语言学第三章chapter3PPT课件

.,Chapter3Morphology,3.1Introduction3.2Morpheme3.2.1Freemorpheme3.2.2Boundmorpheme3.3MorphsandAllomorphs3.4TypesofWordFormation3.4.1Compounding3.4.2Derivation3.4.3Otherways(Conversion,Backformation,Clipping,Blending,Acronym,Initialism),outline,.,3.1Introduction,DefinitionofmorphologyMorphologyisabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructure,formsandclassesofwords.un-+-lyunfriendly;unhappily;unkindly;unlonely-fypurify;simplify;falsify;amplify,.,3.2Morpheme,Itisaminimalunitofmeaningorgrammaticalfunction.tourists:tour;-ist;-stalks;talker;talked;talkingTypesofmorpheme:freemorphemeandboundmorpheme,.,3.2.1Freemorpheme,Freemorphemesareindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselves.friend,happy,kind,simple,false,tour,talk,etc.Root:thebasicelementofawordthatcanstandbyitself:talk,internationalism,work/shop,black/birdStem:theelementinvolvedinawordwithoutthelastaddedboundmorpheme:friends,friendships,.,Stem,Astemmaybe:asimplestemconsistingofonlyonemorpheme,inwhichcasetherootandthestemarethesame:work,talkarootplusaderivationalaffix:workerstwoormoreroots:workshops,.,Lexical(open)morphemesvsFunctional(close)morphemes,Lexical(open)morphemesarethesetofordinarynouns,verbsandadjectivesthatcarrythecontentofmessageweconvey.Sincewecancreatenewlexicalmorphemesforthelanguagerathereasily,theyarecalledanopenclassofwords:book,desk,house,love,look,long,happy,.,Functional(close)morphemesconsistofthefunctionalwordsinthelanguagesuchasconjunctions,articles,prepositionsandpronouns.Aswealmostneveraddnewfunctionalmorphemestothelanguage,theyarecalledaclosedclassofwords:and,but,because,if,when,on,above,in,it,the,that,.,3.2.2Boundmorpheme,Boundmorphemesarethosethatcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.Theyareactuallyaffixes,includingprefixesandsuffixes:-ly,un-,-ist,-s,-er,-ed,-ing.Insomelanguages,therearealsoinfixes.,.,Prefixesarejoinedtothebeginningoftherootorstem.Theycanchangethemeaningorfunctionoftheword.Impossible,unbelievable,enrichSuffixesarejoinedtotheendoftherootorstem.Theycanalsochangethemeaningorfunctionoftheword.hopeless,kindness,.,DerivationalmorphemesvsInflectionalmorphemes,DerivationalmorphemesareOFTENusedtomakenewwordsofadifferentgrammaticalcategoryfromthestem.ness,-less,-ful,-ly;re-,pre-,dis-,co-,im-,un-Inflectionalmorphemesmanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategoriessuchasnumber,tense,degreeandcase.,.,InflectionalmorphemesinEnglish,Englishhasonlyeightinflectionalmorphemes:-s:possessive-s:plural-s:3rdpersonpresentsingular-ing:presentparticiple-ed:pasttenseandpastparticiple-en:pastparticiple-er:comparative-est:superlative,.,Differencesbetweenderivationalmorphemeandinflectionalmorpheme,Derivationalmorphemescanchangethegrammaticalcategoryofaword,creatinganentirelynewword.Inflectionalmorphemesneveralterthegrammaticalcategoryofaword.,.,Summary,morpheme,Freemorpheme,Boundmorpheme,Lexicalmorpheme,Functionalmorpheme,Derivationalmorpheme,Inflectionalmorpheme,.,3.3MorphsandAllomorphs,Morphs:thesmallestmeaningfulphoneticsegmentsofanutteranceonthelevelofparole.Theyarethephonological(spoken)ororthographic(written)formswhichrealizemorphemes.Theyareminimalcarriersofmeaning.Allomorph:amemberofasetofmorphswhichrepresentthesamemorpheme.Allomorphsarephonologicalororthographicvariantsofthesamemorpheme.,.,Allomorph,Allomorphsareincomplementarydistribution.,-edpasttense-t:talked-d:stayed-id:created(phonological)-d:changed-ed:worked(orthographic),-s(plurality)-z:meanings-s:maps-iz:watches-ai-:mice-i:-:feet0:deer,.,3.4TypesofWordFormation,Wordformationorwordbuildingisthecreationofnewwords,whichisusefultousbecauseitcanenrichourvocabularybylearningsomemajorways.Themostimportantwaysarecompoundingandderivation.,.,3.4.1Compounding,Definition:puttingtwowordstogether.Thefirstelementreceivesthemainstress,andthesecondonedeterminesthenewwordsclass.typewriter,workshop,tractor-driver,blackboard,.,Typesofcompoundwords,a.nouncompoundsnoun+noun:armchair,rainbowverb+noun:pickpocket,washclothadjective+noun:bluebird,highchairb.verbcompoundsnoun+verb:vacuum-clean,manhandleverb+verb:sleepwalkadjective+verb:dry-cleanc.adjectivecompoundsnoun+adjective:color-blind,snow-whiteverb+adjective:stir-crazyadjective+adjective:dark-blue,pale-yellow,.,3.4.2Derivation,Definition:addingaffixestootherwordsormorphemesfreemorpheme+boundmorpheme:unhappy;misunderstand;careful;carelessAffixescanbedescribedbyfunctionormeaning:childhood;childlike;childless;childishThederivationalprocessmayalterthegrammaticalormorphologicalform:anti-terrorist;computation;placement;colorful,.,Computerwords,-ware:software,hardware,shareware,freewarecyber-/e-:cyberspace,cyberchat,e-commerce,e-cashtechno-:technobabble,technostress,technophobia,.,Conversion:zeroderivation,Hespaperingthebedroomwalls.nv:elbow;milk;skin;hammer;nurse;e-mailvn:doubt;attempt;must,guess,spyadjv:dry;free;better;down,dirty,emptyadjn:native;short,crazy,nasty,.,Backformation,Definition:removethesuffixtogetanewwordedit;opt;enthuse;typewriteTlvision(French)televise,.,Clipping,Definition:abbreviationoflongerwordsfridge;bike;ad;copter;bus;gym;telecom;flu,prof,phone,gas,plane,sitcom,.,Blending,Definition:combiningtwoseparateforms,takingonlythebeginningofonewordandjoiningittotheendofanotherwordbrunch:breakfast+lunchmotel:motor+hotel;smog:smoke+fog,.,Acronym,Definition:formingwordsfromthefirstlettersofaseriesofwords,whicharepronouncedassinglewords.NATO:NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganizationUNESCO:UnitedNationsEducation,SocialandCulturalOrganizationAIDS:acquiredimmunedeficiencysyndromeSARS:severeacuterespiratorysyndrome,.,Initialism,Definition:formingwordsfromthefirstlettersofaseriesofwords,whicharepronouncedbysayingeachletter.CD:compactdiskVIP:veryimportantpersonWTO:WorldTradeOrganizationCPU:centralprocessingunitID:identificationcard,.,Summary,3.