The-Lexical-ApproachPPT课件

TheLexicalApproach,Presentedby秦艺元,contents,1.Introduction2.Design3.Conclusion,Part1Introduction,Definition,ThebuildingblocksofTLandcommunicationarenotgrammar,functions,notions,orsomeotherunitofplanningandteachingbutlexis-wordsandwordcombinations,所谓词块，就是事先预制好且被频繁使用的多个词的组合，这种词汇组合有自己特定的结构和相对稳定的意思。,Background:TheoryofLearing,儿童语言习得研究却发现，人们获得语言的基础是一些词汇组块(1exicalchunk)。,儿童学习语言主要依赖两种机制：条块分割和组合处理（1989年Macwinney发现，儿童学习语言时，会着重依赖两种机制来学习语言音节、词汇及句子）,MichaelLewis在1993年提出lexicalapproach（即在英语作为第二语言中以学习固定搭配或习惯搭配为主的理论）,语言的词汇组块观的根本原则(Lewis.1993):语言是语法化的词汇而不是词汇化的语法句法为语法服务,而不是相反(Widdowson.1989)Altenberg(1991)发现约70%的日常口语都由这些词汇的词块组成,Background:TheoryofLanguage,Lewis(1997)将词汇组块分成四类:1.多词词(poly-words),如:inaword,forinstance,backandforth;2.高频搭配组合(highfrequencycollocations),如:haveawalk;3.固定表达(fixed-expressions)如，goodnight4.半固定表达(semifixed-expressions)：,7,-,Part2Design,Design:Objectives,以语言观为基础（lexisplaysthecentralrole）强调将多个词以“组块”式的形式进行学习和使用,9,-,Design:Teacherroles,TeacherrolesinlexicalapproachareassumedasthoseinKrashensNaturalApproach.Teachertalkisamajorsourceoflearnerinputindemonstratinghowlexicalphrasesareusedfordifferentfunctionalpurposes.TeachersneedtounderstandandmanageaclassroommethodologybasedonstagescomposedofTask,PlanningandReport.Teachers,shouldcreateanenvironmentinwhichlearnerscanoperateeffectivelyandmanagetheirownlearning.Teachersshouldabandontheideaoftheteacheras“knower”andconcentrateinsteadontheideathatlearnersas“discoverer”.,（“榜样”）,（课堂管理者）,（学习环境的创造者）,10,-,Design:Learnerroles,dataanalyst（constructhisorherownlinguisticgeneralizationsbasedonexaminationoflargecorporaoflanguagesamplestakenfrom“reallife”）Learnersneedtraininginhowtousetheconcordanceeffectivelythroughdifferentstagesoflexicalanalysissuchasobservation,classification,andgeneralization.Learnersmakeuseofcomputerstoanalyzetextdatapreviouslycollectedormadeavailable“free-form”ontheInternet.,11,-,Design:Typesoflearningandteachingactivities,Learningandteachingactivitiesmainlydependonhowtheteacherrolesandlearnerrolesareperformedandhowthefourtypesofteachingmaterialsarepresentedandprocessed.,12,-,Procedures,Proceduralsequencesforlexicallybasedlanguageteachingvarydependingonwhichofthefourtypesofmaterialsandactivitiesoutlinedintheprecedingsectionareemployed.But,classroomprocedurestypicallyinvolvetheuseofactivitiesthatdrawstudentsattentiontolexicalcollocations.,13,-,Procedures,Hill(2000)suggeststhatclassroomproceduresinvolve:-Teachingindividualcollocations;Makingstudentsawareofcollocations;Extendingwhatstudentsalreadyknowbyaddingknowledgeofcollocationrestrictionstoknownvocabulary;Storingcollocationsth