英语语言学五ppt课件

.,Chapter5Meaning,.,ThesubjectconcerningthestudyofmeaningiscalledSEMANTICS.Morespecifically,semanticsisthestudyofthemeaningoflinguisticunits,wordsandsentencesinparticular.研究意义的学科叫做语义学。更具体地说，语义学是研究语言单位的意义，尤其是词和句子的意义的学科。,.,Meaninghasbeenstudiedforthousandsofyearsbyphilosophers,logiciansandlinguists.E.g.Plato&LaoZi.,.,OnedifficultyinthestudyofMEANINGisthattheword“meaning”itselfhasdifferentmeanings.e.g.Whatisthemeaningoflife?,5.1Meaningsof“meaning”,.,GeoffreyLeech(1974,1981).Semantics:TheStudyofMeaning.Seventypesofmeaning:Conceptualmeaning（概念意义）Connotativemeaning（内涵意义）Socialmeaning（社会意义）Affectivemeaning（感情意义）Reflectedmeaning（反射意义）Collocativemeaning（搭配意义）Thematicmeaning（主位意义）,AssociativeMeaning（联想意义）,.,1)ConceptualmeaningcentralpartofmeaningItis“denotative”inthatitisconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweenawordandthethingitdenotes,orrefersto.Inthissense,conceptualmeaningoverlapstoalargeextentwiththenotionofREFERENCE这种意义是“外延”的，因为它关注词语跟它所指示物之间的联系。从这点看，概念意义在很大程度上与指称相重合,.,PhilosophersuseCONNOTATION,oppositetoDENOTATION,tomeanthepropertiesoftheentityaworddenotes.哲学家的“内涵”跟“外延”相对，表示词语所指称实体的性质。,(2)Connotativemeaning,.,(3)Fromconnotativemeaningtocollocativemeaningarecollectivelyknownasassociativemeaninginthesensethatanelementaryassociationisttheoryofmentalconnectionsisenoughtoexplaintheiruse.内涵意义到搭配意义合起来称作联想意义，因为解释这些意义需要依靠一种关于思维关系的基本的联想理论。,.,(4)Thematicmeaningismoreperipheralsinceitisonlydeterminedbytheorderofthewordsinasentenceandthedifferentprominencetheyeachreceive.主位意义是更外围的，因为它是由词序和词语重音所决定的。,.,5.2ThereferentialtheoryThetheoryofmeaningwhichrelatesthemeaningofawordtothethingitrefersto,orstandsfor,isknownastheREFERENTIALTHEORY,whichisaverypopulartheory.Itisgenerallypossibletoexplainthemeaningofawordbypointingtothethingitrefersto.把词语意义跟它所指称或所代表的事物联系起来的理论，叫作指称论。这是一种很流行的理论。通过指明词语所代表事物来解释词义一般来说是可能的。,.,Oneproblemofthistheoryisthatwhenweexplainthemeaningofdeskbypointingtothethingitrefersto,wedonotmeanadeskmustbeoftheparticularsize,shape,colorandmaterialasthedeskwearepointingtoatthemomentofspeaking.Weareusingthisparticulardeskasanexample,ofsomethingmoregeneral.Thatis,thereissomethingbehindtheconcretethingwecanseewithoureyes.Andsomethingisabstract,whichhasnoexistenceinthematerialworldandcanonlybesensedinourminds.ThisabstractthingisusuallycalledCONCEPT.,.,这种理论的其中之一问题就是，当我们通过实物书桌来解释desk时，我们并不意味着书桌必须具有当时当地那张书桌所有的尺寸、形状、颜色和质料，而是用它作一个实例，作某种更普遍的东西的一个例子。也就是说，在我们肉眼所见实物之外存在的某种东西。这种东西是抽象的，没有物质存在，只能通过我们的思维来感知。这种抽象之物即一般所谓概念。,.,Atheorywhichexplicitlyemploysthenotion“concept”isthesemantictriangleproposedbyOgdenandRichardsinthemeaningofmeaning.Inadiagramform,therelationisrepresentedasfollows:conceptwordthing,.,Leechalsou