初中语法复习-名词PPT课件

-,1,RevisionofJuniorEnglish主讲：刘老师,-,2,Nouns名词,-,3,名词表示人、事物、地点的名称或者抽象概念的词分为专有名词和普通名词,-,4,专有名词表示个别的人、事物、地点等专有的名称。专有名词第一个字母要大写*Lucy*China*theSummerPalace,-,5,普通名词分为可数名词和不可数名词可数名词表示人、事物、地点等的名称。可数名词有单数和复数两种形式之分,-,6,名词的单数形式一般可用a来修饰*acar*abook在元音发音开头的单词前用an*anelephant*anapple请区别：ausefulmachine,-,7,名词的复数形式1.复数形式的构成方法(1)一般在复数名词后加“s”/s/or/z/*dogdogs*bookbooks(2)以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词加“es”/iz/*boxboxes*watchwatches,-,8,(3)以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加“es”/iz/*countrycountries*factoryfactories请区别：如果是元音字母加y结尾的名词则只须加“s”*boyboys*monkeymonkeys,-,9,(4)以o结尾的名词加“s”/z/*radioradios*zoozoos只有potatotomato加“es”构成复数potatopotatoestomatotomatoes(5)以f、fe结尾的名词,变f、fe为v再加“es”/vz/*halfhalves*shelfshelves*knifeknives*leafleaves,-,10,2.特殊变化的单词(1)单复数同形ChineseChinesefishfishJapaneseJapanesesheepsheep(2)变元音字母oo为eetoothteethfootfeet,-,11,3.变man为menmanmenwomanwomenpolicemanpolicemenFrenchmanFrenchmen请区别：German(德国人)Germans4.其它形式childchildrenmousemice,-,12,5.一些合成名词的复数构成分两种情况(1)将中心词变为复数girlfriendgirlfriendsgrandchildgrandchildren(2)man,woman构成的合成词，每个名词都要变成复数amandoctormendoctorsawomanteacherwomenteachers,-,13,6.常以复数形式出现的名词peopleclothespolicetrousersglasses这些名词作主语时，注意它们的谓语用复数*Myclothesarenewerthanyours.*Thepoliceoftencomehere.,-,14,7.可用howmany，many，afew，few，any，lotsof,some，alotof等修饰可数名词复数*Thereareafewpeopleinthepark.*Howmanyknivesarethereinyourpencil-box?,-,15,不可数名词物质名词和抽象名词属于不可数名词如:water，rice，fish，meat等。特别记住：workchalktimespacemusicmoneyweathercottonhomeworkwoodinformationnewsmedicine,-,16,1.不可数名词无复数，作主语时常看成单数*Somebreadisoverthere.*Nonewsisgoodnews.2.常用howmuch,much,alittle,little,alotof,some,any等来修饰不可数名词*Theyhadmuchmoney.*Hedoeslittlehouseworkathome.,-,17,3.常用apieceof,acupof,aglassof,abottleof等来表示不可数名词的量,单复数表现在of前面的名词上，而of后始终是单数*Thereisapieceofpaperinthebook.*Threeglassesoforangeareonthedesk.,-,18,注意：可数名词也可用量来表示，of后用复数*Therearetwobagsofclothesoverthere.*Wehavefiveboxesofapples.,-,19,4.有些可数名词或不可数名词在一定情况下可相互转化，同一个词，但意思不同(1)glass(玻璃)aglass(玻璃杯)paper(纸)apaper(报纸)work(工作)awork(著作)room(空间)aroom(房间),-,20,(2)fruit(水果)fruits(各种水果)fish(鱼)fishes(各种鱼)hair(所有头发)hairs(几根头发)time(时间)times(时代),-,21,名词的一般用法名词做定语1.修饰另一名词时,一般用单数*Hehastwopencil-boxes.*Therearethreebananatreesoverthere.2.manwoman用做定语时,应与后面的名词保持数的一致*Weneedamanteacher.*Theyareallwomenworkers.,-,22,3.sports,clothes做定语时,仍用复数形式*asportsfield*aclothesshop4.当数词与单位名词一起做定语时，单位名词往往用单数形式,数词与单位名词用“-”连接。*Heisafourteen-year-oldboy.*Thisisatwo-hourplan.,-,23,名词做主语时,应注意名词的数，避免主谓不一致。*Herfamilyisalargeoneandherfamilyareallteachers.她家是一个大家庭,她的家人都是老师。*Thereisapairofglassesonthedesk.桌上有一副眼镜,-,24,名词所有格表示名词间的所有关系“的”一.名词所有格的构成方法1.单数名词后加“s”*Tomsbook*myfriendsuncle2.以s结尾的复数名词,则在s后加“”即可*TeachersDay*twoweeksholiday,-,25,3.不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格,仍按惯例加“s”*ChildrensDay*mensshoes4.用of加名词，构成所属关系的短语，主要用于表示无生命名词的所有关系*thecolorofthewall*apictureoftheclassroom,-,26,二.名词所有格的几个注意点1.可用名词所有格表示地点,地点名词习惯上省略*myaunts(home）(我姑姑家）*gototheteachers(office）(去老师办公室）2.有些名词的所有格可用两种形式*thecatsname/thenameofthecat*Chinascapital/thecapitalofChina,-,27,3.表示两人共同拥有,在最后一个名词后加“s”*LucyandLilysroom露西和莉莉的房间（两人共有一间房间）请区别:LucysandLilysrooms露西的房间和莉莉的房间（两人各有一间房间）,-,28,Article冠词,-,29,冠词虚词，本身无独立的意义，它用来帮助说明名词所指的人或物是泛指还是特指不定冠词a,an（泛指）定冠词the（特指）,-,30,1.不定冠词的用法1)表示某人(事物)的某一种类*Myfatherisadriver.*Doyoulikeanappleorapear?2)表示某一事物中的任何一个*Anelephantisbiggerthanahorse.*Amonkeycanclimbtrees.,-,31,3)表示某人某物,但不具体说明何人何物。*AstudentfromClassTworunsfastest.*Amaniscallingnow.4)表示数量，有“一”的含义*Thereisaflowerinthevase.*Apandahasamouth,anose，twoeyes.,-,32,5)有些不可数名词要表示“一种”、“一场”、“一堆”时，须加不定冠词*aheavysnow*astrongwind*makeafire*haveagoodtime6)用于固定词组*halfanhour*amomentago*alotof*havearest*alittleafew*apairif,-,33,2.定冠词的用法1)指上文提到过的人或物,用定冠词the2)世界上独一无二的事物前用定冠词the*thesun*themoon*theearth3)定冠词the用于序数词前或表示方位的名词前和形容词最高级前*thefirst*thebest*inthesouth,-,34,4)乐器名称前用定冠词the*playthepiano*playtheviolin5)在复数姓氏前加the，表示一家人，常看成复数*TheBrownsaregoingtoShanghaiforaholidaythissummer.=TheBrownfamilyaregoingtoShanghaiforaholidaythissummer.,-,35,6)在一些形容词前，表示一类人*therich富人*theold老人*thedeaf聋子在一些专有名词和习惯用语中常用定冠词the*theGreatWall*bytheway*inthemorning*ontheright*behindthechair*allthetime,-,36,3.不用冠词1)在节日、星期、月份、季节、年、学科等词前不用冠词*insummer*inAugust*onSunday*studyphysics请区别：inthespringof1945(特指,加the)2)一日三餐和球类运动名词前不用冠词*havebreakfast*playfootball,-,37,3)名词前已有this,that,my,your,some,any,each作定语,不用冠词*Theymetherethismorning.*Eachboyhasaworkbook.4)一些专有名词、不可数名词、称呼、头衔不用冠词ChinaGradeTwoMr.LiDr.Liumeat,-,38,5）表示颜色、语种、国家前不用冠词*inpurple*inred*Japanese*Britain6）固定词组*gotobed*bybus*atnight*intime,-,39,4.在有些词组中,有冠词和无冠词意思不同infrontof在前面inthefrontof在范围内的前部*Thereisatreeinfrontofthehouse.房子前面有一棵树*Theteachersdeskisinthefrontoftheclassroom.讲台在教室的前部,-,40,inhospital(生病)住院inthehospital在医院里*Hesillinhospital.他生病住院。*Myparentsworkinthehospital.我的父母在医院工作。,-,41,Exercises,-,42,用名词的正确形式填空1Hecuttheappleinto_(half).2The_(potato)aremine.3Howmany_(family)arethereinthistown?4Thereareten_(deer)onthefarm.5These_(German)are_(businessman).6Lastweekwewenttothe_(child)Park.,halves,potatoes,families,deer,Germans,businessmen,Childrens,-,43,改错1.Itsahardwork.2.WedonthaveanyclassonSundays.3.Theroomswindowsareverybig.,Itshardwork.,WedonthaveanyclassesonSundays.,Thewindowsoftheroomareverybig.,-,44,4Howmanymilkisthereinthebag?5.CouldIhavethreepapers,please？6.Thesetwopiecesofbreadisoverthere.,Howmuchmilkisthereinthebag?,CouldIhavethreepiecesofpaper,please？,Thesetwopiecesofbreadareoverthere.,-,45,()1Ifound_goodnewsin_newspaper.A.a,aB.apieceof,apieceofC.a,apieceofD.apieceof,a()2What_itistoday!A.afineweatherB.fineweatherC.fineaweatherD.thefineweather()3Totheir_,theyhaveallpassedtheexam.A.surpriseB.surprisingC.surprisesD.surprised,D,B,A,-,46,()4Lucyis_sister.A.MaryandJackB.MarysandJacksC.MaryandJacksD.MaryandJacks()5Pleasemake_forhim.Heisverytired.A.anyroomB.anyroomC.someroomsD.someroom()6Themodelplanewasmadebya_boy.A.ten-years-oldB.ten-year-olderC.ten-year-oldD.ten-yearold,D,D,C,-,47,()7Hewenttothe_tobuyapairofshoes.AshoesstoreBshoestoreCshoesstoreDshoesstore()8Iwillgiveyou_tofinishit.AtwoweekstimeBtwoweekstimeCtwoweektimeDtwoweekstime()9Thetwobedroomarethe_.AtwinsBtwinsCtwinsDtwins,B,B,C,-,48,()10ThisisanoldphotoofminewhenI_.AhaveshorthairsBhadshorthairsChaveshorthairDhadshorthair()