第四课 致谢和参考文献ppt课件

.,AcknowledgementsNotes,andReferences,Notes,GeneralKnowledge,.,FunctionofContentNotes:,Toprovideaplaceformaterialthatthewriterdeemsworthwhilewithoutinterruptingtheflowofthoughtofthetext.tomakeincidentalcommentson,toamplify(详述),ortoqualifytextualdiscussion.,.,Waystomark,Arabicnumeraltypedslightlyabovetheline(superscript上标).Neverelevatenotenumbersafullspace.Thenoteshouldfollowthepassageitrefersto.Ifthepassageisanexactquotation,thenotenumbercomesattheendofit,.,Notenumbersmustfollowoneanotherinnumericalorder,beginningwith1.Numberingstartsoveratthebeginningofeachchapter.Inpapersthatarenotdividedintochapters,thenumberswillruncontinuouslythroughout.,BasicRulesforNotes,.,Footnotes,Functions:referthereadertoanotherworkorpageforfurtherinformation;giveinformationonhowfactspresentedinthetext.conveysupplementarydata,.,Attentions,Numberyourfootnotespagebypageorchapterbychapter,andtherebyavoidthepossibilityoftriple-digitreferences.Occasionallytwodistinctseriesoffootnotesarerequired:anauthorsnotesandatranslatorsoreditorsnotes.Useasterisks（星号）andadifferenttypeface（字体）forthetranslatorsoreditorsnoteswhichshouldbemarkedwithappropriatedabbreviations(trans,orEd.):,.,e.g.*ThecommissionreferredtoistheCanadaLabourRelationsBoard(Ed.).Usespecialsymbolsorletterstoindicatenoteswithinthebodyofmathematical,statisticalandotherscientificdocuments,andparticularlywithtablesandgraphs,asillustratedbelow,sincesuperscriptnumeralscouldbeconfusedwithmathematicalindex(指数).,.,Example:theUnitedStates,bycontrast,approximately49%ofpsychologistsnameeitherteachingorresearchastheirprincipalactivity,comparedwithonly31%forservicefunctions.Table15showsthenumbersandproportionsofEnglish-andFrench-speaking1CanadiansandofAmericanandotherforeignrespondentsineachoftheprincipalworkfunctions.Itisestimatedthat13%-14%ofCanadianpsychologistsareFrench-speaking.2,.,1French-speakingCanadianswereidentifiedbytheirrequestfororreturntotheFrenchversionofthequestionnaire.Furtheridentificationandresponserateswereconfirmedthroughfollow-uptelephonecontactswithnon-residents.2ButseediscussionbyDr.Belangeronp.127.,.,Endnotes,Usedwhen:notesarenumerousandlengthyandincludeextensivecommentsbytheauthor.Function:facilitateword-processingandcross-referencingandenhancetheappearanceofthetext.,.,Uses：,Numberyournotesconsecutively(连续的)throughoutthearticleorchapterpresentthenotesinalistattheendofthearticleorchapter.,.,TheWasteLand,I.THEBURIALOFTHEDEADAPRIListhecruellestmonth,breedingLilacsoutofthedeadland,mixingWithashowerofrain;westoppedinthecolonnade,Andwentoninsunlight,intotheHofgarten,Anddrankcoffee,andtalkedforanhour.,.,Example:,NOTESNotonlythetitle,buttheplanandagooddealoftheincidentalsymbolismofthepoemweresuggestedbyMissJessieL.WestonsbookontheGraillegend:FromRitualtoRomance(Macmillan).Indeed,sodeeplyamIindebted,MissWestonsbookwillelucidatethedifficultiesofthepoemmuchbetterthanmynotescando;ToanotherworkofanthropologyIamindebtedingeneral,onewhichhasinfluencedourgenerationprofoundly;ImeanTheGoldenBough;IhaveusedespeciallythetwovolumesAdonis,Attis,Osiris.,.,I.THEBURIALOFTHEDEADLine20Cf.Ezekiel2:7.23.Cf.Ecclesiastes12:5.31.V.TristanundIsolde,i,verses58.42.Ibid.iii,verse24.46.IamnotfamiliarwiththeexactconstitutionoftheTarotpackofcards,fromwhichIhaveobviouslydepartedtosuitmyownconvenience.TheHangedMan,amemberofthetraditionalpack,fitsmypurposeintwoways:becauseheisassociatedinmymindwiththeHangedGodofFrazer,andbecauseIassociatehimwiththehoodedfigureinthepassageofthedisciplestoEmmausinPartV.,.,In-textnotes(author-datesystem),Usedintherunningtextorattheendofablockquotationconsistof:theauthorslastnamethepublicationdateofthework,(bothenclosedinparentheses).e.g.(Wiebe1993)(FlemingandLevie1993),.,nopunctuationseparatingtheelementsofthenote,Exception:thereisareferencetoaspecificpage,volumeorotherdivisionofthework.e.g.(Wiebe1993,27)(Suzuki1990,3:45),.,ibid.,loc.cit.,op.cit.,ibid:Latinabbreviation,shortforibidem,meaning“inthesameplace”forconsecutivenotestothesamework(同一作品连续的标注)Function:avoidunnecessaryrepetition,.,Examples:,1.Weiss,Leon,ed.,CellandTissueBiology(Baltimore,Md.:UrbanandSchwarzenberg,1988),p.1144.2.Ibid.3.Ibid.,1062Note:Reference2istothesamepagenumber.Reference3istoanotherpagenumberofthesamework.,.,参考文献与注释的区别,参考文献是作者写作论著时所参考的文献书目，一般集中列表于文末；注释是对论著正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明，一般排在该页页脚。,LearningAid,.,Methodsofdocumentation,Theauthor-datestyle：Withthenaturalandsocialsciences,theuseofparentheticalnotes(prnetikl插句的)andanotelistisgenerallyrecommended.TheModernLanguageAssociation(MLA)hasitsownguidelinesforaparentheticaldocumentationstyle.,.,Usingnotes,footnotesarepreferred:allowsthereadertoreadthepapercontinuallywithoutsearchingforareferenceinthebackmatter.Forthesesanddissertations,particularlythoseinthehumanities,footnotesandreferencesarepreferred.Tables,outlines,lists,letters,andthelikethatarenotimmediatelyrelevanttothetextarebestplacedinappendix.,.,Word中的插入脚注和尾注的功能,创建脚注和尾注1）首先将光标移至所需插入脚注的地方，然后点击主菜单“插入引用脚注和尾注”。2）根据需要可选择脚注或尾注，并设置注释区域的位置。3）在“格式”选项中，可设置：标记编号格式、自定义标记、起始编号、编号方式（即编号应用方式）。4）在“应用更改”中，可设置是应用在整篇文档，还是应用于当前节。,.,.,5确定后在该处就插入了一个上标“1”，而光标自动跳到文章最后，前面就是一个上标“1”，这就是输入第一个注释的地方。6将文章最后的上标“1”的格式改成正常（记住是改格式，而不是将它删掉重新输入，否则参考文献以后就是移动的位置，这个序号也不会变），再在它后面输入所插入的注释（格式按杂志要求来慢慢输，好像没有什么办法简化）。7对着注释前面的“1”双击，光标就回到了文章内容中插入注释的地方，可以继续写文章了。,Acknowledgement,.,Function:Byacknowledgements,thewriterthankssupportersandcolleagues,liststheindividualsorinstitutionsthatsupportedtheresearch,givescredittoworkscitedinthetextforwhichpermissiontoreproducehasbeengranted.,.,Tips,onemayproperlyomitformalthanksfortheroutinehelpgivenbyanadviserorathesiscommittee.,.,Thegenericheading:ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS,Theheadingappearsonlyonthefirstpage,isusuallyinuppercase(大写)andcenteredoverthetext.Theformatofthispageshouldbethesameasforthefirstpageofachapter.,.,Formatofacknowledgements,Varietiesmayexist,butthefollowingpointsmustbepresent:Thankstothesupervisor(exceptroutinehelp)ThankstocolleagueswhohavehelpedacademicallyThankstoallthathaveprovidedhelp,includingsubjectsoftheresearch,etc.,.,UsefulExpression,.,WeexpressthankstoMr.Aforprovidingtheequipmentfortheelectricalmeasurements.TheauthorswishtothankXfortheirfinancialsupportoftheresearchdescribedinthepaper.WearegratefultoXforsupportingthiswork.WewishtothankMr.AandMr.Bfortheirassistanceinconstructingthetest-rig(检测平台),andfinallyDr.Cforhelpingwiththeprovisionofmaterials.,.,WethankMr.Aforencouragingthiswork.WealsothankMr.Bforhishelpfulcomments.IamgreatlyindebtedtoMr.Afordiscussionaboutthispaperandfortheguidanceovermanyyears.TheauthorswishtoacknowledgethecontinuoussupportoftheUniversityofX.,.,ThisworkwassupportedinpartbyXandtheUniversityofY.WealsowouldliketoacknowledgehelpfulsuggestionsandcommentsformDrAandDrB.TheworkwassponsoredbyX.PartialsupportfromYisgratefullyappreciated.,.,Sample1:TheauthorsexpresstheirgratitudetoA,BandCformanyhelpfuldiscussions.DetailedcommentsbytheeditorDgreatlyimprovedthepaper.WebenefitfromseminarparticipantsatX,Y,andZ.TheauthorsacknowledgesupportfromNSFGrantSBR9709887and9706663respectively.,.,Exercise：,Translation:作者对王明礼教授对本手稿详细的阅读并提出有益的建议表示诚挚的谢意。同时非常感谢李佳教授和陈曦博士对数据分析方面给予的支持。作者还要感谢武汉钢铁公司对本研究提供样品所给予的帮助。,References,.,ThedifferencebetweenaBibliographyandReferences.,Abibliographylistsworksforbackgroundorforfurtherreading,thesemaybebookswhichyoureadaspartofyourresearch,butwhichwerenotactuallyused.Referenceslistsspecificworksthatyouusedinyourwork.,.,GeneralIntroduction,ReferencelistsbooksandarticlesrelatedtoageneralorhighlyspecializedfieldofstudyFunction:helpthereaderlocateandconsultaparticularbookorarticle.Referenceworksshouldalwaysbelistedinthesamemannerwithinasinglebibliographyforreasonsofprecision,uniformityandclarity.,.,GeneralIntroduction,Varioustypesofreferencesarepossible,dependingonthenatureofthebookordocumentinwhichtheyaretoappear.Thefollowingaresomeofthepopulardocumentationstyles:APA,MLA,Chicago,andAMA.,.,Populardocumentationstyles,APA(AmericanPsychologyAssociation):forpsychology,education,andothersocialsciences.MLA(ModernLanguageAssociation):mostcommonlyusedtowritepapersandcitesourceswithintheliberalartsandhumanities.Chicago(TheChicagoManualofStyle):usedwithallsubjectsbybooks,magazines,newspapers,andothernon-scholarlypublications.AMA(AmericanMedicalAssociation):formedicine,health,andbiologicalsciences.,.,FormatofAPAstyle,.,Format:,Author,A.A.,givethelastnameandinitialsforallauthorsofaparticularworkunlesstheworkhasmorethansixauthors.（姓与名用逗号分开）Then，publishingyearinbracketTwokindsafterthetime:,.,(1)列出所引用的文章。文章标题的第一个单词的首字母要大写。标题中如有冒号，冒号后的第一个字母也要大写。文章标题之后为期刊名、期刊号、所引用文章的该期刊的页数。其中期刊名和期刊号用斜体字或下划线标出。期刊名中每个单词的首字母均要大写。（2）列出所引用的书籍。书名的第一个单词的首字母要大写。整个书名用斜体字或用下划线标出。如果不需说明再版号或卷号，书名后用句号结束。然后书写出版该书的城市，用冒号引出出版社，最后用句号结束。,.,Samples：Articlesinjournals,（1）期刊文章，只有一个作者。举例：Kember,D.(2001).Orientationstoenrolmentofpart-timestudents.HigherEducationResearch&Development,Vol.20,No.3,265-280.（2）期刊文章，有两个作者。举例：Zhang,W.Y.&Shin,N.M.(2002).Importedorindigenous?AcomparativestudyofthreeopenanddistanceeducationmodelsinMainlandChina,IndiaandHongKong,OpenLearning,Vol.12,No.2,167-176.,.,（3）期刊文章，有三至六个作者。举例：Kernis,M.H.,Cornell,D.P.,Sun,C.R.,Berry,A.,&Harlow,T.(1993).Theresmoretoself-esteemthanwhetheritishighorlow:Theimportanceofstabilityofself-esteem.JournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychology,No.65,1190-1204.,.,Twoormoreworksbythesameauthor,Usetheauthorsnameforallentriesandlisttheentriesbytheyear(earliestcomesfirst出版的先后顺序).Berndt,T.J.(1981).MentalSpaces.NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress.Berndt,T.J.(1999).Mappingsinthoughtandlanguage.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress.,.,Samefirstauthoranddifferentsecond,Referencesarearrangedalphabeticallybythelastnameofthesecondauthore.g.Desai,R.,&Ghose,H.(1990)Desai,R.,&Smith,M.(1990),.,morethanonereferencebythesameauthorpublishedinthesameyear,organizetheminthereferencelistalphabeticallybythetitleofthearticleorchapter.e.g.Berndt,T.J.(1981a).Agechangesandchangesovertimeinprosocialintentionsandbehaviorbetweenfriends.DevelopmentalPsychology,17,408-416.Berndt,T.J.(1981b).Effectsoffriendshiponprosocialintentionsandbehavior.ChildDevelopment,52,636-643.,.,ReferenceofChaptersinthebook,Jeffrey,W.E.(1969).Earlystimulationandcognitivedevelopment.InP.Hill,Ed.,MinnesotaSymposiaonChildDevelopment(vol.3)(pp.46-61).Minneapolis:UniversityofMinnesotaPress.,.,Exercise,PleaserearrangethefollowingreferenceentriesaccordingtoAPAstyle.,.,(I)Connor,ULinguistic/rhetoricalmeasuresforinternationalpersuasivestudentwriting,1990ResearchintheTeachingofEnglish,24,67-68(2)1978,HollenbeckA,UniversityParkPress,Baltimore,InG.Sackett,Ed.,Observingbehavior:Datacollectionandanalysismethods.(书名)pp.79-98,Problemsofreliabilityinobservationalresearch,.,(3)Minneapolis:UniversityofMinnesotaPress,MinnesotaSymposiaonChildDevelopment(vol.3),pp.46-61,Jeffrey,W.E.Earlystimulationandcognitivedevelopment.InJ.P.Hell,Ed.1969,.,FindoutandcorrectthemistakeswithregardtoformsandsequenceinthefollowingreferenceentriesaccordingtoAPAstyle.,.,Grant,S.,Contoreggi,C.,&London,E.D.(2000).DrugAbusersShowimpairedperformanceinalaboratorytestofDecisionMaking.Neuropsychologia,38,1180-1887.Kirby,K.N.,Perry,N.M.,&W.K.Bickel.(1999).Heroinaddictshavehigherdiscountratesfordelayedrewardsthannon-drug-usingcontrols.3ournalofExperimentalPsychology:General,128,78-87.,.,Gibbon,3.(1986).Thestructureofsubjectivetime:20,105-135.Howtimeflies.PsychologyofLearningandMotivation.Blough,D.S.(1998).Contextreinforcementdegradesdiscriminativecontrol:amemoryapproach.JournalofExperimentalPsychology:AnimalBehaviorProcesses,24,185-199.Leshner,A.I.(1997).Addictionisabraindisease,anditmatters.Science,278,45-47.,.,Lasher,A.L.(1996).Understandingdrugaddiction:implicationfortreat