(第一讲)Benjamin_Franklin

Lecture1,ColonialPeriodtotheRevolution(16071800)BenjaminFranklin(1706-1790),Maincontents,HistoricalbackgroundAmericanPuritanismBenjaminFranklin,1.Historicalbackground,Originalinhabitants:AmericanIndians.1492,12Oct.-ChristopherColumbusdiscoveredtheAmerica.Intheearly16thC.,theothercolonistsarrived:Spanish,French,Dutch,Swedes,Germans,Italians,andPortuguese.in1607-ThefirstpermanentEnglishsettlement:Jamestown,Virginia,byCapt.JohnSmith.,In1620-PuritanscametotheNewEnglandarea,byMayflowerandfoundPlymouthColony(普利茅斯殖民地).shipofMayflowerroastturkeyTheoriginofThanksgivingDay,NewEngland,2.AmericanPuritanism,WhatisPuritan?ThePuritanswereoriginallydevoutmembersofChurchofEnglandwhoadvocatedhighlyreligiousandmoralprinciple.Theywishedto“purify”theirreligiousbelief-tocleanuptheremainsoftheCatholicisminChurchofEnglandbybreakingfreefromit.,WhydidPuritanscometoAmerica?-toreformtheChurchofEnglandandestablishanentirelynewchurch.-CharlesI(1603)-toescapereligiousandpoliticaloppressionandpersecution.-togetgreatereconomyopportunityforlandandforadventure.,WhatisAmericanPuritanism?,PuritanismisthepracticesandreligiousbeliefsofpuritansinAmerica.puritanideas:piety(虔诚),humility(谦虚),serious（严肃）,honest,diligence/hardworking（勤奋）,thrift/frugality（节俭,朴素),sobriety(节制)andascetic(禁欲的).opposepleasureandjoy,favoredadisciplinedharshlife。,WhatarethefeaturesofPuritanism?1.Predestination(宿命论):Goddecidedeverythingbeforethingsoccurred.2.Originalsin（原罪）:Humanbeingswereborntobeevil.“InAdamsfall,weallsin”3.Totaldepravity（彻底堕落）:HumanitysabsolutecorruptionsincetheFallofMan.4.Limitedatonement（有限救赎）orthesalvationofaselectedfew:Onlythe“elect”canbesaved.,WhataretheinfluencesofPuritanismonAmericanthoughtandliterature?1.RootofAmericanSpirit:piety,hardwork,thrift,confidence,couragetofacedifficulties,individualism,forgeahead(进取),optimistic.“Everytubmuststandonitsownbottom.”“Everyoneisthearchitectofhisownfuture.”“Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.”,2.SourceofAmericanDream:Toachievefreedom,prosperityandsuccessthroughhonesthardwork.Theabilitytorisefromragstorichesthroughhardwork.lifeshouldbebetterandricherandfullerforeveryone,withopportunityforeachaccordingtoabilityorachievement“-JamesTruslowAdams,BenjaminFranklin(1706-1790),-TheprototypeoftheAmericanDream-Americasfirstself-mademan.-ThefirstAmerican,Ifyouwouldnotbeforgotten,assoonasyouaredeadfirstappliedtheterms“positive”(正极)and“negative”（负极）toelectricalcharges.,Successasaninventorandscientist,SuccessasadiplomatandstatesmanAidJeffersoninwritingTheDeclarationofIndependence;SeekinghelpfromFranceinAmericanIndependentWar.,Successasawriter,TheAutobiography自传PoorRichardsAlmanack格言历书,ProverbsfromPoorRichardsAlmanac,“Apennysavedisapennyearned.”省一文赚一文“Earlytobed,andearlytorise,makesamanhealthy,wealthy,andwise.”Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.Bewareoflittleexpenses:asmallleakwillleakagreatship.Eattolive,andnotlivetoeat.Beslowinchoosingafriend,slowerinchanging.Losttimeisneverfoundagain.Lifestragedyisthatwegrowoldtoosoon,andwisetoolate.,2.Autobiography,Franklinwrotethisbookwhenhewas65yearsold.Itsarecordofhisrisingtowealthandfamefromastateofpovertyandobscurity（身份低微）,Writingofthebook,In1771,attheageof65,BenjaminFranklinsatdowntowritehisautobiography.Theworktakesabout20years,from1771to1790.Theaccountiswritteninfourparts,writtenatfourdifferenttimes,reflectinghislifeinthedifferentperiods.,Contents,PartOnewaswrittenin1771inEngland,alettertohisson;coveringhislifebeforetheageof25:hisshortschoolinghisapprenticeshipthedevelopmentofhisprintingbusinessandhismarriageetc.,Contents,PartTwowaswrittenin1784atPassy,asuburbofParis,givingamoredetailedaccountofhisactivitiesinpublicaffairs.Helistedhis13virtueshewishestoperfectinhimself.,Contents,PartThree(1788),PartFour(1789-1790)finishedinPhiladelphia,describinghislifefromtheageof25to51.Itisanincompleteautobiography.,Franklins13virtuesinTheAutobiography,1.Temperance.Eatnottodullness;drinknottoelevation.节制。食不过饱；饮酒不醉。2.Silence.Speaknotbutwhatmaybenefitothersoryourself;avoidtriflingconversation.缄默。言则于人于己有益，不作无益闲聊。,3.Order.Letallyourthingshavetheirplaces;leteachpartofyourbusinesshaveitstime.秩序。各样东西放在一定地方；各项日常事务应有一定的处理时间。4.Resolution.Resolvetoperformwhatyouought;performwithoutfailwhatyouresolve.决断。事情当做必做；既做则坚持到底。,5.Frugality.Makenoexpensebuttodogoodtoothersoryourself;i.e.,wastenothing.节俭。花钱须于人于己有益，即不浪费。6.Industry.Losenotime;bealwaysemploydinsomethinguseful;cutoffallunnecessaryactions.勤勉。不浪费时间；每时每刻做有用之事，戒除一切不必要的行动。,7.Sincerity.Usenohurtfuldeceit;thinkinnocentlyandjustly,and,ifyouspeak,speakaccordingly.诚恳。不欺骗人；思想纯洁公正；说话也应诚实。8.Justice.Wrongnonebydoinginjuries,oromittingthebenefitsthatareyourduty.正直。不做不利他人之事，切勿忘记履行对人有益的义务而伤害他人。,9.Moderation.Avoidextremes;forbearresentinginjuriessomuchasyouthinktheydeserve.中庸。勿走极端；受到应有的处罚，应当加以容忍。10.Cleanliness.Toleratenonon-cleanlinessinbody,clothes,orhabitation.整洁。身体、衣服和住所应力求清洁。,11.Tranquility.Benotdisturbedattrifles,orataccidentscommonorunavoidable.平静。勿因琐事或普通而不可避免的事件而烦恼。12.Chastity.Rarelyusevenery纵欲butforhealthoroffspring,nevertodullness,weakness,ortheinjuryofyourownoranotherspeaceorreputation.节欲。切戒纵欲，勿伤害身体或有损自己或他人的安宁或名誉。13.Humility.ImitateJesusandSocratesskrti:z.谦逊。效法耶稣和苏格拉底。,WhydidFranklinwritehisbiography?,tosetanexampleforhissonwithhissuccessstorypasshisfreeleisuretimetorelivehislifebywritingtogratifyhisownvanity,Whatfeaturesdoyoufindinthestyleoftheaboveselection?,Style:Simple,clearinorder,directandconcise(“Nothingshouldbeexpressedintwowordsthatcanaswellbeexpressedinone.”),Significance:,Itpresentsaprototype（原型）ofAmericansuccesswhichins