生态旅游内涵的若干思考英文翻译

毕业设计论文英文翻译课题名称房县九道峡漂流前期市场研究院系专业旅游管理专业班级姓名学号指导老师2012年5月10日REFLECTIONSONTHECONNOTATIONSOFECOTOURISMABSTRACTASTHEMOSTDESIRABLEOPTIONFORSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTOFTOURISMINDUSTRY,ECOTOURISMSTILLSUFFERSFROMLACKOFACLEARCUTANDWIDELYACCEPTEDDEFINITION,POSINGMANYRISKSANDTHREATSINITSPRACTICESBASEDONCOLLECTIONANDCOLLATIONOFVARIOUSCONCEPTSANDEXPLANATIONSOFECOTOURISMBOTHATHOMEANDABROAD,THISPAPERREFLECTSONTHECURRENTCONNOTATIONSOFECOTOURISMINTERMSOFFOURASPECTS,NAMELY,OBJECTSOFECOTOURISM,ECOTOURISTS,NATUREOFECOTOURISMASWELLASTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENECOTOURISMANDCOMMUNITIESINDEPTHANALYSISWASPERFORMEDINANEFFORTTOREVISETHEMISINTERPRETATIONOFECOTOURISMANDPROVIDEIMPLICATIONSFORECOTOURISMINITIATIVESTHEMAINCONCLUSIONSANDFRUITSOFTHISARTICLEINCLUDE1THEOBJECTSOFECOTOURISMSHOULDGOBEYONDNATURAL,PRISTINE,OREVENONLYPRIMITIVENATURALAREASTOINCLUDINGCULTURALRESOURCESTOGETHERWITHTHEIRNATURALCONTEXTWHICHALSODESERVEPRESERVATION2TOURISMOPERATORS,COMPAREDTOTOURISTS,HAVEMORELEVERAGEANDHENCESHOULDSHOULDERMORERESPONSIBILITIESFORCONSERVATION3ECOTOURISMSHOULDSERVEASAPRINCIPLETOGUIDETOURISMINITIATIVESTOWARDSSUSTAINABILITY,RATHERTHANMERELYASPECIALTOURPACKAGE4THETHEORETICFOUNDATIONWASLAIDFORCOMMUNITYPARTICIPATIONINECOTOURISMKEYWORDSECOTOURISM,CONNOTATIONS,EXTERNALITY1CONCEPTSANDCONNOTATIONSOFECOTOURISMCONTROVERSYHASALWAYSEXISTEDOVERTHEDEFINITIONANDESSENCEOFECOTOURISMSINCETHEFORMALINTRODUCTIONOFTHETERMBYCEBALLOSLASCURAINAROUNDTWODECADESAGOCHINESEEXPERTSLUANDWANG2001LISTEDALTOGETHER73EXPRESSIONSOFTHISTERMINTHEIRPUBLICATIONTHESTUDYOFECOTOURISM,SOMEESTIMATESTHATTHEREHAVEALREADYBEENATLEAST100DEFINITIONSOFECOTOURISMHEREARESEVERALDEFINITIONSOFCONSIDERABLEINFLUENCEASTHEFIRSTPERSONTOUSETHETERMOFECOTOURISM,CEBALLOSLASCURAIN1991INITIALLYDEFINEDITASTRAVELINGTORELATIVELYUNDISTURBEDORUNCONTAMINATEDAREASWITHTHESPECIFICOBJECTIVEOFSTUDYING,ADMIRING,ANDENJOYINGTHESCENERYANDITSWILDPLANTSANDANIMALS,ASWELLASANYEXISTINGCULTURALMANIFESTATIONSBOTHPASTANDPRESENTFOUNDINTHESEAREASTHEUNITEDSTATESECOTOURISMSOCIETYBLANGYANDWOOD,1992GAVETHESHORTESTPOSSIBLEBUTALSOCOMPREHENSIVEDEFINITIONTOECOTOURISM,RESPONSIBLETRAVELTHATCONSERVESTHEENVIRONMENTANDSUSTAINSTHEWELLBEINGOFLOCALPEOPLEBLACK1996DEFINEDECOTOURISMINSUCHAWAYASANEXPERIENCEWITHAFOCUSONTHENATURALAND/ORCULTURALENVIRONMENT,ANECOLOGICALLYSUSTAINABLEACTIVITY,ANACTIVITYWITHAPREDOMINANTEDUCATIVEANDINTERPRETIVEPROGRAM,ANDANACTIVITYTHATCONTRIBUTESTOLOCALCOMMUNITYGROUPSANDPROJECTSANDTOTHECONSERVATIONOFTHESURROUNDINGENVIRONMENTIUCNSCNPPACEBALLOSLASCURAIN,1996PROCEEDINGFROMTHEIROWNTENET,DEFINEDECOTOURISMASENVIRONMENTALLYRESPONSIBLETRAVELANDVISITATIONTORELATIVELYUNDISTURBEDNATURALAREAS,INORDERTOENJOYANDAPPRECIATENATUREANDANYACCOMPANYINGCULTURALFEATURESBOTHPASTANDPRESENTTHATPROMOTESCONSERVATION,HASLOWVISITORIMPACT,ANDPROVIDESFORBENEFICIALLYACTIVESOCIOECONOMICINVOLVEMENTOFLOCALPOPULATIONSCEBALLOSLASCURAIN1998REFINEDHISINITIALDEFINITIONBYARGUINGTHATECOTOURISMSHOULDBEANENVIRONMENTALLYRESPONSIBLEMODEOFTOURISM,WHICHENTAILSTRAVELINGTOORVISITINGNATURALAREASWITHOUTCAUSINGDISTURBANCEINORDERTOENJOY,APPRECIATEANDSTUDYTHENATURALATTRACTIONSLANDSCAPEANDWILDLIFEOFTHESEAREASASWELLASANYCULTURALEXPRESSIONSPASTORPRESENTVIAAPROCESSTHATPROMOTESCONSERVATION,HASALOWENVIRONMENTALANDCULTURALIMPACT,ENCOURAGESACTIVEPARTICIPATIONANDSOCIOECONOMICALLYBENEFITSTHELOCALPOPULATIONFINALLYHONEY1999DEFINEDECOTOURISMASTRAVELTOFRAGILE,PRISTINEANDUSUALLYPROTECTEDAREASTHATSTRIVESTOBELOWIMPACTANDUSUALLYSMALLSCALEITHELPSEDUCATETHETRAVELER,PROVIDESFUNDSFORCONSERVATION,DIRECTLYBENEFITSTHEECONOMICDEVELOPMENTANDPOLITICALEMPOWERMENTOFLOCALCOMMUNITIES,ANDFOSTERSRESPECTFORDIFFERENTCULTURESANDFORHUMANRIGHTSITCANBEFOUNDTHAT,FROMTHEAFOREMENTIONEDDEFINITIONS,ASTIMEWENTON,THECONCEPTSOFECOTOURISMHAVECONTINUOUSLYBEENBROADENEDANDTHECONNOTATIONSENRICHEDTOSUMUP,THEPRESENTCONNOTATIONSOFECOTOURISMMAINLYINCLUDETHEFOLLOWINGCONTENTS1OBJECTSOFECOTOURISMNATURALAREAS,ASWELLASECOSYSTEMFEATURINGCOEXISTENCEBETWEENMANANDNATURE2SUBJECTSOFECOTOURISMTHOSEWHOTRAVELINARESPONSIBLEFORMANDSHOULDEROBLIGATIONSFORENVIRONMENTALPROTECTIONANDSOCIALADVANCEINDESTINATIONAREAS3NATUREOFECOTOURISMANEWANDSPECIALTYPEOFTOURISMPRODUCTS4FUNCTIONOFECOTOURISMPERFORMINGENVIRONMENTALEDUCATIONFORTRAVELERS,IMPROVINGTHEIRENVIRONMENTALOUTLOOKANDEXERTINGEFFECTONTHEIRWAYOFLIFEFACILITATINGTHEPARTICIPATIONOFTHELOCALRESIDENTS,ANDUPGRADINGTHEIRSTANDARDOFLIVING2DOUBTSOVERCONNOTATIONSOFECOTOURISMOWINGTOTHELACKOFACLEARCUTANDGENERALLYACCEPTEDDEFINITIONANDTHESUBJECTIVEEXTENSIONOFTHECONCEPT,THETERMOFECOTOURISMHASLONGBEENABUSED,MISLEADINGTHEDECISIONMAKING,PLANNINGANDMANAGEMENTINECOTOURISMINITIATIVESASARESULT,THEACCURACYOFTHECONNOTATIONSOFECOTOURISMSHOULDBEEXAMINEDANDANALYZEDTOADDRESSTHECOMPLEXITYOFECOTOURISMANDTHEPROBLEMSINECOTOURISMDEVELOPMENTINCHINA21DOUBTSOVEROBJECTSOFECOTOURISMAMONGALMOSTALLTHEDEFINITIONSOFECOTOURISM,THEOBJECTSOFECOTOURISMAREGENERALLYCONFINEDTONATURALTOURISMRESOURCES,ESPECIALLYNATURALAREASWITHSOUNDECOLOGICENVIRONMENTWHICHHAVEONLYSLIGHTLYORNEVERBEENDISTURBEDORPOLLUTED,SUCHASPROTECTEDAREAS,FORESTPARKS,ETCHOWEVER,CONTROVERSYHASEMERGEDONTHISPOINTTHEORIGINALMOTIVATIONFORTOURISTSTOPARTICIPATEINECOTOURISMISTOGOBACKTONATUREANDNATURECOMPRISESDIFFERENTTYPESOFECOSYSTEMS,INCLUDINGFORESTECOSYSTEM,GRASSLANDECOSYSTEM,SANDECOSYSTEM,FRESHWATERECOSYSTEMANDOCEANECOSYSTEM,ETCATPRESENT,ONTHEONEHAND,ECOTOURISMISMAINLYCONDUCTEDINTHEENVIRONMENTOFFORESTS,GRASSLANDS,FRESHWATERSANDOCEANS,WHICHHAVESOUNDECOSYSTEMANDQUALITYSURROUNDINGSWHILEDESOLATESANDS,MARSHES,ETC,ONTHEOTHERHAND,WITHTHEIRWILDNESSANDMYSTERY,ALSOHAVEEQUALORGREATERATTRACTIONTOWARDSECOTOURISTSDESPITETHEDIFFICULTIESINTOURISMDEVELOPMENTTHESEAREASHAVEINCLEMENTECOLOGICALENVIRONMENTBUTDISTINCTIVECHARACTERISTICS,DELIVERINGMOREOPPORTUNITIESFORINSPIRATIONANDEDUCATIONOFENVIRONMENTALPROTECTIONTOURISTSCOULDGAINDEEPERUNDERSTANDINGOFTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENMANANDNATURE,THUSREFLECTINGONANDDISCIPLINETHEIRBEHAVIORSYINANDYAN,2003ASARESULT,THESEAREASSHOULDNOTBEEXCLUDEDTOTHEOBJECTSOFECOTOURISMALARGENUMBEROFSCHOLARSARGUETHATONLYNATURALTOURISMRESOURCESCANBETHEOBJECTSOFECOTOURISMHOWEVER,SINCEHUMANBEINGSARETHEMOSTIMPORTANTCOMPONENTOFEARTHECOSYSTEMANDHUMANACTIVITIESARETHEMOSTIMPORTANTCONTRIBUTINGFACTORSINECOSYSTEMS,ITWILLBEONESIDEDNOTTOINCORPORATECULTURALTOURISMRESOURCESINTOOBJECTSOFECOTOURISMSUCHETHNICANDFOLKCULTURALTOURISMRESOURCES,ACTUALLY,ASDONGBACULTUREOFNAXIETHNICMINORITYGROUP,LIJIANGANDTHEMARRIAGEANDFAMILYSYSTEMOFMOSUOPEOPLE,BOTHINYUNNAN,AREMOREVULNERABLETHANNATURALRESOURCESANDREQUIRESTRICTERPROTECTIONTIANANDLI,2004INONESENSE,RATHERTHANASPECIALPRODUCT,ECOTOURISMSHOULDSERVEASAPRINCIPLE,ORAPATTERNFORTOURISMPRACTICESOASLONGASTHEYARECONDUCTEDINACCORDANCEWITHSUCHPRINCIPLEORPATTERN,CONVENTIONALSIGHTSEEING,BUSINESSTRAVEL,FOLKTOUR,VACATIONTRAVELCANALLBEPERCEIVEDASECOTOURISMOBVIOUSLY,THEATTEMPTTOCONFINEOBJECTSOFECOTOURISMTONATURALTOURISMRESOURCES,ESPECIALLYWELLPRESERVEDNATURALAREAS,WILLCONTRIBUTETOCONFUSIONINCONCEPTSOFVARIOUSCONVENTIONALTOURSANDMISLEADECOTOURISMPRACTICETWONEGATIVEIMPLICATIONSWILLEMERGEUNDERSUCHCONCEPTS1ENTICINGLARGENUMBERSOFTOURISTSTORUSHTOECOLOGICALLYSOUNDAREAS,WHICHWILLDEFINITELYLEADTOSEVEREDAMAGEORPOLLUTIONTOTHESEAREASRESEARCHFINDINGSSUGGESTTHAT,INCHINA,AMONGTHENATURERESERVESOFPROVINCIALLEVELORABOVE,22OFTHEMHAVESUFFEREDDAMAGETOTHEPROTECTIONTARGETSAND11OFTHEMARESUBJECTTOECOSYSTEMDEGRADATION,OWINGTOTHEECOTOURISMINITIATIVESINTHOSEAREAS2SENDINGMISLEADINGSIGNALSTODEVELOPERSANDOPERATORSTHATCONVENTIONALTOURISMISIMMUNETOENVIRONMENTALRESTRICTION,WHICHWILL,INTURN,MAKETOURISTSNEGLECTCONVENTIONALTOURISMRESOURCES,ANDFINALLYNEWAREASAREFOUNDANDESTABLISHEDASECOTOURISMDESTINATIONS,HANDINHANDWITHIMPAIRMENTTOECOSYSTEM22DOUBTSOVERECOTOURISTSACCORDINGTORELATEDLITERATURE,ECOTOURISTSCANBEDIVIDEDINTERMSOFBROADANDNARROWSENSESECOTOURISTSOFTHEBROADSENSEREFERTOALLVISITORSTOECOTOURISMDESTINATIONSDESPITESTATISTICALPRACTICALITY,ITFAILSTODESCRIBETHEHOLISTICPROFILEOFECOTOURISTSANDREVEALTHEESSENTIALDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHEMANDCONVENTIONALTOURISTSECOTOURISTSOFTHENARROWSENSEREFERTOTHOSEWHOSHOULDERRESPONSIBILITIESFORENVIRONMENTALPROTECTIONANDECONOMICDEVELOPMENTOFTHEECOTOURISMDESTINATIONSZHONGANDZHAO,2003ITMAKESBETTERSENSETOADOPTTHELATTERDEFINITIONOFECOTOURISM,FORITSEEMINGLYHIGHLIGHTSTHESUBSTANTIALCHARACTERISTICSOFECOTOURISTSANDBEARSGREATERACCURACYHOWEVER,ITLACKSTRUEVALUEINPRACTICEFIRST,FROMAVIEWOFTHEDEMANDOFTHETOURISTSTHEMSELVES,THEYTRAVELTODESTINATIONSFORFUN,RELAXATIONANDLEISURE,RATHERTHANOBLIGATELEARNINGECOTOURISMCANONLYACHIEVETHEGOALOFIMPROVINGTHEEXPERIENCEQUALITYFORVISITORS,BUTHASNOWAYTOREQUIRETOURISTSTOBEARSOMUCHDUTYANDOBLIGATIONSECOND,THEDRAMATICIMBALANCEININFORMATIONBETWEENTOURISTSANDOPERATORS/AGENTSALSODEFIESTHEPURPOSETOIMPOSEANYOBLIGATIONONTOURISTS1THEFACTTHATTOURISMPRODUCTSARESUPPLIEDANDCONSUMEDATTHESAMETIMEJUSTDETERMINESTHATTOURISTSHAVENOCHANCETOCOLLECTANDSTUDYTHEINFORMATIONONLOCALECOTOURISMPRIORTOVISITINGANDEXPERIENCING2TOURISTSARENEITHERABLETOEVALUATETHEIMPACTOFTHEIRBEHAVIORONTHEAREANOROBTAINTHEINFORMATIONONOTHERTOURISTSOFTHEIRKIND3TOURISMENTERPRISESAREINCAPABLEOFAPPROPRIATELYEVALUATINGTHERESPONSIBLEAWARENESSANDBEHAVIOROFTOURISTSTHIRD,FROMASTATISTICALPOINT,ITISIMPOSSIBLETODIVIDECONVENTIONALTOURISTSANDECOTOURISTSORTODEFINEANDMEASURETHERESPONSIBILITIESOFTHETOURISTSASARESULT,SUPPLYSIDEMUSTBETAKENINTOCONSIDERATIONSINCENOPRACTICALITYCANBESEENBYONLYEMPHASIZINGTHEDUTYOFTOURISTSFROMDEMANDSIDEINECOTOURISM,SUPPLIERSBEARTHEPRIMARYRESPONSIBILITIESINCONTRAST,TOURISTSONLYBEARSECONDARYONESSUPPLIERSOFECOTOURISMPRODUCTSHAVEEVERYMEANSTORATIONALIZETHEMECHANISMTOGUIDETHEBEHAVIOROFTHETOURISTS,INANATTEMPTTOACHIEVETHEGOALSOFECOTOURISMTOREINFORCEENVIRONMENTALPROTECTIONANDBOOSTLOCALECONOMY23DOUBTSOVERNATUREOFECOTOURISMATENDENCYHASEXISTEDTODEFINEECOTOURISMASANEWSPECIALTYPEOFTOURISMPRODUCTSORTOURISTACTIVITIES,DESIGNEDFORTHEINTERESTSANDDEMANDOFASMALLGROUPOFPEOPLE,DRAWINGALINEOFDISTINCTIONBETWEENECOTOURISMANDMASSTOURISM,WHICHHASAROUSEDAGREATDEALOFCONTROVERSYINTHEFIRSTPLACE,THEREISEVERYINDICATIONTHAT,ACCORDINGTODOMESTICEXPERIENCES,THETERMOFECOTOURISMHASBEENABUSEDASAFASHIONABLELABELTOATTRACTTHEATTENTIONFROMTHESOURCEMARKETITSHOULDBEARGUEDTHATECOTOURISMSHOULDREPRESENTAKINDOFPRINC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GTHEGOALSTOPROMOTEENVIRONMENTPROTECTIONANDBOOSTLOCALECONOMY3RATHERTHANASPECIALKINDOFTOURISMPRODUCTS,ECOTOURISMIS,INESSENCE,APRINCIPLEANDANAPPROACHFORTOURISMDEVELOPMENTITSHOULDBEIMPLEMENTEDINDEVELOPMENTOFALLDIFFERENTTOURISMRESOURCES,ANDREPRESENTTHEBRANDNEWSTAGEOFTOURISMINDUSTRYDEVELOPMENT4ECOTOURISMCANNOTLIVEUPTOITSCONNOTATIONANDOBJECTIVESWITHOUTCOMMUNITYPARTICIPATIONTHEINVOLVEMENTOFLOCALRESIDENTSWILLGUARANTEETHEMAXIMIZATIONOFECONOMIC,ECOLOGICANDSOCIALBENEFITSOFTOURISM生态旅游内涵的若干思考摘要生态旅游作为可持续发展的旅游产业的最理想选择，目前仍然缺乏一个明确而又被广泛接受的定义，在这个定义的界定过程中面临很多风险和各种威胁。通过收集和整理国内外对生态旅游的各种概念和解释，本文反映了当前生态旅游内涵的四个方面，即生态旅游的对象、生态旅游、生态的性质以及生态旅游与社会之间的关系。力图在努力修正人们对生态旅游的错误理解的同时，根据深入的分析提出发展生态旅游的可行建议。本文的主要结论和成果包括以下4个方面1）生态旅游的对象应该不仅仅只局限于自然和原始，甚至只有原始的自然区域及其自然背景下的文化资源部分；2）相对于游客，旅游经营者对旅游区拥有更大的影响力，因此应该承担更多的责任，保护旅游区；3）生态旅游应该以可持续发展为指导原则，而不仅仅是一个特殊的包价旅游；4）理论为社区参与生态旅游奠定了基础。关键词生态旅游、内涵、外部性1生态旅游的概念和内涵大约二十年前，拉斯喀瑞正式介绍了生态旅游的定义及其性质，自那时起争议就一直存在着。2001年，中国专家陆和王在他们针对生态旅游研究的刊物中用73个字解释这个术语。据不完全统计，目前关于生态旅游至少已经有100种定义。这里面有几个定义影响相当大。作为第一个使用“生态旅游”的人，拉斯喀瑞最初把它定义为“以学习为具体目标，前往相对不受干扰、与外界联系少的地区旅游，享受风景，欣赏野生动植物长期生长形态，并在该地区发现任何文化表达方式（过去或者现在）。”美国生态旅游协会（用BLANGY和WOOD定义生态旅游，1992）针对生态旅游给出的定义在短期来看有可能是最全面的，“负责保护自然地区的环境和维系好的当地人民的福祉”。布兰克（1996）将生态旅游定义为，这是一个根据生态可持续发展的经验，注重自然和文化环境的活动，活动主要包括教育与解释，并且有助于当地社区把焦点放在对周围环境的保护，并围绕其开展项目活动。国际自然保护联盟的国家公园委员会（拉斯喀瑞，1996）从他们的宗旨出发，将生态旅游定义为“生态旅游是本着对环境负责的态度，探访相对未受到外界打扰的自然区域，享受和欣赏大自然，发掘其中所蕴含的文化特性，自觉保护，游客影响度低，并为当地居民提供有益于社会经济增长的活动。”1998年，拉斯喀瑞对他最初提出的定义进行完善，认为生态旅游应该是“一个对环境负责的旅游方式，这需要旅游或访问不会对当地的正常生活造成干扰，目的是为了通过这个过程享受、欣赏和研究这些地域的自然景观和野生动物的自然区域细化，它能有效促进该地区各个时期的任何文化表达方式的保护，对旅游地的环境和文化影响较小，并能带动当地不同年龄段的居民积极参与到环境保护和社会经济发展中。”最后，哈尼（1999）给生态旅游定义为，在脆弱、原始和普通级别保护区旅游，致力于缩小旅游规模，减少对当地环境的影响。这种旅游方式能达到教育性引导游客的效果，节约地方开支，提高经济发展，巩固政府权力，并能促进文化的多样性发展，保护非物质文化遗产的延续。从上述定义，可以发现随着时间的推移，生态旅游的概念已经被不断扩大，内涵丰富。总的来说，目前生态旅游的内涵主要包括以下内容1生态旅游的对象自然景观，以及生态系统中人与自然共同影响的部分；2生态旅游的主题旅游目的地区域的人们在环境保护和社会进步中所承担的种责任和义务；3生态旅游的本质一种新型的特殊的旅游产品；4生态旅游的功能对旅游者进行环境教育，提高他们的环境观，从而改善他们的生活方式；带动经济发展，提高当地居民的生活水平。2对生态旅游内涵的质疑由于长期缺少一个明确而又被普遍接受的定义和概念上的延伸，生态旅游的术语一直被滥用，导致决策失误、规划偏离、管理不善和生态旅游计划脱离实际。因此，深入检查和分析生态旅游的内涵是十分必要的，可用来解决复杂的生态旅游问题以及生态旅游在中国的发展问题。21对生态旅游对象的质疑几乎所有关于生态旅游的定义都把其对象局限在自然旅游资源，特别是自然区的生态环境上，后期学者对它的完善也只有轻微的，并没有击中要害，如增加保护区、森林公园等。然而，争议正是出现在这一点上。旅游者参加生态旅游的原始动机是回到大自然以及它包括的不同类型的生态系统中，包括森林生态系统，草地生态系统，沙地生态系统，淡水生态系统和海洋生态系统等。目前，生态旅游一方面主要需要在健全的生态系统和完善的质量环境中进行，如森林、草原、淡水和海洋；另一方面，尽管荒滩、沼泽等这些在异端条件下产生的特殊环境在旅游业发展中困难重重，但是它们的野性和神秘感给旅游者带来的吸引力绝对不亚于其他生态旅游对象。这些地区的生态环境恶劣且富有极强的独特性，为游客提供更多的环保机会也由此产生更多教育启示。旅游者通过这些能更深的理解人与自然的关系，从而反思和约束自己的应为（殷和燕，2003）。因此这些生态环境恶劣的地区不应该被排除在生态旅游的对象之外。大部分的学者认为，只有自然旅游资源可以作为生态旅游的对象。然而，由于人类是地球生态系统的最重要组成部分，人类活动也是引起整个生态系统动态的最重要因素，将文化旅游资源排除在生态旅游对象之外的做法是不可取的。类似于纳西族东巴文化的这样的民族民俗旅游资源，无论是在丽江还是有着悠久而极具民族特色的摩梭族人，甚至是在整个云南，这种文化旅游资源较自然旅游资源更需要严格的保护体系和措施（田和李，2004）。在某种意义上，生态旅游应该作为一个原则或者是旅游运行实践的模式，而不是一种特殊的产品；只要经营者按照这样的原则或者模式规划、开发和运营旅游产品，传统的观光旅游，商务旅游，民俗旅游，度假旅游都可以被纳入生态旅游的范畴之内。显然，试图从生态旅游的对象的角度限制自然旅游资源，特别是对资源区域的完好保存有着深刻的意义，容易导致各种传统旅游和生态旅游实践之间在概念上的混淆。在两个负面的影响下会出现这样的概念1）大量的游客基于进入生态良好区域，这势必会给这些地区带来严重的破坏和污染。研究结果表明，在中国的省级以上的自然保护区中，由于发展生态旅游活动，其中22因为遭受到损害而成为保护目标，另11的区域生态系统退化；