高级英语课件

Week17CourseReview,essay()n.()Ashortliterarycompositiononasinglesubject,usuallypresentingthepersonalviewoftheauthor.EssayTypes:DescriptiveEssay(person,placeorthing)NarrativeEssay(PersonalorOutsideObserver),NarrationNarrativewritingtellsastoryanddescribeseventsinchronologicalorder.Thegoalofnarrationistotellastoryortodescribetheelementsofanevent.Descriptionusedtocreateavividimageofaperson,place,orthing.drawsonallofthesenses,notmerelythevisual.purposeistoenablethereadertosharethewriterssensoryexperienceofthesubject.,ExamplesofDescriptiveEssaysWeLookedatinClassPlace:“TheMiddleEasternBazaar”,“MyDormitoryRoom”Thing:“MyMaltese”,ConventionsofDescriptiveEssays:Place,MethodsofOrganization1)Appealing-to-the-SensesDescription:Letthereadersee,smell,hear,taste,andfeelwhatyouwriteinyouressay.2)Spatial-OrderDescription:Showthereaderwherethingsarelocatedfromyourperspective.3)Chronologicalorderdescribethingsintheorderyousee/sawthem.,4)IdeaGrouping(ElvisPresley,NewYork)DominantImpressionthethesis(topic)oftheessaywhichguidesyouinselectingdetailsoverallattitude,moodorfeelingoftheplacebeingdescribedadescriptiveessayisunifiedbythedominantimpressionitconveys(givesthereader),TopicSentences,Atopicsentencecontainsthemainideauponwhichaparagraphisdeveloped.Oftenitappearsat(ornear)thebeginningofaparagraph,introducingthemainideaandsuggestingthedirectionthattheparagraphwilltake.Whatfollowsatopicsentenceareanumberofsupportingsentencesthatdevelopthemainideawithspecificdetails.,EveryparagraphhasitsowntopicsentenceEveryessayhasanintroductoryparagraphThetopicsentenceintheintroductoryparagraphiscalledthethesisstatement,ExampleTopicSentencesTheMiddleEasternBazaartakesyoubackhundredseventhousandsofyears.TheoneIamthinkingof.(thethesisstatement)Maggiewillbenervousuntilafterhersistergoes;shewillstandhopelesslyincorners,homelyandashamedoftheburnscarsdownherarmsandlegs,eyeinghersisterwithamixtureofenvyandawe.Shethinks.(thethesisstatement),SimplePresentandPresentContinuousTenses,Whenwritingadescriptiveessay,thewritermostoftenusesthesimplepresentorpresentcontinuoustenses.Thesimplepresenttenseisusedtodiscusspermanentsituationsandthefrequencyofevents.Eg.HelivesinGermany.Iworkonmywebsiteeveryday.,PresentContinuous,Thingsthatarehappeningnow,atthemoment.Eg.Shesreadinginthegarden.Actionshappeninginaperiodaroundthepresentmomentintime.Eg.Shesstudyinghardforherfinalexam.,Commonpresentcontinuoustimeexpressionsinclude:atthemoment,now,today,thisweek,thismonth,“TheMiddleEasternBazaar”.,1)Inyouropinion,whatistheDominantImpressionoftheessay?2)Doestheauthoruseappealingtothesensesdescription?Ifso,givesomeexamples.3)Doestheauthorusespatialorderdescription?Ifso,givesomeexamples.4)Doestheauthorusechronologicalorderdescription?Ifso,givesomeexamples.,5)Doestheauthoruseideagrouping?Ifso,givesomeexamples.6)Doestheauthorusethepresenttense?Ifso,givesomeexamples.7)Doestheauthorusethepresentcontinuoustense?Ifso,givesomeexamples,Narration,Narrativewritingtellsastoryanddescribeseventsinchronologicalorder.Thegoalofnarrationistotellastoryortodescribetheelementsofanevent.TypesofNarrationNarrativeEssaysShortStories,NarrativeEssays,Narrativeessaysareoftenpersonalessayswritteninastoryform.Narrativeessayscanbewritteninthefirstorthirdpersondependingontheperspectiveofthestory.Narrativeessaysshouldhaveconcreteterms.Mostnarrativeessayshaveauniversalmeaningortakeawaynugget(moral,lesson).,Personalnarrativeessaysarenon-fictionstories.Thestorycontainsonlydetailsthataddtoorhelpdescribethethesis(generalization).(Fictionisprosewritingaboutimaginedeventsandcharacters.)Narrativeessays,iftoldasastory,haveaplot,setting,characters,aclimaxleadingtothethesis,andconclusion.Mostnarrativeessayshaveatimelinewhereitbeginsandwhereitends.,Acharacterisaperson,orsometimesevenananimal,whotakespartintheactionofanarrativeessay,shortstoryandotherliteraryworks.Thesettingofanarrativeessayorshortstoryisthetimeandplaceinwhichithappens.Aplotisaseriesofeventsandcharacteractionsthatrelatetothecentralconflict.,Thethemeisthecentralideaorbeliefinanarrativeorshortstory.Theclimaxisthemostintenseorhighestpointofanexperienceorofaseriesofevents.Itisthe“highpoint”oftheplotandleadstothethesis.Theconclusiongivesthestoryacompletenessandcreatesaconnectionbetweenthebeginningandtheending.,Theconflictisastrugglebetweentwopeopleorthingsinanarrativeessayorshortstory.Themaincharacterisusuallyononesideofthecentralconflict.Ontheotherside,themaincharactermaystruggleagainstanotherimportantcharacter,againsttheforcesofnature,againstsociety,orevenagainstsomethinginsidehimselforherself(feelings,emotions,illness).,EssentialElementsofaNarrativeAseriesofeventstoldbyanarratorForsomeparticularpurpose-toillustrateapoint-supportanidea-toexplainaprocedure-toentertain,NarrativeTypes,NarrativeEssay(personalexperience,outsideobserverorhistoricalnarrative)ShortStory(imaginativefiction),ShortStoryVersusNarrative,DifferencesbetweenashortstoryandanarrativeessayAnarrativeessaydescribesastoryfromapersonalpointofview(orfromthepointofviewofanoutsideobserver),withaspecialemphasisonapointorlessonconveyedbythatstory.Ashortstorymayalsohavethesefeatures,makingitdifficulttodistinguishitfromanarrativeessay.,Anessayisnon-fiction-adiscussionoffacts.A“shortstory”isfiction.(writingaboutimaginedeventsandcharacters.)“EverydayUse”isanexampleofanarrativeessay.“Blackmail”isanexampleofashortstory.,ShortStory,Startswithasituation-aproblemtoberesolvedfortheprotagonist.(protagonist-theleadingcharacter,hero,orheroineofadramaorotherliterarywork)Thenpresentsproblemsfortheprotagonist:Misunderstandings/mistakenidentity/lostopportunitiesetc.,Thefinalstepshowshowtheproblemissolved:Lovetriumphs/goodconquersevil/honestyisthebestpolicy/unitedwestand,ShortStoryTheme,Everypieceofwritingmusthaveamessageorthreadofmeaningrunningthroughit,andthisthemeistheskeletonorframeworkonwhichtheplot,characters,settingetc.hang.Everywordintheplotshouldberelatedtothistheme.,“Blackmail”,Answerthefollowingquestionsusingcompletesentences:1)Whatisthethemeofshortstory?2)Whatistheplotoftheshortstory?3)Whoarethecharactersintheshortstory?,4)Whatisthesettingoftheshortstory?5)Whatistheconclusion(ending)oftheshortstory?_6)Whatistheclimaxoftheshortstory?7)Describetheconflictintheshortstory.,BlackmailPlotSummary,ADukeandaDuchessarewaitinginahotelroomforavisitfromOgilvie,theHouseDetective.WhenOgilviearrives,hebeginstalkingabouthowgoodthingsarefortheDukeandDuchessandabouthowmanynicethingstheyhave.,Ogilviethenchangesthesubjecttoahitandrun,whichkilledamotherandchild,thathappenedthenightbefore,implyingthattheDukeandDuchesswereinvolved.TheDukefinallyadmitshisguilt,andOgilviebeginstellingtheDukeandDuchessexactlywhathappenedandabouttheevidenceontheircar,aJaguar.,Ogilviethenbeginstointimatethathewouldacceptmoneytokeepsilent.AfterdiscussingthedifficultyofdrivingtheirdamagedJaguaroutofthearea,theDuchessaskshimdirectlyifhewouldacceptmoneytokeepsilent.TheDuchessthensurprisesthereaderwhensherefusestopaythe$10,000Ogilvieasksfor,butoffershim$25,000notonlytokeepsilent,butalsotodrivetheircarfarawayfromthearea.Ogilvieacceptstheoffer.,Exercise1page104-5,“EverydayUse”Summary,AliceWalkersmodernclassicEverydayUsetellsthestoryofamotherandhertwodaughtersconflictingideasabouttheiridentitiesandancestry.Themothernarratesthestoryofthedayonedaughter,Dee,visitsfromcollegeandclasheswiththeotherdaughter,Maggie,overthepossessionofsomeheirloomquilts.,Quilts“theyshouldbeusefulandnotdecorative”,Theme“EverydayUse”,Traditionsin“EverydayUse”byAliceWalkerareimportanttobothDeeandhermother,buttheyhavedifferentmeanings.ForDeesmotherandhersisterMaggie,traditionsarebuiltonafoundationofinheritedobjectsandwaysofthinkingwhileforherdaughter,traditionsaresomethingthatnolongerhaveeverydayuseandarecorruptedbyhistory.,Mostimportantly,in“EverydayUse”thesetraditionsareallbasedonalearningandeducationandwayofthinkingpossessedbyeachcharactershapedbythetraditionstheyrelyon.,“EverydayUse”PlotSummary,Thestorybeginswith“Mama”andherdaughterMaggie,waitingformamasotherdaughterDee,intheiryardintheruralSouthernUSA.SheisproudofheryardandthehardworksheandheryoungerdaughterMaggiehavedonetomakeitlookgoodforthevisitfromcollege.,Hertwodaughtersareverydifferent.Dee,theolderone,hasanarroganceabouther,alwayswantingthenicerthingstheycannotafford.ShemakesheryoungersisterMaggiefeelinferiorandintimidated(tomaketimid;fillwithfear).Deehasbeenawayfromhomeforsometimeandhasadoptedthenewlingoandstyleofmodernblackwomen,andwegetasenseofhowhurtfulherwaysandherbeliefsaretoMamaandMaggie.,Asthestoryunfolds,Deebeginstoshowunusualinquisitiveness(unusuallycurious)aboutsomehouseholdfurnishings,theirvalue,andtheirage.Shewantsabutterchurnandotheritemsthathavehistoricalandmonetaryvalue.,TheclimaxcomesasDeedemandshermothergivehertheold,handmadequilts.WhenMamatellshertheyrepromisedtoMaggie,DeeexclaimsthatMaggiecantappreciatetheoldquilts,andwouldprobablybebackwardenoughtoputthemtoeverydayuse!“Mamastandsbyherdecision.Deeonlywantstodisplaythequilts,butMamaishappythatMaggiewillprobablyusethequiltsasintended.,Commonprefixes:Re-(renew)1)wrong,badPre-(preview)2)beforeMis-(misbehave)3)again,backDe-(deforestation)4)eightTele-(television)5)one,same,wholeUn-(unhappy)6)removeorreduceBi-(biweekly)7)twice,(twotimes)Uni-(uniform)8)far,distantOcto-(octopus)9)many,(usuallymorethantwo)Sub-(subway)10)underorlowMulti-(multiple)11)not,Commonsuffixes:-ablecanorabletodosomething-erjob,doer-fulfullof-mentnessionnounornameofsomething-ivelyadverbmaking-iveadjectiveordescriptionwordbuilding-ateverbmaking-phonesoundoraudio-scopeseeorrange,Prefixesthatmakeopposites,un1)happy,stoppable,tidy,lucky,important,unableim2)possible,pregnable,ir3)responsible,regular,reparable,dis4)organized,appear,honest,agreeil5)logical,legalin6)decisive,correct,capablemis7)understand,inform,calculate,CompleteSentences,Asentenceisagroupofwordsthatexpressesacompletethought.Everysentencehasasubjectandapredicate.Thesubjectusuallycontainsthemainsubjectornoun,andthepredicatetellswhatthesubjectisdoing,whichcontainstheverbofthesentence.,Rulesforwritingsentences:1.Everysentencemustbeginwithacapitalletter.2.Everysentencemustendwithapunctuationmark.Youusedifferentmarksfordifferentkindsofsentences.,PhrasesandClauses,Phrasesandclauseshavetheroleofmodifierinsentences.Theyaregroupsofwordsthatgivemoreinformationaboutthesubjectnounand/orpredicateverb.Sentencescontainingphrasesandclausesarecomplexsentences.,PhrasesPhrasesaregroupsofwordsthatdonotcontainaverb.Theyusuallybeginwithapreposition:about,above,against,before,.,with,within,withoutClausesClausesaregroupsofwordsthataddinformati