理工大学博士研究生入学考试英语考试大纲.doc

招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试英语考试大纲解放军理工大学研究生招生办公室编- 19 -目 录一、考试大纲- 3 -（一）评价标准- 3 -（二）试卷结构与考试内容- 4 -（三）答题和计分- 6 -二、附录- 7 -（一）博士生入学考试英语样卷及参考答案- 7 -一、考试大纲解放军理工大学博士研究生入学考试英语考试大纲是专为本校招收博士研究生而设置的，其目的为帮助考生更好地准备博士生英语入学考试，考核已修完硕士研究生英语学位课程的考生是否达到教学各项要求及其英语实际应用能力。教育部硕士、博士研究生英语教学大纲规定，“博士研究生入学时，其英语水平原则上应达到或略高于硕士研究生毕业时的英语水平，以适应博士生阶段学习及研究工作的需要。”本考试难度高于研究生入学英语考试。（一）评价标准考生应掌握下列语言知识与技能：1. 语言知识（1）语法知识考生应能熟练地运用英语基本语法知识。（2）词汇知识考生通过复习所掌握的英语词汇应达到大学英语课程教学要求中更高要求层次所推荐的7600左右的英语单词和1800个常用词组。（3）语篇知识考生应掌握英语语篇基本知识并具备在语篇水平上理解和表达英语的能力。2. 语言技能（1）阅读能力能读懂有一定难度的一般性英语文章，理解其意义，能借助词典阅读英语原版教材和英语国家报刊杂志上的文章，能比较顺利地阅读所学专业的综述性文献。（2）翻译能力能将一定难度的科普性英语文章译成汉语，理解正确，译文达意，译速为每小时400-450英语单词。能将一般性或科普性汉语文字材料译成英语，译文达意，无重大语言错误，译速为每小时350400汉字。（3）写作能力熟练地运用基本写作技能，能按要求在半小时内写出200词左右的短文，正确表达思想，无重大语言错误，基本符合英语表达习惯。能在阅读有关专业文章时写摘要，文理基本通顺，表达意思清楚，语言规范。（二）试卷结构与考试内容本考试包括五个部分：阅读理解(占45%)、完形填空(占10%)、阅读与回答问题(占10%)、翻译(占20%)、写作(占15%)。第一部分 阅读理解（Part I Reading Comprehension）主要测试考生通过阅读获取信息的能力，既要求准确，也要求有一定速度。共30题，考试时间为60分钟。要求考生阅读6篇文章，每篇文章后有4-6个问题。考生应根据文章内容从每题所给的四个选择项中选出一个最佳答案。此部分总阅读量（不包括题目及选择项）为1500-1800 词。主要测试下述能力：1. 掌握所读材料的中心思想、主要内容和细节；2. 对所读材料的内容进行一定的判断和推理；3. 理解某些词和句子的意义及上下文之间的逻辑关系；4. 领会作者的观点和判断作者的态度。第二部分 完形填空（Part II Cloze Test）主要测试考生语篇水平上的理解能力和语言实际应用能力。测试内容涉及句型、结构，词汇、短语和搭配等。共20题，考试时间为20分钟。测试的形式是在一篇题材熟悉、难度适中的短文（约200-250词）中留有20个空白，每个空白为一题，要求考生根据文章内容从每题所给的四个选择项中选出一个最佳答案。第三部分 阅读与回答问题（Part III Short Answer Questions）主要测试学生阅读理解文章和书面回答问题的能力。既要求考生掌握文章中心大意，领会作者的观点和态度，又要求有分析、推理、判断和综合概括能力。考试时间为25分钟。要求阅读一篇300词左右的文章，然后回答5个问题。第四部分 翻译（Part IV Translation）主要测试考生英汉互译能力。共2题，考试时间为40分钟。本部分共有二节。A节（Section A）：英译汉：内容为科学常识性的文章。要求译文忠实原文，表达正确。考试时间为20分钟。这一节考试内容为总量150词左右的英语短文。B节（Section B）：汉译英：内容为科学常识性的短文。要求译文忠实原文，表达正确。无重大语言错误。考试时间为20分钟。这一节考试内容为总量140个左右汉字的短文。第五部分 写作（Part V Writing）主要测试考生用英语书面表达思想的能力。要求考生按照要求写出一篇内容切题、意义连贯、无重大语言错误、约200词的短文。考试时间为35分钟。（三）答题和计分本考试分试卷一和试卷二。试卷一（Part I和Part II）为多项选择题，要求考生从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出一个最佳答案，多选作废。多项选择题按答对的题数计分。试卷二（Part III、Part IV和Part V）为主观题，要求考生用钢笔或圆珠笔把简答题答案、翻译和作文直接写在答题纸上。主观题按统一规定的评分标准评分。试卷的题型、题数、计分、比重和考试时间列表如下：卷别序号题号各部分名称题型题数计分比重考试时间（分钟）试卷一I1-30阅读理解客观题304545%60II31-50完型填空客观题201010%20试卷二III51-55回答问题主观题51010%25IV翻译主观题22020%40V写作主观题11515%35合计58100100%180二、附录（一）博士生入学考试英语样卷及参考答案Part I Reading Comprehension (60 minutes 45 points)Directions: There are 6 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Decide on the best choice. Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage: Despite the fact that today viruses are known to cause cancer in animals and in plants, there exists a great reluctance to accept viruses as being of importance in human cancer Basic biological phenomena generally do not differ strikingly as one goes from one species to another. It should be recognized that cancer is a biological problem and not a problem that is unique for man。 Cancer originates when a normal cell suddenly becomes a cancer cell which multiplies widely and without apparent restraint. Cancer may originate in many different kinds of cell， but the cancer cell usually continues to carry certain traits of the cell of origin. The transformation of a normal cell into a cancer cell may have more than one kind of cause, but there is good reason to consider the relationships that exist between viruses and cancer. Since there is no evidence that human cancer，as generally experienced, is infectious, many persons believe that because viruses are infectious agents they cannot possibly be of importance in human cancer. However, viruses can mutate (突变) and examples are known in which a virus that never kills its host can mutate to form a new strain of virus that always kills its host。It does not seem unreasonable to assume that an innocuous (无害的) latent virus might mutate to form a strain that causes cancer Certainly the experimental evidence now available is consistent with the idea that viruses as we know them today, could be the causative agents of most, if not all cancer, including cancer in man.1. According to the passage, which is not true? A) Viruses are known to cause cancer in animals and in plants. B) Many people dont believe that viruses cause human cancer. C) Basic biological phenomena dont change too much in animals and plants. D) Cancer may originate in certain kinds of cell. 2. According to the passage which is true? A) The transformation of a normal cell into a cancer cell has just one reason. B) There is no relationship between viruses and cancers. C) Viruses can mutate in some cases. D) Viruses are not contagious.3. It is possible that viruses cause human cancer because _ . A) human cancer is infectious B) human cancer has more than one kind of cause C) man is host to many viruses D) viruses can mutate 4. Why do many people believe viruses cannot possibly be of importance in human cancer? A) Because there is no evidence that human cancer is caused the way plants are caused. B) Because they think cancer should be infectious if viruses are of importance in human cancer. C) Because the viruses are innocuous. D) Because the viruses can mutate.5. What is the passage mainly about? A) Viruses are the causative agents of most cancer in animals, plants, and man. B) How and why viruses mutate. C) Basic biological phenomena in plants animals and man.D) Why the human cancer is not infectious.Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:For thousands of Canadians, service is neither make believe nor amusing. It is an aggravating and worsening real life phenomenon that encompasses behavior ranging from indifference and rudeness to naked hostility and even physical violence. Across the country, better business bureaus, provincial government consumer help agencies and media ombudsmen report a lengthening litany of complaints about contractors, car dealers, and repair based Better Business Bureau. “I found that some businesses are less and less inclined to want to resolve complaints.” Experts say there are several explanations for ill feeling in the market place. One is that customer service was an early and inevitable casualty when retailers responded to brutal competition by replacing employees with technology such as1800 number and voice mail. Another factor is that business generally has begun placing more emphasis on getting customers than on keeping them. Still another is that strident, frustrated and impatient shoppers vex shop owners and make them even less hospitable especially (and ironically) at busier limes of year like Christmas. On both sides, simple courtesy has gone by the board. And a multitude of consumers, service went on with it.The Better Business Bureau gets 250 complaints a week, twice as many as five years ago. The bureau then had one complaints counselor and now has four. People complain about being insulted, having their intelligence and integrity questioned, and being threatened, you know. You will be sorry if you complained, Mac-Lean says. “We hear about people being hauled almost bodily-out the door by somebody saying like “I dont have to serve you. Or this is private property, get out and dont come back!” What can customers do? If the bureaus arbitration process fails to settle a dispute, a customers only recourse is to sue in small court. But because of the costs and the time it takes, relatively fewer ever do. However, Mac-Lean has discovered an informal avenue to consumer justice that works well; she goes on TV. Says Mac-Lean: “The best way to hurt bad business is to go to the media and expose them.” There is a lot of support for the notion that service has, in part, fallen victim to generation change. Mac-Lean says many young people regard retailing “as just going to do temporarily on your way to a real job.” Young clerks often lack both knowledge and civility. “What we found,” she says, “is that employers have to train young people in simple manners because that is not being done at home.” One other main reason why service is so lousy is that companies put so much focus on acquiring customers. Its so much more attractive to get a customer than to retain one. Sales representatives never get incentives for keeping customers, but they get fancy commission checks and trips and bonuses for getting new ones.6. From the first paragraph, we know _. A) the whole real life phenomenon is worsening in Canada today B) Better Business Bureau, consumer-help agency and media ombudsmen stand on the side of the customers C) Canadians are traditionally hostile D) business has difficulties in dealing with the complaints7. To experts opinion, the casualty of ill feeling in Canada marketplace _. A) is brutal competition B) is business ill methods of service C) exists in both customers and business D) courtesy has gone8. If a customer was insulted in Canada, which way is more effective? A) To ask government consumer help agencies for help. B) To sue in small claim court. C) To tell public the business ill manners. D) To quarrel with the business.9. About the ill manners in retailing, which of the following reasons is correct? A) Young people are too young to take good care customers in service. B) Young clerks look down upon themselves. C) Employers didnt train them very well. D) Young people want better job and they dont regard the service job as their life-long job.10. Why do companies put so much focus on acquiring customers? A) They are angry with old customers because of their complaints. B) The sales representatives cannot get more benefits on old customers any more. C) Old ones know their production is not good enough. D) Companies can not retain old ones.Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:The government of Britain has for many centuries been shared by three supreme authorities: the Monarch (i.e. the King and Queen), the lords (i.e. the hereditary nobility) and the commons (i.e. the ordinary people). The story of its development has been the story of a gradual shifting of supremacy from the first of these authorities to the third, in other words, a gradual progress towards democracy. Thus the Monarch today is king without any power at all.This statement may seem surprising in view of the great affection which the British have for Queen Elizabeth，the great ceremonies connected with her, the great state functions over which she presides, the oaths of loyalty made to her by Parliament, and many great decisions made in her name and requiring her authority. It is the Queen who approves the appointment of Ministers and the formation of a cabinet; it is the Queen who summons Parliament and who introduces the new session with a speech from the Throne in which she summarizes the governments program; it is the Queen who gives her assent to Bills before they become law, who concludes treaties and declares war, who makes appointments to all offices of State and Church, who dismisses Parliament when the government has been defeated or has reached the end of its term, and who chooses a new Prime Minister. Indeed, she is informed and consulted on every aspect of national life. And yet it remains true that she has no power. For in practice, she acts only on the advice of her Prime Minister, and must be completely impartial.11. What does the passage mainly discuss? A) The development of British government. B) The supreme power of Queen Elizabeth. C) The function of Monarch in Britain. D) The role of British Prime Minister.12. In the first sentence of the second paragraph the phrase “presides over” could best be replaced by which of the following? A) decides B) controls C) specifies D) chairs13. Why do we say that the development of British government is “gradual progress towards democracy”? A) The Monarch keeps in closer touch with the common people than before. B) The power is distributed evenly among the three supreme authorities. C) The ordinary people have come to enjoy supremacy with the gradual loss of the Monarchs political power. D) The commons discard the Queen.14. According to the passage, Queen Elizabeth can do all of the following except _ . A) choose and control her Prime Minister B) conclude treaties and declare war C) preside over the great state functions D) approve the formation of a cabinet15. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage? A) The Queen can make many great decisions in political field. B) The Queen can dismiss parliament at any time as she likes. C) Parliament puts toward Bills and makes them become law without the Queens permission.D) The British people admire and respect the Queen.Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:In the world of entertainment, TV talk shows have undoubtedly flooded every inch of space on daytime television. And anyone who watches them regularly knows that each one varies in style and format. But no two shows are more profoundly opposite in content, while at the same time standing out above the rest, than the Jerry Springer and the Oprah Winfrey shows.Jerry Springer could easily be considered the king of “trash talk (废话)”. The topics on his show are as shocking as shocking can be. For example, the show takes the ever-common talk show themes of love, sex, cheating, guilt, hate, conflict and morality to a different level. Clearly, the Jerry Springer show is a display and exploitation of societys moral catastrophes, yet people are willing to eat up the intriguing predicaments of other peoples lives.Like Jerry Springer, Oprah Winfrey takes TV talk show to its extreme, but Oprah goes in the opposite direction. The show focuses on the improvement of society and an individuals quality of life. Topics range from teaching your children responsibility, managing your workweek, to getting to know your neighbors.Compared to Oprah, the Jerry Springer show looks like poisonous waste being dumped on society Jerry ends every show with a “final word”. He makes a small speech that sums up the entire moral of the show. Hopefully, this is the part where most people will learn something very valuable.Clean as it is, the Oprah show is not for everyone. The shows main target audience are middle-class Americans. Most of these people have the time, money, and stability to deal with lifes tougher problems. Jerry Springer, on the other hand, has more of an association with the young adults of society. These are 18-to-21-year-olds whose main troubles in life involve love, relationship, sex, money and peers. They are the ones who see some value and lessons to be learned underneath the shows exploitation.While the two shows are as different as night and day, both have ruled the talk show circuit for many years now. Each one caters to a different audience while both have a strong following from large groups of fans. Ironically, both could also be considered pioneers in the talk show world.16. Compared with other TV talk shows, both the Jerry Springer and the Oprah Winfrey are _ .A) more family-oriented C) more profoundB) unusually popular D) relatively formal17. Though the social problems Jerry Springer talks about appear distasteful, the audience _ .A) are ready to face up to them C) remain indifferent to themB) remain fascinated by them D) are willing to get involved in them18. Which of the following is likely to be a topic of the Oprah Winfrey show?A) A new type of robot C) Family budget planningB) Racist hatred D) Street violence19. Despite their different approaches, the two talk shows are both _ .A) ironical B) sensitiveC) instructive D) cynical20. We can learn from the passage that the two talk shows _ .A) have monopolized the talk show circuit C) appear at different times of the dayB) exploit the weaknesses in human nature D) are targeted at different audiencesQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:When an invention is made, the inventor has three possible courses of action open to him: he can give the invention to the world by publishing it, keep the idea secret, or patent it.A granted patent is the result of a bargain struck between an inventor and the state, by which the inventor gets a limited period of monopoly and publishes full details of his invention to the public after that period terminates. Only in most exceptional circumstances is the life-span of a patent extended to alter this normal process of events. The longest extension ever granted was to Georges Valensi; his 1939 patent for color TV receiver circuitry was extended until 1971 because for most of the patents normal life there was no color TV to receive and thus no hope of reward for the invention. Because a patent remains permanently public after it has terminated, the shelves of the library attached to the patent office contain details of literally millions of ideas that are free for anyone to us and, if older than half a century, sometimes even re-patent. Indeed, patent experts often advise any one wishing to avoid the high cost of conducting a search through live parents that the one sure way of avoiding violation of any other inventors right is to plagiarize a dead patent. Likewise, because publication of an idea in any other form permanently invalidates further patents on that idea, it is traditionally safe to take