国际贸易学第一章

.,InternationalTrade:TheoryandPolicy,喻美辞经济管理学院经济贸易系E-mail:maisieyu,1-1,Chapter1,Introduction,.,1-3,Preview,Whatisinternationaleconomicsabout?Whatisinternationaltradeabout?Whydowestudyinternationaltrade?Howdowestudyinternationaltrade?InternationalfinancetopicsIernationalfinance,.,1-4,I.WhatIsInternationalEconomicsAbout?,Nationsaremorecloselylinkedthroughtradeingoodsandservices,throughflowsofmoney,andthroughinvestmentthaneverbefore.（随着国际商品和服务贸易的发展、国际间资金的流动，以及跨国投资的发展，各个国家之间的经济联系变得更加紧密。）Internationaleconomicsisabouthownationsinteractthroughtradeingoodsandservices,throughflowsofmoneyandthroughinvestment.国际经济学研究的是国际商品和服务贸易的发展、国际间资金的流动，以及跨国投资的发展对各个国家的经济影响。国际经济学的一般理论包括国际贸易理论和政策、国际金融理论和国际投资理论等。,.,1-5,WhatIsInternationalEconomicsAbout?(cont.),Internationaltradeasafractionofthenationaleconomyhastripled(番了3倍)fortheU.S.inthepast40years.Whilebothimportsandexportshaveincreased,importshavegrownmore,leadingtoalargeexcessofimportsoverexportswhichiscalledastradedeficit(贸易逆差).Question:HowistheUnitedStatesabletopayforallthosetradedeficit?ComparedtotheU.S.,othercountriesareevenmoretiedtointernationaltrade.,.,1-6,Fig.1-1:ExportsandImportsasaPercentageofU.S.NationalIncome,Source:U.S.BureauofEconomicAnalysis,From1960sto1980,bothexportsandimportsrosesteadilyassharesofU.S.income.Since1980,importshavecontinuedtorise,whileexportshavefluctuatedsharply.,.,1-7,Fig.1-2:ExportsandImportsasPercentageofNationalIncomein2005,Source:OrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment,InternationaltradeisevenmoreimportanttomostothercountriesthanitistotheUnitedStates.,.,1-8,II.WhatIsInternationalTradeAbout?,Internationaltradeistheinternationalexchange(国际交换)ofgoodsandservicesbetweencountries.Thistypeoftradegivesrisetoaworldeconomy,inwhichprices,orsupplyanddemand,affectandareaffectedbyglobalevents.Therearesometypesofinternationaltrade:Importtrade,exporttrade,transittrade(过境贸易/转口贸易)Visibletrade(有形贸易),invisibletradeinter-industrytrade(产业间贸易),intra-industrytrade(产业内贸易),1.WhatisInternationalTrade,.,1-9,BasisforTrade(WhyTradeOccurs?),TheMercantilistsViews(重商主义)onTradeTradeBasedonAbsoluteAdvantage(绝对优势):theAdamSmithModelTradeBasedonComparativeAdvantage(比较优势):theDavidRicardoModelResourceEndowments(资源禀赋)andInternationalTrade:theHeckscher-OhlinTheoryEconomiesofScale,ImperfectCompetition,andInternationalTrade,2.TheTheoryofInternationalTrade,.,1-10,PatternsofTrade(Whosellswhattowhom?),Thatis,whatcommoditiesaretradedandwhichcommoditiesareexportedandimportedbyeachnation?DifferencesinclimateandresourcescanexplainwhyBrazilexportscoffeeandAustraliaexportsironore.ButwhydoesJapanexportautomobiles,whiletheU.S.exportsaircraft?Differencesinlaborproductivity(劳动生产率)mayexplainwhysomecountriesexportcertainproducts.Howrelativesuppliesofcapital,laborandlandareusedintheproductionofdifferentgoodsandservicesmayalsoexplainwhysomecountriesexportcertainproducts.,.,1-11,GainsfromTrade(贸易利得/收益),SeveralideasunderliethegainsfromtradeWhenabuyerandasellerengageinavoluntarytransaction(自愿参与交易),bothreceivesomethingthattheywantandbothcanbemadebetteroff.（国与国之间相互销售自己的产品和劳务通常总对双方都有利）Norwegianconsumerscouldbuyorangesthroughinternationaltradethattheyotherwisewouldhaveadifficulttimeproducing.Theproduceroftheorangesreceivesincomethatitcanusetobuythethingsthatitdesires.,.,1-12,GainsfromTrade(cont.),b.Tradeispredictedtobenefitacountrybymakingitmoreefficientwhenitexportsgoodswhichintensivelyuseabundantresourcesandimportsgoodswhichintensivelyusescarceresources.（如果一个国家出口密集使用其丰富资源的商品，进口密集使用其稀缺资源的商品，那么该国会从这种贸易模式中受益。）c.Whencountriesspecialize,theymayalsobemoreefficientduetolargescaleproduction.（当某些国家实现专业化生产时，他们可以从规模化生产中获得收益。）,.,1-13,GainsfromTrade(cont.),d.Tradeispredictedtobenefitcountriesasawholeinseveralways,buttrademayharmparticulargroups(特定集团)withinacountry.Internationaltradecanadverselyaffecttheownersofresourcesthatareusedintensivelyinindustriesthatcompetewithimports.（与进口产品相竞争的产业密集使用的要素的所有者会因为贸易而受损）Trademaythereforehaveeffectsonthedistributionofincomewithinacountry,suchasworkersandtheownersofcapital,skilledworkersandunskilledworkers.,.,1-14,FreeTradevs.Protectionism(HowMuchTrade?),Themainideaoffreetrade(自由贸易)isthatsupplyanddemandfactors,operatingonaglobalscale,willensurethatproductionhappensefficiently.Therefore,nothingneedstoprotectorpromotetradeandgrowthbecausemarketforceswilldosoautomatically.Incontrast,protectionism(贸易保护主义)holdsthatregulationofinternationaltradeisimportanttoensurethatmarketsfunctionproperly.Advocatesofthistheorybelievethatmarketinefficienciesmayhamperthebenefitsofinternationaltradeandtheyaimtoguidethemarketaccordingly.,.,1-15,3.TheEffectsofGovernmentPoliciesonTrade,PolicymakersaffecttheamountoftradethroughTariffs(关税):ataxonimportsorexports,Quotas(配额):aquantityrestrictiononimportsorexports,exportsubsidies(出口补贴):apaymenttoproducersthatexport,orthroughotherregulations(ex.,productspecifications)thatexcludeforeignproductsfromthemarket,butstillallowdomesticproducts.Whatarethecostsandbenefitsofthesepolicies?,.,1-16,IV.HowDoWeStudyInternationalTrade?,Readclassicbooksandliteraturesoninternationaltrade,understandthemainideaoftheGreatEconomistsinthisfield.Matertheanalysismethodsandtoolsofinternationaltrade.Attachimportancetoforeignlanguagelearningandtherelevantprofessionalcourses.Payattentiontodomesticandworldeconomicdynamics.,1.SomeRequirements,.,2.TheGreatEconomistsinthefieldofInternationalTrade,亚当斯密（AdamSmith，1723-1790）：AbsoluteAdvantageTheory。1776年出版的“AnInquiryintotheNatureandCausesoftheWealthofNations”国民财富的性质和原因研究，简称国富论提出了绝对优势学说。大卫李嘉图（DavidRicardo，1772-1823）：ComparativeAdvantageTheory。1817年出版政治经济学及赋税原理（PrinciplesofPoliticalEconomyandTaxation）一书提出了比较优势学说。,1-17,.,赫克歇尔（E.F.Heckscher，1879-1952）和俄林（B.Ohlin，1899-1979）1933年共同提出了要素禀赋理论（H-O贸易模型）。他们的代表作是：外贸对收入分配的影响，区间贸易和国际贸易论。俄林1977年获得诺贝尔经济学奖。P.A.萨缪尔森（PaulAnthonySamuelson，1915-）：用数学方法证明了要素价格均等化定理、与斯托尔珀一起提出了Stolper-Samuelson定理，1970年获得诺贝尔经济学奖。W.里昂惕夫（WLeontief，1906-1999）：建立了投入产出分析模型，提出了里昂惕夫悖论，大大地推动了国际贸易理论的发展，1973年获诺奖。P.克鲁格曼（P.Krugman，1953-）国际贸易新理论的主要倡导者，2008年获诺奖。,1-18,.,3.AnalysisToolsinTheoryandPolicyofInternationalTrade,ProductionPossibilitiesCurve/FrontierSupplyCurveandExcessSupplyCurveDemandCurveandExcessDemandCurveProducerSurplus,ConsumerSurplus,andGainsfromTradeEconomiesofScale,DiseconomiesofScale,ConstantReturnstoScaleIndifferenceCurve,1-19,.,4.AnalysisMethodsinInternationalTrade,GeneralEquilibriumAnalysisandPartialEquilibriumAnalysis(一般均衡分析和局部均衡分析)EconomicAnalysisofPolitics(政治经济学分析),1-20,.,1-21,V.InternationalFinanceTopics,BalanceofPayments(国际收支)ExchangeRateDetermination(汇率的决定)InternationalPolicyCoordination(国际政策协调)TheInternationalCapitalMarket(国际资本市场),.,1-22,VI.InternationalTradevs.InternationalFinance,Internationaltradefocusesontransactionsofgoodsandservices(商品和服务交易)acrossnations.Thesetransactionsusuallyinvolveaphysicalmovementofgoodsoracommitmentofintangibleresourceslikelaborservices.Internationalfinancefocusesonfinancialormonetarytransactions(金融或货币交易)acrossnations.Forexample,purchasesofU.S.dollarsorfinanc