中级财务会计(双语)第一章 PPT课件

1,FinancialAccountingEnvironment,Theprimaryfocusoffinancialaccountingisontheinformationneedsofinvestorsandcreditors.Whoprovidesfinancialinformation?Whousesfinancialinformation?Financialaccountingtheotherpartisfrominvestor,$6million.,23,ElementsofFinancialStatements,Aftertwoyears:,$10million,$12million,$8millionfromcreditor,$4millionfromcreditor,liabilities,Isitstill$6million?,equity,Atthebeginning:,$10million,$4millionfromcreditor,$6millionfrominvestor,Equityistheresidualinterest,Equity=Assets-Liabilities=$12-$8=$4$6Stockholdersequityisdecreasingduringtwoyears.,24,ElementsofFinancialStatements,RevenuesInflows/enhancementsofassets/settlementsofitsliabilities（收入的产生可以是现金流入/资产的增加/负债的减少）Inflows:sell$1000productsincash.Enhancementsofassets:sell$1000productsoncredit.Settlementsofitsliabilities:CompanyAplannedtosell$1000productstoCompanyB.OnJan.2,CompanyBpaid$1000toCompanyAinadvance.OnJan.10,CompanyAdeliveredtheproductstoCompanyB.,25,ElementsofFinancialStatements,Revenues&Gains收入&利得Theyareallbenefitsforthecompany.Revenuesarecomingfromthecompanysongoingmajororcentraloperations.收入来源于公司持续经营的主营业务。Exp1.BMWsells$1000millionofcarsoncredit.Gainsarecomingfromperipheralorincidentaltransactionsofacompany.利得来源于公司的非主营活动或偶然交易。Exp2.BMWsolditsoldequipment,andgot$6millionincash.,26,ElementsofFinancialStatements,ExpensesOutflows/usingupofassets/incurrenceofliabilities（费用的产生可以是现金流出/资产的减少/负债的增加）Outflows:pay$1000interestexpenseincash.Usingupofassets:$100depreciationIncurrenceofliabilities:onJan.31,thecompanyshouldpay$1000wagestoemployee,butwageswillbepaidonFeb.4.,27,ElementsofFinancialStatements,Expenses&LossesTheyarealldecreaseinbenefitsforthecompany.Expensesarecomingfromthecompanysongoingmajororcentraloperations.费用来源于公司持续经营的主营业务。Lossesarecomingfromperipheralorincidentaltransactionsofacompany.损失来源于公司的非主营活动或偶然交易。Exp.Failureinlawsuit（诉讼败诉）,itcostthecompany$10million(paidincash).,28,RecognitionandMeasurementconcepts,Twoimportantconceptsinaccounting:Recognition会计确认Measurement会计计量,29,Recognition,Recognition会计确认Referstotheprocessofadmittinginformationintothebasicfinancialstatement.将信息加以记录并列入财务报表的过程。Simply,“recognition”iswhicheconomiceventsshouldberecorded.Fourcriteriain“recognition”:会计确认的四个标准DefinitionMeasurabilityRelevanceReliability,30,Recognition,Definition可定义性Theitemmeetsthedefinitionofanelementoffinancialstatement.被确定的项目应符合财务报表某个要素的定义。,Ourcompanypurchasedanequipmenttoday.,Canbringfuturebenefits,Obtainedbyourcompany,Resultingfrompastevents,Thisitemmeetsthedefinitionof“whichelement”?,Theequipmentmeetsthedefinitionof“Assets”.,31,Recognition,Measurability可计量性Theitemhasarelevantattributemeasurablewithsufficientreliability.被确定的项目应具有相关的计量属性，足以充分可靠地予以计量。,Ourcompanypurchasedanequipmenttoday.Itcost$100million.,Theequipmentismeasurable.,32,Recognition,Measurability可计量性,Ourcompanyhiredanengineer(工程师)today.,Butistheengineermeasurableornot?,Canbringfuturebenefits,Controlledbyourcompany,Resultingfrompastevents,Theengineermeetsthedefinitionof“Assets”.,33,Recognition,Relevance相关性Theinformationaboutitiscapableofmakingadifferenceinuserdecisions.被确定的会计要素应当对信息的使用者有用。Onlytheusefulinformationshouldberecorded.(informationmustberelevanttothedecision.),34,Recognition,Reliability可靠性Theinformationisrepresentationallyfaithful,verifiable,andneutral.被确定的会计信息是如实反映的、可验证的和不偏不倚的。,35,Measurement,Measurement会计计量istheprocessofassociatingnumericalamountstotheelements.确定会计要素金额的过程。Simply,“measurement”is:atwhatamounteconomiceventsshouldbemeasured?Twoelementsin“measurement”:会计计量的两个要素Unitofmeasurement计量单位Attributeofmeasurement计量属性,36,Measurement,Unitofmeasurement计量单位Theunitofmeasurementusedinfinancialstatementsisnominalunitsofmoneywithoutanyadjustmentforchangesinpurchasingpower.财务报表中用名义货币作为计量单位，不调整不同时期货币的购买力。Withoutconsideringtheinfluenceofinflation不考虑通货膨胀的影响,37,Measurement,Attributeofmeasurement计量属性Somecommonly-usedattributes:一些常用的计量属性HistoricalcostNetrealizablevaluePresentvalueFairvalue,38,Measurement,Historicalcost历史成本Theoriginalcost(ortheprice)ofanassetwhenacquiredbythecompany.企业购置资产时的初始成本或买价。Exp.Theequipmentispurchasedatthepriceof$100million.$100millionisthehistoricalcost.,39,Measurement,Netrealizablevalue可变现净值Netrealizablevalueisusuallyusedtoevaluatetheinventory.可变现净值常用于估计存货的价值。Netrealizablevalueofinventory=sellingpriceoftheinventory-estimatedcostsofcompletiondisposalcosts存货净现值=存货售价-至完工时估计将要发生的成本-处置成本(销售费用)Exp.Atacompanysyearend,inventoryisexpectedtosellfor$100,butitwilltakeanadditional$20tocompleteand$10ofdisposalcosts.NRV=$100-$20-$10=$70,40,Measurement,Netrealizablevalue可变现净值Netrealizablevaluecanalsobeusedtomeasuretheaccountsreceivable.可变现净值也可用来衡量应收账款的价值。NetrealizablevalueofAR=alltheARallowanceforbaddebts应收账款净现值=应收账款总额坏账准备Exp.Atacompanysyearend,thecompanyhas$1,000,000ofAR,andtheallowanceforbaddebtsis$100,000inthatyear.NRVofAR=$1,000,000-$100,000=$900,000,41,Measurement,Presentvalue现值Thecurrentworthoffuturecashflowsgivenaspecifiedinterestrate.在给定的利率水平下，未来的现金流量折现到现在时刻的价值。Exp.OnJan.1,2011,ourcompanyboughtanequipment,wesignedanoterequiring$50,000tobepaidonDec.31,2012.(supposetheannualinterestrateis10%.)OnJan.1,wastheequipmentworth$50,000?$50,000willbepaidtwoyearsfromnow,weshouldusethepresentvalueasthecostofthisequipment.Thecostofequipment=$50,0000.8264=$41,320,42,Measurement,Fairvalue公允价值Thepricethatwouldbereceivedtosellassetsorpaidtotransferaliabilityinanorderlytransactionbetweenmarketparticipantsatmeasurementdate.公平交易中，熟悉情况的双方自愿进行的资产交换和债务清偿的金额。Companiesusuallyvaluesomeofitsfinancialassetsandliabilitiesatfairvalue.公司通常对金融资产和金融负债以公允价值入账。Exp.Ourcompanybought1000sharesofstock,thestockpriceis$10pershare.Fairvalueofthestock=$101000=$10,000,43,Fourbasicassumptions,TheeconomicentityassumptionThegoingconcernassumptionTheperiodicityassumptionThemonetaryunitassumption,44,EconomicEntityAssumption经济主体假设,EconomicEntityAssumption:alleconomiceventscanbeidentifiedwithaparticulareconomicentity.记录的会计业务应为某个特定的经济主体服务。Fromwhoseperspective站在谁的角度Exp.Dellsold10computerstoKFC,KFCpromisedtopay$50,000tendayslater.FromDellsperspective,$50,000isaccountsreceivable.FromKFCsperspective,$50,000isaccountspayable.,45,EconomicEntityAssumption经济主体假设,EconomicEntityAssumptionLegalentity&accountingentity法律主体&会计主体Exp.SupposeDellisagroupcompany(集团公司).Ithasoneparent(母公司)andthreesubsidiaries(子公司).Oneparentandthreesubsidiariesarefourlegalentities,alsofouraccountingentities.Dell(thegroupcompany)isnotthelegalentitybutistheaccountingentity.Legalentityisdefinitelytheaccountingentity,butaccountingentitymaynotbethelegalentity.法律主体一定是会计主体，但会计主体不一定是法律主体。,46,EconomicEntityAssumption经济主体假设,EconomicEntityAssumptionthedistinctionbetweentheeconomicactivitiesofownersandthoseofthecompany.Exp.UncleJimopenedacompany.Hebought10computersforthecompany.Hethenspent$10milliontobuyahouseforpersonaluse.Inthiscase,buying10computersisthecompanyseconomicactivity,whichshouldberecordedinaccounting.BuyingapersonalhouseisuncleJimseconomicactivity,whichshouldnotberecordedinaccounting.,47,EconomicEntityAssumption经济主体假设,Exercise:rightorwrong?DonSmithisthesoleownerofacompanycalledHardwareCity.Thecompanyrecentlypaida$150utilitybillforSmithspersonalresidenceandrecordeda$150expense.,48,GoingConcernAssumption持续经营假设,GoingConcernAssumption:itisanticipatedthatabusinessentitywillcontinuetooperateindefinitely.企业的生产经营活动将无限期地延续下去。historicalcosts¤tliquidationvaluesExp.Ifweexpectthatthecompanywillcontinuetooperateforever,thenwecanmeasurealltheassetsusinghistoricalcosts.But,ifweknowthatthecompanywillgobankrupt(破产)nextyear,thenassetsshouldbemeasuredattheircurrentliquidationvalues(当前清算价值).Exp.DepreciationIfdepreciationofabuildingcovers20years,thatmeansthecompanyshouldoperateatleast20years.,49,PeriodicityAssumption会计分期假设,Theperiodicityassumptionallowsthelifeofacompanytobedividedintoartificialtimeperiodstoprovidetimelyinformation.会计分期假设将公司的持续经营活动人为地划分为若干个会计期间以提供及时的会计信息。Corporationsshouldprovidefinancialinformationtothemarketonaquarterlyandannualbasis.calendaryear日历年度&fiscalyear会计年度InChina,calendaryear=fiscalyearInAmerica,fiscalyearmayendsattheendofJanuary.,50,MonetaryUnitAssumption货币计量假设,ThemonetaryunitassumptionstatesthatfinancialstatementelementsshouldbemeasuredintermsoftheUnitedStatesdollar.InChina,financialstatementelementsshouldbemeasuredintermsofRMB.,51,BroadAccountingPrinciples会计基本原则,Fourimportantbroadaccountingprinciples:ThehistoricalcostprincipleTherealizationprinciple(alsoknownastherevenuerecognitionprinciple)ThematchingprincipleThefull-disclosureprinciple,52,BroadAccountingPrinciples会计基本原则,Historicalcostprinciple历史成本原则Itsaysassetandliabilitymeasurementsshouldbebasedontheamountgivenorreceivedintheexchangetransaction.企业的资产和负债在取得时应该按实际成本计量。Sometimes,adeparturefromhistoricalcostvaluationisallowed.有时，资产的价值也可能偏离历史成本。Exp.Ourcompanysells$10,000productsoncredit.So,$10,000isthehistoricalcostforaccountsreceivable.Oneyearlater,weestimates$2,000inbaddebts.Then,ARshouldbevaluedat$8,000.(netrealizablevalue),53,BroadAccountingPrinciples会计基本原则,Realizationprinciple收入实现原则Twocriteriashouldbesatisfiedbeforerevenuecanberecognized:收入确认时应满足的两个条件Theearningsprocessisjudgedtobecompleteorvirtuallycomplete.(thesellingactivityisfinished)Thereisreasonablecertaintyastothecollectibilityoftheassettobereceived.(almost100%surethatwecanreceivethecash),54,BroadAccountingPrinciples会计基本原则,Realizationprinciple收入实现原则Criticaleventbeforerevenuecanberecognized:收入可以被确认的关键性事件Thegoodsorservicessoldtothebuyeraredelivered.Exercise:rightorwrong?DavisBicycleCompanyreceivedalargeorderforthesaleof1,000bicyclesat$100each.ThecustomerpaidDavistheentireamountof$100,000onMarch15.however,DavisdidnotrecordanyrevenueuntilApril17,thedatethebicyclesweredeliveredtothecustomer.,55,BroadAccountingPrinciples会计基本原则,Exercise:rightorwrong?Attheendofits2011fiscalyear,DowerCompanyreceivedanorderfromacustomerfor$45,350.Theproductwillbeshippedearlyin2012.Becausethesalewasmadetoalong-timecustomer,theaccountantrecordedthesalein2011.TheKlingonCompanysellsfarmmachinery.Revenuefromalargeorderofmachineryfromanewbuyerwasrecordedthedaytheorderwasreceived.,56,BroadAccountingPrinciples会计基本原则,Matchingprinciple配比原则Itsaysthatexpensesarerecognizedinthesameperiodastherelatedrevenues.费用应该与其相关的收入在同一会计期间被确认。Expensesshouldmatchtorelatedrevenues.,57,BroadAccountingPrinciples会计基本原则,Fourmethodsusedtorecognizeexpenses:Basedonanexactcause-and-effectrelationshipbetweenarevenueandexpenseevent.收入和费用基于因果关系上的配比Exp.OnMarch12,thecompanysold$2000productstoacustomer(cashsale).Productsweredeliveredonthatday.Thecostofproductswas$1600.Inthiscase,expensesandrevenueshaveacause-and-effectrelationship.Theybothshouldberecognizedonthesameday.,58,BroadAccountingPrinciples会计基本原则,Fourmethodsusedtorecognizeexpenses:Byassociatinganexpensewiththerevenuesrecognizedinaspecifictimeperiod.费用被记录在某一特定期间（时间意义上的配比）Exp.AttheendofApril,thecompanypaidone-monthsalary,whichwas$1000,totheemployee.Theemployeeprovidedone-monthservicestothecompany.(provideone-monthbenefits)Thecompanyshouldrecognized$1000asexpensesinthesamemonth.(wagesexpense),59,BroadAccountingPrinciples会计基本原则,Fourmethodsusedtorecognizeexpenses:Byasystematicandrationalallocationtospecifictimeperiods.费用被合理地分摊到若干个期间（时间意义上的配比）Exp.Ourcompanyboughtanequipment,whichcost$100,000.Theusefullifeforthisequipmentwas10years.Thisequipmentcanprovideservices(providebenefits)toourcompanyfor10years.So,thecostofequipmentshouldbeallocatedinto10years.(depreciationexpense),60,BroadAccountingPrinciples会计基本原则,Whatisthedifferencebetweenand?Byassociatinganexpensewiththerevenuesrecognizedinaspecifictim