History of Britain.ppt

1,Unit2,HistoryofBritain,2,TheearlyinhabitantsintheislandwenowcallEnglandwereBritons,atribeofCelts.FromtheBritonstheislandgotitsnameofBritain,thelandofBritons.,1.RomanConquestIn55B.C.,BritainwasinvadedbyJuliusCaesar,theRomanconqueror,whohadthenjustoccupiedGaul.BritainwasnotcompletelysubjugatedtotheRomanEmpireuntil78A.D.withtheRomanConquestcametheRomanmodeoflife.RomansbroughttheirRomancivilization.Theybuilttowns,temples,theatresandfinebuildings,betteronesthantheBritonshadeverdreamedof.,3,2.EnglishConquest(Anglo-SaxonConquest),ThehistoryofEnglishlanguagebeginswiththeconquestandsettlementofwhatisnowEnglandbytheAngles,SaxonsandtheJutesfromabout450A.D.(449-1100)areknownastheOldEnglishorAnglo-SaxonperiodoftheEnglishlanguage.,4,3.DanishinvasionAbout787,theEnglishBegantobetroubledbybandsofDanishVikings(海盗,北欧海盗).KingAlfredtheGreatsucceededindrivingtheDanesoffwithforce.Afterhisdeath,theDanesoccupiedthecountryin1013,andhelditfor30years.ChristianitywasintroducedintoBritainin597.ItisnaturalthatmostoftheLatinwordsborrowedatthattimewererelatedtoreligion.,5,4.NormanConquestTheFrench-speakingNormansunderDukeWilliamcamein1066.AfterdefeatingtheEnglishatHastings,WilliamwascrownedasKingofEngland.SincetheFrench-speakingNormansweretherulingclass,Frenchwasusedforallstateaffairsandformostsocialandculturalmatters;butthemassedcontinuedtospeakEnglish.OnlytowardstheendofthefifteenthcenturydidEnglishbecomeoncemorethelanguageofthewholecountry.However,thelanguagethatemergedatthattimeshowedvastchangesintheEnglishwordsandtheadoptionofthousandsofFrenchwords.,6,TimelineoftheKingsandQueensofEngland,TheNormans(1066-1154)Plantagenets1154-12161216-1399金雀花王朝TheHouseofLancaster(1399-1461)TheHouseofYork(1461-1485)TheTudors(1485-1603)TheStuarts(1603-1649)(1660-1714)TheHouseofHanoverians(1714-1901)Saxe-Coburg-Gotha(1901-1910)TheWindsors(1910-Today),7,Tudors,TheTudorswereWelsh.TheybroughtpeacetoEnglandafter150yearsofvirtuallycontinuouswarfare,encouragednewreligiousideas,overseasexplorationandcolonization.KingHenryVII1485-1509KingHenryVIII1509-1547KingEdwardVI1547-1553JaneGrey1554QueenMaryI(BloodyMary)1553-1558QueenElizabethI1558-1603,8,HenryVIIsfamilytree,HenryVII,daughter:Margaret,son:HenryVIII,Daughter:Mary,Son:PrinceArthur,JamesIVofScotland(1488-1513),LouisXIIofFrance,CatherineofAragon:daugherofFedinandFirstkingofSpain,9,HenryVIIIsfamilytree,HenryVIII,Firstwife:CatherineofAragon,Fourthwife,Secondwife:AnneBoleyn,thirdwife:JaneSeymour,MaryI,ElizabethI,EdwardVI,10,11,HENRYVIII(1509-1547),HenryVIIIwasbornatGreenwichon28June1491,thesecondsonofHenryVIIandElizabethofYork.Hebecameheirtothethroneonthedeathofhiselderbrother,PrinceArthur,in1502andsucceededin1509.Inhisyouthhewasathleticandhighlyintelligent.,12,HenrysinterestinforeignpolicywasfocusedonWesternEurope,whichwasashiftingpatternofalliancescentredroundthekingsofSpainandFrance,andtheHolyRomanEmperor.(Henrywasrelatedbymarriagetoallthree-hiswifeCatherinewasFerdinandofAragonsdaughter,hissisterMarymarriedLouisXIIofFrancein1514,andtheHolyRomanEmperorCharlesVwasCatherinesnephew.),13,AnexampleoftheseshiftswasHenrysunsuccessfulAnglo-SpanishcampaignsagainstFrance,endinginpeacewithFrancein1520,whenhespenthugesumsondisplaysandtournaments竞标赛attheFieldoftheClothofGold.Henryalsoinvestedinthenavy,andincreaseditssizefrom5to53ships(includingtheMaryRose,theremainsofwhichlieinthePortsmouthNavalMuseum).,14,ThesecondhalfofHenrysreignwasdominatedbytwoissuesveryimportantforthelaterhistoryofEnglandandthemonarchy:thesuccessionandtheProtestantReformation,whichledtotheformationoftheChurchofEngland.Protestant:belongingtoapartoftheChristianchurchthatseparatedfromtheRomanCatholicChurchinthe16thcentury.新教,15,Henryhadmarriedhisbrotherswidow,CatherineofAragon,in1509.Catherinehadproducedonlyonesurvivingchild-agirl,PrincessMary,bornin1516.Bytheendofthe1520s,Henryswifewasinherfortiesandhewasdesperateforason.TheTudordynastyhadbeenestablishedbyconquestin1485andHenrywasonlyitssecondmonarch.Englandhadnotsofarhadarulingqueen,andthedynastywasnotsecureenoughtoruntheriskofhandingtheCrownontoawoman,riskingdisputedsuccessionordominationofaforeignpowerthroughmarriage.,16,HenryhadanywayfalleninlovewithAnneBoleyn,thesisterofoneofhismanymistresses,andtriedtopersuadethePopetogranthimanannulment(宣布婚姻无效)ofhismarriageonthegroundsthatithadneverbeenlegal.InMay1529,WolseyfailedtogainthePopesagreementtoresolveHenryscaseinEngland.AlltheeffortsofHenryandhisadviserscametonothing;Wolseywasdismissedandarrested,butdiedbeforehecouldbebroughttotrial.,17,Sincetheattemptstoobtainthedivorcethroughpressureonthepapacyhadfailed,WolseyseventualsuccessorThomasCromwell(Henryschiefadviserfrom1532onwards)turnedtoParliament,usingitspowersandanti-clericalattitude(encouragedbyWolseysexcesses)todecidetheissue.TheresultwasaseriesofActscuttingbackpapalpowerandinfluenceinEnglandandbringingabouttheEnglishReformation.,18,In1532,anActagainstAnnates-althoughsuspendedduringthekingspleasure-wasaclearwarningtothePopethatecclesiasticalrevenueswereunderthreat。In1532,CranmerwaspromotedtoArchbishopofCanterburyand,followingthePopesconfirmationofhisappointment,inMay1533CranmerdeclaredHenrysmarriageinvalid;AnneBoleynwascrownedqueenaweeklater.,19,In1532,CranmerwaspromotedtoArchbishopofCanterburyand,followingthePopesconfirmationofhisappointment,inMay1533CranmerdeclaredHenrysmarriageinvalid;AnneBoleynwascrownedqueenaweeklater.ThePoperespondedwithexcommunication,andParliamentarylegislationenactingHenrysdecisiontobreakwiththeRomanCatholicChurchsoonfollowed.,20,AnActinrestraintofappealsforbadeappealstoRome,statingthatEnglandwasanempire,governedbyonesupremeheadandkingwhopossessedwholeandentireauthoritywithintherealm,andthatnojudgmentsorexcommunicationsfromRomewerevalid,21,AnActofSubmissionoftheClergyandanActofSuccessionfollowed,togetherwithanActofSupremacy(1534)whichrecognisedthatthekingwastheonlysupremeheadoftheChurchofEnglandcalledAnglicanEcclesia.,22,ThebreachbetweenthekingandthePopeforcedclergy,office-holdersandotherstochoosetheirallegiance-themostfamousbeingSirThomasMore,whowasexecutedfortreasonin1535.TheothereffectoftheEnglishProtestantReformationwastheDissolutionofMonasteries,underwhichmonasticlandsandpossessionswerebrokenupandsoldoff.Inthe1520s,Wolseyhadcloseddownsomeofthesmallmonasticcommunitiestopayforhisnewfoundations(hehadcollegesbuiltatOxfordandIpswich).,23,Henryssecondmarriagehadraisedhopesforamaleheir.AnneBoleyn,however,producedanotherdaughter,PrincessElizabeth,andfailedtoproduceamalechild.HenrygotridofAnneonchargesoftreason(presidedoverbyThomasCromwell)whichwerealmostcertainlyfalse,andshewasexecutedin1536.In1537herreplacement,HenrysthirdwifeJaneSeymour,finallyborehimason,whowaslatertobecomeEdwardVI.Janediedinchildbed,12daysafterthebirthin1537.,24,Noneproducedanychildren.Henrymadesurethathissolemaleheir,Edward,waseducatedbypeoplewhobelievedinProtestantismratherthanCatholicismbecausehewantedtheanti-papalnatureofhisreformationandhisdynastytobecomemorefirmlyestablished.HenrydiedinLondonon28January1547.Tosome,HenryVIIIwasastrongandruthlessruler,forcingthroughchangestotheChurch-Staterelationshipwhichexcludedthepapacyandbroughttheclergyundercontrol,thusstrengtheningtheCrownspositionandacquiringthemonasterieswealth.,25,However,HenrysreformationhadproduceddangerousProtestant-RomanCatholicdifferencesinthekingdom.Themonasterieswealthhadbeenspentonwarsandhadalsobuiltuptheeconomicstrengthofthearistocracyandotherfamiliesinthecounties,whichinturnwastoencourageambitiousTudorcourtfactions.Significantly,Parliamentsinvolvementinmakingreligiousanddynasticchangeshadbeenfirmlyestablished.Forallhisconcernoverestablishinghisdynastyandtheresultingreligiousupheaval,Henryssixmarriageshadproducedonesicklysonandaninsecuresuccessionwithtwoprincesses(MaryandElizabeth)whoatonestagehadbeendeclaredillegitimate-noneofwhomweretohavechildren.,26,MARYI(r.1553-1558),MaryIwasthefirstQueenRegnant(thatis,aqueenreigninginherownrightratherthanaqueenthroughmarriagetoaking).Courageousandstubborn,hercharacterwasmouldedbyherearlyyears.AnActofParliamentin1533haddeclaredherillegitimateandremovedherfromthesuccessiontothethrone(shewasreinstatedin1544,butherhalf-brotherEdwardremovedherfromthesuccessiononcemoreshortlybeforehisdeath),whilstshewaspressurizedtogiveuptheMassandacknowledgetheEnglishProtestantChurch.,27,MaryrestoredpapalsupremacyinEngland,abandonedthetitleofSupremeHeadoftheChurch,reintroducedRomanCatholicbishopsandbegantheslowreintroductionofmonasticorders.Maryalsorevivedtheoldheresylawstosecurethereligiousconversionofthecountry;heresywasregardedasareligiousandciviloffenceamountingtotreason(tobelieveinadifferentreligionfromtheSovereignwasanactofdefianceanddisloyalty).Asaresult,around300Protestanthereticswereburntinthreeyears-apartfromeminentProtestantclergysuchasCranmer(aformerarchbishopandauthoroftwoBooksofCommonPrayer),LatimerandRidley,thesehereticsweremostlypoorandself-taughtpeople.,28,ApartfrommakingMarydeeplyunpopular,suchtreatmentdemonstratedthatpeoplewerepreparedtodiefortheProtestantsettlementestablishedinHenrysreign.TheprogressofMarysconversionofthecountrywasalsolimitedbythevestedinterestsofthearistocracyandgentrywhohadboughtthemonasticlandssoldoffaftertheDissolutionoftheMonasteries,andwhorefusedtoreturnthesepossessionsvoluntarilyasMaryinvitedthemtodo.,29,Aged37atheraccession,Marywishedtomarryandhavechildren,thusleavingaCatholicheirtoconsolidateherreligiousreforms,andremovingherhalf-sisterElizabeth(afocusforProtestantopposition)fromdirectsuccession.MarysdecisiontomarryPhilip,KingofSpainfrom1556,in1554wasveryunpopular;theprotestfromtheCommonspromptedMarysreplythatParliamentwasnotaccustomedtousesuchlanguagetotheKingsofEnglandandthatinhermarriageshewouldchooseasGodinspiredher.,30,Themarriagewaschildless,Philipspentmostofitonthecontinent,EnglandobtainednoshareintheSpanishmonopoliesinNewWorldtradeandthealliancewithSpaindraggedEnglandintoawarwithFrance.PopulardiscontentgrewwhenCalais,thelastvestige残余ofEnglandspossessionsinFrancedatingfromWilliamtheConquerorstime,wascapturedbytheFrenchin1558.Doggedbyillhealth,Marydiedlaterthatyear,possiblyfromcancer,leavingthecrowntoherhalf-sisterElizabeth.,31,ELIZABETHI(1558-1603),ElizabethI-thelastTudormonarch-wasbornatGreenwichon7September1533,thedaughterofHenryVIIIandhissecondwife,AnneBoleyn.Herearlylifewasfullofuncertainties,andherchancesofsucceedingtothethroneseemedveryslightonceherhalf-brotherEdwardwasbornin1537.ShewasthenthirdinlinebehindherRomanCatholichalf-sister,PrincessMary.RomanCatholics,indeed,alwaysconsideredherillegitimateandsheonlynarrowlyescapedexecutioninthewakeofafailedrebellionagainstQueenMaryin1554.,32,Elizabethsucceededtothethroneonherhalf-sistersdeathinNovember1558.Shewasverywell-educated(fluentinsixlanguages),andhadinheritedintelligence,determinationandshrewdnessfrombothparents.Her45-yearreignisgenerallyconsideredoneofthemostgloriousinEnglishhistory.DuringitasecureChurchofEnglandwasestablished.Itsdoctrineswerelaiddowninthe39Articlesof1563,acompromisebetweenRomanCatholicismandProtestantism.,33,Mostofhersubjectsacceptedthecompromiseasthebasisoftheirfaith,andherchurchsettlementprobablysavedEnglandfromreligiouswarslikethosewhichFrancesufferedinthesecondhalfofthe16thcentury.Althoughautocraticandcapricious,Elizabethhadastutepoliticaljudgementandchoseherministerswell;theseincludedBurghley(SecretaryofState),Hatton(LordChancellor)andWalsingham(inchargeofintelligenceandalsoaSecretaryofState).,34,Overall,Elizabethsadministrationconsistedofsome600officialsadministeringthegreatofficesofstate,andasimilarnumberdealingwiththeCrownlands(whichfundedtheadministrativecosts).Socialandeconomicregulationandlawandorderremainedinthehandsofthesheriffsatlocallevel,supportedbyunpaidjusticesofthepeace.,35,Elizabethsreignalsosawmanybravevoyagesofdiscovery,includingthoseofFrancisDrake,WalterRaleighandHumphreyGilbert,particularlytotheAmericas.TheseexpeditionspreparedEnglandforanageofcolonisationandtradeexpansion,whichElizabethherselfrecognisedbyestablishingtheEastIndiaCompanyin1600.TheartsflourishedduringElizabethsreign.CountryhousessuchasLongleatandHardwickHallwerebuilt,miniaturepaintingreacheditshighpoint,theatresthrived-theQueenattendedthefirstperformanceofShakespearesAMidsummerNightsDream.ComposerssuchasWilliamByrdandThomasTallisworkedinElizabethscourtandattheChapelRoyal,St.JamessPalace.,36,TheimageofElizabethsreignisoneoftriumphandsuccess.TheQueenherselfwasoftencalledGloriana,GoodQueenBessandTheVirginQueen.However,Elizabethsreignwasoneofconsiderabledangeranddifficultyformany,withthreatsofinvasionfromSpainthroughIreland,andfromFrancethroughScotland.MuchofnorthernEnglandwasinrebellionin1569-70.DuringElizabethslongreign,thenationalsosufferedfromhighpricesandsevereeconomicdepression,especiallyinthecountryside,duringthe1590s.ThewaragainstSpainwasnotverysuccessfulaftertheArmadahadbeenbeatenand,togetherwithothercampaigns,itwasverycostly.,37,Thoughshekeptatightreinongovernmentexpenditure,Elizabethleftlargedebtstohersuccessor.WarsduringElizabethsreignareestimatedtohavecostover5million(atthepricesofthetime)whichCrownrevenuescouldnotmatch-in1588,forexample,Elizabethstotalannualrevenueamountedtosome392,000.Elizabethchosenevertomarry.Ifshehadchosenaforeignprince,hewouldhavedrawnEnglandintoforeignpoliciesforhisownadvantages(asinhersisterMarysmarriagetoPhilipofSpain);marryingafellowcountrymancouldhavedrawntheQueenintofactionalinfighting.Elizabethusedhermarriageprospectsasapoliticaltoolinforeignanddomesticpolicies.,38,TheStuarts,UnionofScottishandEnglishCrownsTheStuartswerethefirstkingsoftheUnitedKingdom.ScotlandprovidedEnglandwithanewlineofkings,theStuarts.Theyweretobringdisastertothenationfor,comingfromScotlandwhereroyalpowerhadnotbeencurbedbyParliament,theyhadnounderstandingofthemoredemocraticwaysthathaddevelopedinEngland.JamesI1603-1625CharlesI1625-1649CharlesII1660-1685JamesII1685-1688WilliamIII1688-1702andQueenMaryII1688-1694QueenAnne1702-1714,39,TheStuarts,TheStuartswerethefirstkingsoftheUnitedKingdom.KingJamesIofEnglandwhobegantheperiodwasalsoKingJamesVIofScotland,thuscombiningthetwothronesforthefirsttime.TheStuartdynastyreignedinEnglandandScotlandfrom1603to1714,aperiodwhichsawaflourishingCourtculturebutalsomuchupheavalandinstability,ofplague,fireandwar.Itwasanageofintensereligiousdebateandradicalpolitics.Bothcontributedtoabloodycivilwarinthemid-seventeenthcenturybetweenCrownandParliament(theCavaliersandtheRoundheads),resultinginaparliamentaryvictoryforOliverCromwellandthedramaticexecutionofKingCharlesI.,40,JAMESI(1603-25),JamesI,sonofMary,QueenofScots(anddescendedfromHenryVIIsdaughterMargaret),hadbeenKingofScotlandfor36yearswhenhebecameKingofEngland.AlthoughhewasKingofbothcountries,Jamessattempttocreateafullgovernmentalunionprovedpremature.Anabletheologian,heorderedanewtranslationoftheBiblewhichbecameknownastheAuthorisedKingJamessVersionoftheBible.Jameshimselfwasfairlytolerantintermsofreligiousfaith,buttheGunpowderPlot(anattemptbyGuyFawkesandotherRomanCatholicconspiratorstoblowuptheHousesofParliament)in1605resultedinthereimpositionofstrictpenaltiesonRomanCatholics.,41,Asanartspatron,JamesemployedthearchitectInigoJonestobuildthepresentBanquetingHouseinWhitehall,anddramainparticularflourishedathiscourt.AlthoughhebelievedthatkingstooktheirauthorityfromGod,Jamesacceptedthathisactionsweresubjecttothelaw.Unable,likemanyofhispredecessors,toputroyalfinancesonasoundfooting,JameswasoftenindisputewithhisParliaments.,42,AproposedGreatContract(1610),underwhichParliamentwouldprovidearegularincometotheCrowntomeetgovernmentcostsandmaintainthenavyandarmy,inexchangeformodifyingthemonarchsfundraising,cametonothing.TheAddledParliamentof1614lastedeightweeks.TheoutbreakoftheThirtyYearsWar1618-48inEuropespread,andfinancialpressuresforcedJamesin1621tosummonParliament,butwhentheHouseofCommonstriedtodebatewideraspectsofforeignpolicyandassertedtheirrighttodiscussanysubject,Jamesdissolvedit.AfurtherParliament,summonedin1624,failedtoresolveforeignpolicyquestions.OnJamessdeathin1625,thekingdomwasontheedgeofwarwithSpain.,43,VICTORIA(r.1837-1901),VictoriawasbornatKensingtonPalace,London,on24May1819.ShewastheonlydaughterofEdward,DukeofKent,fourthsonofGeorgeIII.Herfatherdiedshortlyafterherbirthandshebecameheirtothethronebecausethethreeuncleswhowereaheadofherinsuccession-GeorgeIV,FrederickDukeofYork,andWilliamIV-hadnolegitimatechildrenwhosurvived.Warmheartedandlively,Victoriahadagiftfordrawingandpainting;educatedbyagovernessathome,shewasanaturaldiaristandkeptaregularjournalthroughoutherlife.OnWilliamIVsdeathin1837,shebecameQueenattheageof18.,44,Alberttookanactiveinterestinthearts,science,tradeandindustry;theprojectforwhichheisbestrememberedwastheGreatExhibitionof1851,theprofitsfromwhichhelpedtoestablishtheSouthKensingtonmuseumscomplexinLondon.HermarriagetoPrinceAlbertbroughtninechildrenbetween1840and1857.MostofherchildrenmarriedintootherRoyalfamiliesofEurope.EdwardVII(born1841),marriedAlexandra,daughterofChristianIXofDenmark.Alfred,DukeofEdinburghandofSaxe-CoburgandGotha(born1844)marriedMarieofRussia.Arthur,DukeofConnaught(born1850)marriedLouiseMargaretofPrussia.Leopold,DukeofAlbany(born1853)marriedHelenofWaldeck-Pyrmont.,45,Victoria,PrincessRoyal(born1840)marriedFriedrichIII,GermanEmperor.Alice(born1843)marriedLudwigIV,GrandDukeofHesseandbyRhine.Helena(born1846)marriedChristianofSchleswig-Holstein.Louise(born1848)marriedJohnCampbell,9thDukeofArgyll.Beatrice(born1857)marriedHenryofBattenberg.VictoriaboughtOsborneHouse(laterpresentedtothenationbyEdwardVII)ontheIsleofWightasafamilyhomein1845,andAlbertboughtBalmoralin1852.Victoriawasdeeplyattachedtoherhusbandandshesankintodepressionafterhedied,aged42,in1861.Shehadlostadevotedhusbandandherprincipaltrustedadviserinaffairsofstate.Fortherestofherreignsheworeblack.,46,Untilthelate1860ssherarelyappearedinpublic;althoughsheneverneglectedherofficialCorrespondence,andcontinuedtogiveaudiencestoherministersandofficialvisitors,shewasreluctanttoresumeafullpubliclife.ShewaspersuadedtoopenParliamentinpersonin1866and1867,butshewaswidelycriticised