second-language-acquisitionPPT课件

SecondLanguageAcquisition,.,2,Somebasicterms,SecondLanguageAcquisition(SLA):referstothesystematicstudyofhowonepersonacquiresasecondlanguagesubsequenttohisnativelanguage.Targetlanguage(TL)(目的语):thelanguagewhichapersonislearning,incontrasttoafirstlanguageormothertongue.,.,3,Somebasicterms,Secondlanguage(L2):alanguagewhichisnotanativelanguagebutiswidelyusedasamediumofcommunicationandisusedalongwithanotherlanguageorlanguages.e.g.EnglishusedinSingaporeForeignlanguage(FL):alanguagewhichisnotanativelanguageinacountry,andisalwaystaughtinschoolsandnotusedtocommunicatewithinacountry.e.g.EnglishinChina,Japan,etc.,.,4,Questionstobeconsidered,Doesanadultlearnasecondlanguagethewayachildlearnsafirstlanguage?Ifnot,whathappenedtotheLAD?IsthereacriticalperiodforL2acquisition?Whichisbetterclassroomlearningorimmersionexperience?,.,5,ConnectionsbetweenL1acquisitionandL2acquisition,Intheory,thenewfindingsandadvancesinL1acquisitionareenlighteninginunderstandingL2acquisition.Thefirstlanguagestudyhasservedasabackclothforperceivingandunderstandingnewfactsaboutsecondlanguagelearning(Littlewood,1986).,.,6,DifferencesbetweenL1andL2acquisition,Thefirstlanguageisacquiredsubconsciously,whilethesecond(orforeign)languageislearnedconsciously.Inacquiringthefirstlanguage,childrenalwaysconcentrateonmeaning,notonpattern,i.e.structure,whiletheL2learningconcentratesonrules,i.e.thesystemofthethought(thegrammaticalrules).,.,7,DifferencesbetweenL1andL2acquisition,Onelearnshisfirstlanguagedirectlyfromthereality,whilethesecondlanguageislearntinmanageablesequence,i.e.syllabusandcoursebooks.InL1acquisitionchildrenapplytherulessubconsciously,whiletheL2learnersareabletoverbalizetherulesafteraperiodoftraining.,.,8,Contrastiveanalysis(对比分析),Cameintofashionin1960sBasedonbehavioristthinking:SLAseenasthedevelopmentofanewsetofhabitsPositivevs.Negativetransfer(ofhabits),.,9,Contrastiveanalysis,MainpointsofContrastiveAnalysis:MainsourceoferrorsinL2duetothetransferofL1habitsErrorscanbepredictedbyacontrastiveanalysisoftheL1andL2ThegreaterthedifferencebetweenL1andL2,themoreerrorsthatwilloccur,.,10,Contrastiveanalysis,ProblemswithCA:ErrorsoccurthatarenotduetoL1ErrorsdontoccurwhentheyarepredictedProblemsoperationalizingthecontrastiveanalysishowdoyoumeasure“difference”and“distance”,.,11,Erroranalysis(错误分析),In1970sandearly80s,alargenumberofpapersonerroranalysiswerepublishedthroughouttheworld.Erroranalysisisthestudyandanalysisoftheerrorsmadebysecondlanguagelearners.,.,12,Erroranalysis,Error:(inthespeechorwritingofasecondorforeignlanguagelearner)theuseofalinguisticitem(e.g.aword,agrammaticalitem,asentence,etc)inawaywhichafluentornativespeakerofthelanguageregardsasshowingfaultyorincompletelearning.Mistake:madebyalearnerwhenwritingorspeakingandiscausedbylackofattention,carelessnessor“slip”etc.,.,13,Erroranalysis,Interlingualerror(语际错误):anerrorwhichresultsfromlanguagetransfer,thatis,whichiscausedbythelearnersnativelanguagee.g.Substitutionof/t/for/and/d/for/Shorteningoflongvowelse.g.Shanghailearnersoftenmake/ei/and/i:/shortvowels,thus,sheepandmeatsoundlikeshipandmit.,.,14,Erroranalysis,Intralingualerror(语内错误):anerrorwhichresultsfromfaultyorpartiallearningofthetargetlanguage.Intralingualerrorsmaybecausedbytheinfluenceofonetargetlanguageitemuponanother.e.g.HeiscomesfromtheblendofthesentencesHeiscomingandHecomes.,.,15,Erroranalysis,Intralingualerror:Overgeneralization(概括过头):alearnerextendstheuseofagrammaticalrulebeyonditsaccepteduses.e.g.tousemansinsteadofmenforthepluralofman.Janeadvisemetogiveupsmoking.Janetoldmetogiveupsmoking.*Janehopedmetogiveupsmoking.*Janesuggestedmetogiveupsmoking.,.,16,Intralingualerror:Cross-association(互相联想):theconfusionofthespellingsandpronunciationswhicharealike.,.,17,Performanceanalysis(语言行为分析),Anapproachtothestudyofalearnerscompetenceinalanguage,basedonthestudyofalearnerstotallinguisticperformance(i.e.whatthelearnerisabletosayanddointhelanguage)andnotjustthelearnerserrors.,.,18,Interlanguage(语际语),Interlangauge-learnersindependentsystemofthesecondlanguagewhichisofneitherthenativelanguagenorthesecondlanguage,butacontinuumorapproximationfromhisnativelanguagetothetargetlanguage.,.,19,Interlanguage(语际语),Thetypeoflanguageproducedbysecond-andforeign-languagelearnerswhoareintheprocessoflearningalanguage.Fossilization:aprocessinwhichincorrectlinguisticfeaturesbecomeapermanentpartofthewayapersonspeaksorwritesalanguage.e.g.thepronunciation,vocabularyusage,etc,.,20,NativelanguageinL2learning,Interference:theuseofelementsfromonelanguagewhilespeakinganotherlanguage.e.g.mothertongueinterferencee.g.abeginnermayutterasentencelikeIlostmyricebowl.whatheactuallymeansisIlostmyjob.,.,21,Interference,InChinese,-niema?(Areyouhungry?)-e.(Hungry)Then,-Areyoucoming?-Coming.-Haveyoueaten?-Eaten.(Eatenalready),.,22,Interference,E.g.*Totouchthesociety.*Therearemorepeoplecometostudyinthestates.*Iwaityouatthegateoftheschool.,.,23,Inputhypothesis,ProposedbyKrashenThishypothesisstatesthatinL2learning,inordertomakelanguageacquisitionoccur,itisnecessaryforthelearnertounderstandinputlanguagewhichcontainslinguisticitemsthatareslightlybeyondthelearnerspresentlinguisticcompetence.,.,24,Inputhypothesis(语言输入说),Hedefinedcomprehensibleinputas“i+1”:“i”representslearnerscurrentstateofknowledge,thenextstageisan“i+1”.Krashenmistookinputandintake,thusreceivecriticism.,.,25,Individualdifferences,Languageaptitude(语言能力倾向):thenaturalabilityforlearningasecondlanguage.,.,26,Languageaptitude,phonemiccodingability:theabilitytoidentifysoundpatternsinanewlanguagegrammaticalsensitivity:theabilitytorecognizethedifferentgrammaticalfunctionsofwordsinsentencesinductivelanguagelearningability:theabilitytoinferlanguagerulesrote-learningability:theabilitytorememberthings,.,27,Individualdifferences,Motivation(动机)Thefactorsthatdetermineapersonsdesiretodosomething.Differenttypesofmotivationmayaffectlearningdifferently.,.,28,Motivation,Instrumentalmotivation:wantingtolearnalanguagebecauseitwillbeusefulforcertain“instrumental”goals,suchasgettingajob,readingaforeignnewspaper,passinganexamination.Integrativemotivation:wantingtolearnalanguageinordertocommunicatewithpeopleofanotherculturewhospeakit.,.,29,Individualdifferences,Learningstrategies(学习策略):intentionalbehaviorandthoughtsthatlearnersuseduringlearninginordertobetterhelpthemunderstand,learnorremembernewinformation.,.,30,Learningstrategies,Cognitivestrategies:(认知策略)RepetitionDirectedphysicalresponseTranslationNote-takingRecombinationKeywordContextualization,.,31,Learningstrategies,Metacognitivestrategies:(元认知策略)AdvanceorganizersDirectedattentionSelf-managementAdvancepreparationSelf-monitoringDelayedproductionSelf-evaluation,.,32,Learningstrategies,Social/affectivestrategies:(社会/情感策略)CooperationQuestionforclarification,.,33,Learningstrategies,Languagelearningstrategies:IdentifyingthematerialforlearningDistinguishingitfromothermaterialsGroupingitforeasierlearningRepeatedlyengagingoneselfincontactwiththematerial,.,34,Learningstrategies,Languageusingstrategies:Retrievalstrategies:usedtocalluplanguagematerialsfromstorageinmemoryRehearsalstrategies:practicingtargetlanguagestructuresCoverstrategies:usedtocoveruptheshortcomingsinlangua