasnoson,theestatewillpass,afterhisdeath,tohiscousin,Mr.Collins.Asaresult,hiswifeanddaughterswillnothavesufficientincometosupportthemselvescomfortablyafterMr.Bennetdies.ThisfactleadsMrs.Bennettofocusallherattentionongettinghusbandsforherdaughterssothattheywillbeprovidedforlaterinlife.,Inearlynineteenth-centuryEngland,appropriateromanticbehaviorswerehighlystructuredbygender.Forexample,itwasacceptableforawomantorefuseamarriageproposal,butimpropertoproposetoaman.Itwasconsideredproperforhertofeeladmirationforamanbeforehelovedher,butimpropertolovehimuntilhehadaskedhertomarryhim.,Socialpositiontendedtobeestablishedintermsoffamilies,notindividuals.,Anyscandalcommitedbyonememberofafamilyimplicatedallandcouldliterallydestroythechancesoftheunmarriedwomeninthefamilytofindrespectablemates.Thus,LydiaBennetsrunningoffwithMr.Wickhampresentsadangernotonlytoherownreputationandherownfuturebuttothoseofhersistersaswell.,Thelinesofclassarestrictlydrawn.WhiletheBennets,whoaremiddleclass,maysocializewiththeupper-classBingleysandDarcys,theyareclearlytheirsocialinferiorsandaretreatedassuch.,ThroughtheDarcy-ElizabethandBingley-Janemarriages,Austenshowsthepowerofloveandhappinesstoovercomeclassboundariesandprejudices,therebyimplyingthatsuchprejudicesarehollow,unfeeling,andunproductive.,Itisatruthuniversallyacknowledged,thatasinglemaninpossessionofagoodfortune,mustbeinwantofawife.凡是有钱的单身汉，总想娶位太太，这已经成了一条举世公认的真理Howeverlittleknownthefeelingsorviewsofsuchamanmaybeonhisfirstenteringaneighbourhood,thistruthissowellfixedinthemindsofthesurroundingfamilies,thatheisconsideredtherightfulpropertyofsomeoneorotheroftheirdaughters.,Appreciatethelanguage,ThetitleprideandprejudicereferstothewaysinwhichElizabethandDarcyfirstvieweachother.,Thetwomajorthemesaresummedupinthetitle.,Itshouldbepointedoutthatthequalitiesofthetitlearenotexclusivelyassignedtooneortheotheroftheprotagonists;bothElizabethandDarcydisplayprideandprejudice.,HerecomestheconversationbetweenMr.andMrs.Bennet,Why,mydear,youmustknow,Mrs.LongsaysthatNetherfieldistakenbyayoungmanoflargefortunefromthenorthofEngland;someofhisservantsaretobeinthehousebytheendofnextweek.,Whatishisname?Bingley.Ishemarriedorsingle?Oh!Single,mydear,tobesure!Asinglemanoflargefortune;fourorfivethousandayear.Whatafinethingforourgirls!Howso?Howcanitaffectthem?MydearMr.Bennet,repliedhiswife,howcanyoubesotiresome!YoumustknowthatIamthinkingofhismarryingoneofthem.,Isthathisdesigninsettlinghere?Design!Nonsense,howcanyoutalkso!ButitisverylikelythatheMAYfallinlovewithoneofthem,andthereforeyoumustvisithimassoonashecomes.Iseenooccasionforthat.Youandthegirlsmaygo,oryoumaysendthembythemselves,whichperhapswillbestillbetter,forasyouareashandsomeasanyofthem,Mr.Bingleymaylikeyouthebestoftheparty.,Theyhavenoneofthemmuchtorecommendthem,repliedhe;theyareallsillyandignorantlikeothergirls;butLizzyhassomethingmoreofquicknessthanhersisters.Mr.Bennet,howCANyouabuseyourownchildreninsuchaway?Youtakedelightinvexingme.Youhavenocompassionformypoornerves.Youmistakeme,mydear.Ihaveahighrespectforyournerves.Theyaremyoldfriends.Ihaveheardyoumentionthemwithconsiderationtheselasttwentyyearsatleast.,Mr.Bennetwassooddamixtureofquickparts,sarcastichumour,reserve,andcaprice,thattheexperienceofthree-and-twentyyearshadbeeninsufficienttomakehiswifeunderstandhischaracter.HERmindwaslessdifficulttodevelop.Shewasawomanofmeanunderstanding,littleinformation,anduncertaintemper.Whenshewasdiscontented,shefanciedherselfnervous.Thebusinessofherlifewastogetherdaughtersmarried;itssolacewasvisitingandnews.,CharlesJohnHuffamDickens7February18129June1870,pen-nameBoz,mostpopularEnglishnovelistoftheVictorianera,oneofthemostpopularofalltime.createdsomeofliteraturesmosticoniccharacters,withthethemeofsocialreformrunningthroughouthiswork.Thecontinuingpopularityofhisnovelsandshortstoriesissuchthattheyhavenevergoneoutofprint,An1839portraitofayoungCharlesDickensbyDanielMaclise,OliverTwist1837-39OldCuriosityShop1840-41AChristmasCarol1843DombeyandSon1846-48,Majorworks,Majorworks,DavidCopperfield1849-50BleakHouse1852-53HardTimes1854LittleDorrit1855-57ATaleofTwoCities1859GreatExpectations1860-61,HisbooksarelargelysetinLondon,atthetimethelargestandrichestcityintheworld,butstrugglingtocopewitharapidlygrowingpopulationandasubstantialnumberofdesperatelypoorpeople.,VictorianLondonwasthelargest,mostspectacularcityintheworld.WhileBritainwasexperiencingtheIndustrialRevolution,itscapitalwasbothreapingthebenefitsandsufferingtheconsequences.,InLittleDorritDickensdescribesaLondonrainstorm:,Inthecountry,therainwouldhavedevelopedathousandfreshscents,andeverydropwouldhavehaditsbrightassociationwithsomebeautifulformofgrowthorlife.Inthecity,itdevelopedonlyfoulstalesmells,andwasasickly,lukewarm,dirt-stained,wretchedadditiontothegutters.,Dickensappliedhisuniquepowerofobservationtothecityinwhichhespentmostofhislife.Heroutinelywalkedthecitystreets,10or20milesatatime,andhisdescriptionsofnineteenthcenturyLondonallowreaderstoexperiencethesights,sounds,andsmellsoftheoldcity.ThisabilitytoimmersethereaderintotimeandplacesetstheperfectstageforDickenstoweavehisfiction.,Muchofhisworkfirstappearedinperiodicalsandmagazinesinserialisedform,apopularwayofpublishingfictionatthetime.,Thepracticelenthisstoriesaparticularrhythm,punctuatedbyone“cliffhanger”悬念afteranother,tokeepthepubliceagerforthenextinstallment.,Manyofhischaractersnamesprovidethereaderwithahintastotherolesplayedinadvancingthestoryline,suchasMr.MurdstoneinthenovelDavidCopperfield,whichisclearlyacombinationofmurderandstonycoldness.Hisliterarystyleisalsoamixtureoffantasyandrealism.,DickensDreambyR.W.BussportrayingDickensathisdeskatGadsHillsurroundedbymanyofhischaracters,Dickenscharactersspanallsocialclassesandhewrotecompassionatelyaboutthelivesofthepoorandcampaignedforbetterconditionsforthem,TinyTiminAChristmasCarol,BillSikesfromOliverTwist,WilkinsMicawber,acharacterfromDavidCopperfield.,Heisfamousforfrequentlyassertinghisfaiththatsomethingwillturnup.Hisnamehasbecomesynonymouswithsomeonewholivesinhopefulexpectation.,Hisnovelswereheraldedearlyinhiscareerfortheirabilitytocapturetheeverydaymanonpaperandthuscreateamemorablecharactertowhomreaderscouldrelate,andenvisionasarealperson.,Please,sir,Iwantsomemore.FromOliverTwist,DickensiancharactersespeciallytheirtypicallywhimsicalnamesareamongthemostmemorableinEnglishliterature,Theycanbebelievedtobelivingalifeoutsidethenovelsthattheirstorieshavebeencontinuedbyotherauthors.,Vicesaresometimesonlyvirtuescarriedtoexcess!DombeyandSon(1848)Ilovetheselittlepeople(children);anditisnotaslightthingwhenthey,whoaresofreshfromGod,loveus.TheOldCuriosityShop(1841)Thechildrenoftheverypoorarenotbroughtup,butdraggedup.BleakHouse(1852),QuotationsbyDickens,Itwasthebestoftimes,itwastheworstoftimes,itwastheageofwisdom,itwastheageoffoolishness,itwastheepochofbelief,itwastheepochofincredulity,itwastheseasonofLight,itwastheseasonofDarkness,itwasthespringofhope,itwasthewinterofdespair,wehadeverythingbeforeus,wehadnothingbeforeus,wewereallgoingdirecttoHeaven,wewereallgoingdirecttheotherway.,ATaleofTwoCities(1859),GreatExpectations,firstpublishedinserialforminAlltheYearRoundfrom1December1860toAugust1861.Ithasbeenadaptedforstageandscreenover250times.,GreatExpectations,thestoryoftheorphanPip,writingabouthislifefromhisearlychildhooduntiladulthoodandattemptingtobecomeagentlemanalongtheway.Thenovelcanalsobeconsideredsemi-autobiographicalofDickens,likemuchofhiswork,drawingonhisexperiencesoflifeandpeople.,OnChristmasEveof1812,Pip,an_aged7,encountersan_convictinthevillagechurchyardwhilevisitinghisfamilysmanygraves.TheconvictscaresPipintostealingfoodforhimandafiletogrindawayhislegshackles.HethreatensPipnottotellanyoneanddoashesaysorhisfriendwillcutoutPipsliver.,escaped,orphan,Pipreturnshome,whereheliveswithMrs.Joe,hisoldersister,andherhusbandJoeGargery.Hissisterisverycrueland_himandJoeregularly,whileJoeismuchmorekindtoPip.Earlythenextmorning,Pipstealsfoodanddrink(includinga_fortheirChristmasfeast)andsneaksouttothegraveyard.,beats,pie,ItisthefirsttimeinPipslifehesfelttruly_.Thisisanimportanteventinthebookbecausetheconvictwillneverforgetthe_thatPipshowedtohim.Theconvict,however,waitsmanyyearstofullyshowhis_.,gratitude,guilty,kindness,PipsUnclePumblechookgetsPipinvitedtothehouseofaricholdwomannamedMissHavisham,wholivesinthevillageinSatisHouse.,MissHavishamisaspinsterwhowearsanold_dresswithoneshoeonandhasallthehouseclocksstoppedat20minutestonine.,wedding,Shehasntseensunlightinyearsandclaimstohavea_heartandjustwantstoseePipplaycardswithEstella,ayounggirlshehasadopted.,broken,Afterthisfirstmeeting,PipfrequentlyvisitsMissHavishamandEstella.HebeginstotenaciouslylearneverythinghecanfromBiddyinschool,inaneffortto_Estellawhocalledhimacommonlabouringboy.,impress,PipvisitsMissHavishamonherbirthdaywheresheshowshimherweddingcake,whichisbeingeatenbymice,andwhereshewillbelaidoutwhensheisdead,adeathshelooksforwardto.,aLondonlawyer,Jaggers,approachesPip,revealingverystartlingnews:Piphasinheritedalargesumofmoneyfroman_benefactor.TheconditionsofthereceiptofsaidmoneyrequirehimtoleaveforLondonimmediately,buysomeclothesandbecomea_.Pip,becausehehasalwayswantedtobecomeagentleman,gratefullyacceptstheseterms.,anonymous,gentleman,Onestormynight,Piplearnsthetrueidentityofhisbenefactor.ItisnotMissHavisham,ashehadalwaysthought,butratheracriminalnamedMagwitch,theconvictPiphelpedfeedinthechurchyardmanyyearsagoandheleftallhismoneytoPipingratitudeforthatkindnessandalsobecausePipremindedhimofhisownchild,whomhethinksisdead.,ThenewsofhisbenefactorcrushesPip-hes_ofMagwitch,andMagwitchwantstospendtherestofhislifewithPip.Pip,veryreluctantly,letsMagwitchstaywithhim.Thereisawarrant通缉outforMagwitchsarrestinEnglandandhellbehangedifhescaught.Eventually,becauseMagwitchisontherunfromthelaw,aplanishatchedbyHerbertandPipwhichinvolvesfleeingthecountrybyboat.,ashamed,Pip,Herbertandanotherfriend,makeagallantattempttohelpMagwitchescape,butinsteadheiscapturedandsenttojail.PipisdevotedtoMagwitchbynowandrecognizesinhimagoodandnobleman.PiptriestohaveMagwitchreleasedbutMagwitchdiesshortlybeforehisexecution.UnderEnglishlawMagwitchswealthforfeitstotheCrown,thusextinguishingPipsGreatExpectations.,ThemainthemesofGreatExpectationsarethoseofcrime,socialclassandambition.Fromanearlyage,Pipfeelsguilt;heisalsoafraidthatsomeonewillfindoutabouthiscrimeandarresthim.ThethemeofcrimecomesinevengreatereffectwhenPipdiscoversthathisbenefactorisinfactaconvict.Piphasaninternalstrugglewithhisconsciencethroughoutthebook.,GreatExpectationsexploresthedifferentsocialclassesofVictorianEngland.Throughoutthebook,Pipbecomesinvolvedwithallofthem,fromcriminalslikeMagwitchtotheextremelyrichlikeMissHavisham.Piphasgreatambition,asdemonstratedconstantlyinthebook.IfPipdidnothaveambition,hewouldhavenevergonetoLondon,hewouldhavestayedasalowlyblacksmith.,EmilyJaneBront(pronounced/brnti/or/brnte/)(30July181819December1848)wasanEnglishnovelistandpoet,nowbestrememberedforhernovelWutheringHeights,aclassicofEnglishliterature.EmilywasthesecondeldestofthethreesurvivingBrontsisters,betweenCharlotteandAnne.ShepublishedundertheandrogynouspennameEllisBell.,WutheringHeightsisadarkandbroodingworkoffiction.Ithasbeeninprintforoverahundredandfiftyyearsandremainsaspowerfulasever.,Publishedin1847,thestorysmultiplenarratorsandusesofflashbackwereextremelyunusualforthetime.Therefore,thebookreceivedarathercoolreception.Manyreadersalsofeltthatthesubjectmatterwastoodarkandconsideredtheworkvulgar.,AboutWutheringHeights,WutheringHeightsisalargemansion,positionedinthedarkandwildmoorsofYorkshire.ItishometoMrEarnshawandhistwochildren,CatherineandHindley.WhenEarnshawreturnsfromatriptoLiverpoolwithanorphanedboy,andstatesthatheistobeacceptedintothefamily,thedramaofthestorybegins.,TheboyisnamedHeathcliff,whichservesforbothChristianandsurname.CatherineandHeathcliffbecomeveryclose,butHindleyresentsthenewcomer,andsensingthathisfatherfavourstheorphan,hebecomesinsanelyjealous,andviolenttowardsHeathcliff.,UponMrEarnshawsdeathHindleyinheritstheestateandsetsaboutmakingHeathcliffslifeamisery.Meanwhile,therelationshipbetweenHeathcliffandCatherinehasdevelopedintolove.However,Catherinesheadisturnedbyawealthyneighbour,EdgarLinton,whooffersallthethingsthatHeathcliffcannot:Wealth,socialstatusandsecurity.ShethereforeacquiescestobecomeLintonswife.,HeathcliffisdrivenmadbyjealousyanddisappearsfromWutheringHeights.Whenheemergesthreeyearslaterheisachangedman.Eatenupwithbitternessandanger,heisaswild,passionate,anddangerousasthemoorsthatheinhabits.HeisdeterminedtomakeEarnshawandLintonpayforthemiserytheyhavecausedhim.,Thethemesofpassion,loveandjealousy,arejustasrelevantnowastheywereinthenineteenthcenturyandthisispossiblythereasonthatthenovelisaspopularnowasithaseverbeen.Therehavebeenmanymodernadaptations,includingfilms,plays,andevenamusical.,WutheringHeightsisthenameofMr.Heathcliffsdwelling.Wutheringbeingasignificantprovincialadjective,descriptiveoftheatmospherictumulttowhichitsstationisexposedinstormyweather.,CathysspeechaboutherfeelingstowardsLintonandHeathcliff,Iwasonlygoingtosaythatheaven