人人文库网 > 图纸下载 > 毕业设计 > 二级直齿圆柱齿轮减速器设计【P=20KW Z1=24 Z2=76 Z3=25 Z4=100 i=12.64】【说明书+CAD】
二级直齿圆柱齿轮减速器设计【P=20KW Z1=24 Z2=76 Z3=25 Z4=100 i=12.64】【说明书+CAD】
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P=20KW Z1=24 Z2=76 Z3=25 Z4=100 i=12.64
说明书+CAD
二级直齿圆柱齿轮减速器设计【P=20KW
Z1=24
Z2=76
Z3=25
Z4=100
i=12.64】【说明书+CAD】
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长春理工大学光电信息学院毕业设计Introduction to the common speed reducerDevice overview：Reducer is the prime mover and work machine independent closed between the transmission device, used to reduce speed and increase torque, in order to meet the job needs, also used for growth in some occasions, known as the accelerator.When choosing reducer should be according to the selection of working machine conditions, technical parameters, the performance of the engine, the factors such as economy, comparing the gabarite of different types and varieties of reducer, transmission efficiency and carrying capacity, quality, price, etc., choose the most suitable speed reducer.Reducer is a relatively sophisticated machinery, the use of its purpose is to reduce rotation speed, increase torque.Structural characteristics ofReducer is mainly composed of transmission parts (gear or worm), shaft, bearing, box and its accessories. Its basic structure has three parts:1gear, shaft and bearing combinationPinion and shaft made of an organic whole, gear shaft, this structure is used in the gear shaft and the diameter of the diameter of the weather related, if the diameter of the shaft is d, the gear tooth root circle diameter for df, when df - d 6 7 mn or less, this structure should be adopted. And when df - d 6 7 mn, separated with gear and shaft for the two parts of the structure, such as low speed shaft and large gear. The gear and shaft circumferential fixed flat linkage, shaft parts shaft shoulder, shaft sleeve and bearing cover is used as the axial fixation. Two shaft adopts the deep groove ball bearings. This combination, the less used to bear radial load and axial load. When the axial load is larger, should adopt angular contact ball bearing, taper roller bearing and deep groove ball bearing and thrust bearing of composite structures. Bearing is the use of the gear rotates splashing through the thin oil, lubrication. Box medium oil pool of the lubricating oil, the rotation gear splash splash into the lid on the inner wall of the inner flow box side groove to points, through the oil flow into the bearing. Nu when oiled gear circumferential speed 2 m/s, or less grease lubricated bearings should be adopted, in order to avoid possible wash it splashing through the thin oil lubricating grease, the oil retaining ring can be used to separate it. To prevent loss of lubricating oil and dust into the trunk, between bearing end cover and outrigger shaft equipped with sealing element.2 bodyEnclosure is the important part in the reducer parts. It is the base of the transmission parts, should have sufficient strength and rigidity.Cabinet is usually made of grey cast iron, for overloading or cast steel casing impact load reducer can also be used. Monomer production reducer, in order to simplify the process, to reduce the cost, can use steel plate welded box.Gray cast iron has good casting and vibration reduction performance. To facilitate the shafting parts installation and disassembly, made along the axis line horizontal split-casing box body. On the box cover and the lower box body with a bolt connection into a whole. The connecting bolt of the bearing should be close to the bearing hole, and the bearing seat at the side of convex set, should have enough supporting material surface, in order to place the connecting bolt, and to ensure that the wrench to tighten bolts need to space. In order to ensure the body has enough stiffness, plus support rib near the bearing hole. In order to ensure the stability and reduce as much as possible on the basis of speed reducer in the mechanical processing of base plane of the area, the case base is generally not used the complete plane.3 reducer fittingsIn order to guarantee the normal work of the speed reducer, in addition to combination of gear, shaft, bearing and the structure design of box body is to give enough attention, also should be considered as reducer oil lubricating oil pool, oil discharge, check the oil level height, processing, maintenance when assembling and disassembling of the box cover and the box of accurate positioning, loading auxiliary parts and components, such as reasonable selection and design.1) inspection to check the meshing condition of transmission parts, and to infuse lubricating oil contents, should be set in the appropriate location of the box body inspection hole. Inspection hole is located in the top lid can be observed directly on the gear mesh part. Normally, inspection hole of cover plate on the box cover with screws.2) the ventilator speed reducer is working, the casing temperature, gas expansion pressure, to make overall thermal air free to discharge, to maintain pressure balance inside and outside, not make the lubricating oil or shaft extension along the points box surface seal leakage cracks and other, usually on the top of the box body installed ventilator.3) bearing cover for the fixed shaft parts of axial position and carry axial load, the bearing hole on both ends with bearing cover closed. Bearing bore of flange type and embedded two kinds. Use hex bolt fixed on the box body, bearing cover is overhang shaft hole, which is equipped with sealing device. Flange type bearing cover has the advantage of tear open outfit, easy to adjust the bearing, but compared with the embedded bearing cover, the number of parts is bigger, the size is bigger, appearance is not smooth.4) positioning pin every time in order to ensure the container cover, remained bearing hole processing accuracy, should be in before finishing the bearing hole, in the box cover and the box seats on the connecting flange of the locating pin. Placed vertically on both sides of the enclosure on the connecting flange, symmetrical body should be symmetrical arrangement, in order to avoid mistake.5) oil level indicator to check the oil in the oil pool reducer hight, often maintain oil pool with just the right amount of oil, usually in the box body is convenient for observation, the oil level is relatively stable, installing the oil level indicator.6) oil drain plug oil change, dirty oil and cleaner emissions, should be in the box seat, at the bottom of the oil pool of the lowest opening oil drain hole location, usually with a screw oil drain plug, oil drain plug and body joint face between gasket shall be leak proof.7) seal screw for strengthening qi box, usually during assembly on housing subdivision surface coated with sodium silicate or sealant, when remove often due to the cementation close is difficult to open. So often the appropriate placement of the box cover connecting flange, work out 2 screw holes, screwing in enlightening the box with a cylindrical side or flat side box screws. Gyration rev box screws can will cover on top. Small reducer also dont have rev. Cases of screw, when the lid with a screwdriver to pry out of the box cover, and the box can be the same as the size of the screw to the connecting bolt at the flange.Main loadMachine with reducer connection work load condition is more complex, has much effect on the speed reducer, is one of the important factors, selection and calculation speed reducer the load state of the work machine (motivation) is the load condition, usually divided into three categories:(1) - even load;(2) - medium impact load;(3) - strong impact load.Design programA, the original design information and data1 the type of prime mover, specifications, speed, power (or torque), the startup characteristic, short-term overload capacity, the moment of inertia, etc.2 the type of machine, specifications, use, speed, power (or torque). Working system: the constant load or changing load and variable load load diagram; Rev., braking and short-time overload torque, start frequency; Shock and vibration levels; Direction of rotation, etc.3the prime mover for machine and connection way of the reducer, shaft and if there is a radial force and axial force.4installation type (reducer and prime mover, the relative position of working machine, vertical and horizontal).5transmission ratio and its error is allowed.6the size and weight requirements.7to the degree of service life, safety and reliability requirements.8environmental temperature, dust concentration, air velocity and environmental conditions such as ph value; (if there is a circulating lubrication and cooling conditions, lubrication station) and the limitation on the vibration and noise.9to the requirements of operation and control.10 the source of material, blank, standard parts and inventory.11factory manufacturing capabilities.12on volume, cost and price requirements.13, the delivery date.The article in the first four is a prerequisite, other aspects according to conventional design, such as the design life is generally! Years. Used for important occasions, reliability should be higher.Second, select the type of gear reducer and installation typeThree, set at the beginning of each process methods and parametersSelected performance level, set at the beginning of the main parts of the gear and the material, heat treatment, finishing methods, lubrication, and lubrication oil.Fourth, determine the transmission seriesAccording to the total transmission ratio, to determine the transmission series and all levels of the transmission ratio.Five, the initial geometry parametersEarly calculate gear transmission center distance (or pitch diameter), modulus and other geometric parameters.Six, the overall design schemeDetermine the structure of the reducer, shaft size, span and the bearing model, etc.Seven, checkCheck the strength of the gear, shaft, key load, calculation of bearing life.Eight, lubrication cooling calculationTo determine the speed reducer and accessoryTen, gear carburized depth is determinedWhen necessary for tooth form and tooth to fix quantity calculation process data.Eleven, drawing construction drawingIn the design should implement national and industry related standards.Using the classification1 reducer in use can be divided into two categories, general reducer and special reducer, design, manufacture and use of the two characteristics of each are not identical. 70-80 - s of the 20th century, reducer technology has made great development in the world, and closely integrated with the development of new technology revolution. The main types: gear reducer; Worm gear reducer; Gear - worm reducer; Planetary gear reducer.2general reducer has a helical gear reducer (including parallel shaft helical gear reducer, worm gear reducer, bevel gear reducer, etc.), planetary gear reducer, cycloid pin wheel reducer, the worm gear and worm reducer, planetary friction type mechanical stepless variable speed machine, and so on.1) cylindrical gear reducerSingle stage level 2, level 2, level 2 above. Decorate a form: expansion, shunt type, coaxial type.2) cone gear reducerUsed for the input shaft and output shaft position into the intersection.3) worm gear reducerIs mainly used for transmission ratio 10 occasions, I drive more compact structure. Its defect is low efficiency. Wide application of Archimedes worm gear reducer.4) gear - worm reducerIf gear drive level at high speed, the structure is compact;If worm transmission at high speed, high efficiency.5) planetary gear reducerWith a range of high transmission efficiency, transmission ratio, transmission power is 12 w 50000 kw, small volume and weight3common types of reducer1) the main characteristics of worm gear and worm reducer is a reverse self-locking function, can have a large reduction ratio, the input shaft and output shaft is not in the same axis, is not in the same plane. But generally larger, transmission efficiency is not high, the accuracy is not high.2) harmonic reducer harmonic drive is to use the elastic deformation of flexible components controlled to transfer movement and power, small size, high precision, but the disadvantage is that soft wheel life is limited, dont impact resistance, rigidity compared with metal parts. Input speed cannot be too high.3) planetary gear reducer, its advantage is more compact in structure, return clearance is small, high precision, long service life, rated output torque can do a lot of. But the price a little expensive. Reducer: in short, generally after the machine power in design and manufacture, the rated power will not change, at this time, the greater the speed, the smaller is the torque (or torque); Speed is smaller, the greater the torque.The transmission ratio distribution principle1 to make the bearing capacity of transmission at all levels are equal;2 make all levels of transmission gear oil immersion depth is roughly similar in;3minimize the reducer for the shape of the size or weight, etcModel selectionAs far as possible choose close to ideal reduction ratio:Reduction ratio = / servo motor speed reducer output shaft speedTorque calculation:For the life of the reducer, torque calculation is very important, and should pay attention to the maximum torque value of the acceleration (TP), which is superMaximum load torque of reducer.Apply power is usually the servo on market model for power, the applicability of the speed reducer is very high, can remain above 1.2 coefficient of work, but in use can also with their own needs to decide:There are two main points:A. choose servo motor output maximum diameter of axle diameter of axle is not greater than form.B. If the computed torque, rotational speed can meet the normal operation, but in the net output servo have insufficient phenomenon, we can in the motor drive, do current limit control, or on the mechanical shaft torque protection, it is very necessary.Installation methodThe correct installation, use and maintenance of the reducer, it is an important link in ensure the normal operation of machinery and equipment. When you install reducer, therefore, please be sure to use related matters in strict accordance with the following installation, assembly and use seriously.The first step is to install before confirm the motor and reducer are intact, and strict inspection of motor and reducer connected each part size matches, here is the positioning convex table of the machine, input shaft and gear reducer groove size and tolerance, etc.The second step is to unscrew the gear reducer dustproof holes on flange lateral screw, adjust the clamping ring dustproof holes and side holes to make it align with each other, and insert the socket head screw. After taking the motor shaft key.The third step is to connect the motor and the reducer nature. Connection must be to ensure the output gear reducer input shaft and motor shaft concentricity is consistent, and the outer flange is parallel. Such as concentricity is inconsistent, can lead to broken motor shaft or reducer gear wear and tear.Check the maintenanceDifferent lubricant mixed ban each other. Oil level screw, oil drain plug and the location of the ventilator is determined by the installation position. Their relative position refer to the installation drawing to determine that speed reducer.One, the oil level checkCut off the power supply, prevent to get an electric shock! Waiting for reducer cooling!Remove the oil level screw check filled with oil.Install the oil level screw.Second, the check of oilCut off the power supply, prevent to get an electric shock! Waiting for reducer cooling!Open the oil plug, pick up sample.Check the oil viscosity index- if oil significantly turbidity, it is recommended that the replacement as soon as possible.To bring oil level screw speed reducer- check the oil level, whether qualified- the installation of oil level screw3the oil replacementAfter cooling oil viscosity increases with difficulty, reducer should be under the running temperature oil change.Cut off the power supply, prevent to get an electric shock! Waiting for reducer cooled down no burning danger!Note: when an oil change speed reducer should still keep warm.Under the oil drain screw one by oil pan.Open the oil level screw, ventilator and oil drain plug.All the oil out.Install drain plug.Injection with brand new oil.Oil shall conform to the installation location.Check the oil level in the oil level screw.Tighten the oil level screw and ventilator.Failure to solveSpeed reducer leakage oil cause analysis and solutionAnalysis of the causes1the pressure inside the tankIn closed reducer, each pair of gears meshing friction will emit heat, according to the Boyle trails by specific law, as the lengthen of running time, the deceleration box temperature gradually raised, and the reduction volume inside the case, so the pressure increase, in the case of lubricating oil splash, sprinkle on the inner wall of the deceleration box. Because the permeability of oil is strong, the overall pressure, which a seal is lax and the oil bleeding out from where.2the structure of the speed reducer design is not reasonable cause oil leakageSuch as design of reducer without ventilation hood, pressure reducer can not be achieved, in the pressure more and more high, oil leakage occurs.3amount to muchReducer in the process of operation, oil pool was badly agitation, lubricating oil splash around in the machine, if the amount is overmuch, make a lot of the place such as lubricating oil accumulation in the shaft seal, joint surface and lead to leakage.4improper maintenance technologyIn equipment maintenance, due to the combined surface dirt removal is not complete, or sealant improper selection, seal, not timely replacement of seals, etc way can also cause oil leakage.Treatment schemeGovernance using polymer composite materials to repair speed reducer leakage oil, polymer composite materials based on polymer, metal or ceramic powder, fiber and other materials for, under the action of curing agent, curing catalyst of composite materials. All kinds of material in performance from each other each other, to produce synergistic effect, the comprehensive performance is better than the original ingredients of composite materials. Have extremely strong sticky relay, mechanical properties, and chemical corrosion resistance and other performance, and therefore is widely used in metal equipment, mechanical wear, scratches, pits, cracks, leakage, repair such as casting sand holes, and chemistry of chemical storage tank, reaction tank, pipe anti-corrosion protection and restoration. For reducer static seal leakage point can use the ka wah polymer composite materials and technology field leakage of governance, without disassembly, polymer composite materials in the leakage of external governance, save time and effort, the effect is immediate, the product has excellent adhesion, oil resistance, and 350% of the tensile strength, overcome the impact of reducer vibration, well solved for many years for the enterprise is unable to solve the problem. If reducer running in static seal leak, the oil level of emergency repairing adhesive available surface engineering technologies NianDu, so as to achieve the aim of eliminate oil leakage.Development trend1high level and high performance. Widely used cylindrical gear carburizing and quenching, grinding, carrying capacity increased by more than 4 times, small volume, light weight, low noise, high efficiency and high reliability.2modular combination design. Basic parameters using priority number, size, parts versatility and interchangeability, series of easy to expand and newer, conducive to tissue mass production and reduce cost.3style diversification, variant design. To get rid of the traditional single base installation, added a hollow shaft mounted, floating bearing base, motor and reducer one-piece, different types, such as multiple mounting surface for expanding the scope of the use.Prompt reducer levels to increase the main factors are: (1) the theoretical knowledge of increasingly perfect, the closer to the actual, such as gear strength calculation method, modification technology and deformation calculation and optimization design method, the tooth root transition smooth, the new structure, etc.). (2) adopts good material, widely used in a variety of high quality alloy steel forgings, materials and heat treatment quality control level. 3. The structure design more reasonable. (4) increase machining accuracy to ISO5 - level 6. (5) bearing quality and improve service life. 6. Lubricating oil quality improvement.8常用减速器简介装置概述：减速器是原动机和工作机之间的独立的闭式传动装置，用来降低转速和增大转矩，以满足工作需要，在某些场合也用来增速，称为增速器。选用减速器时应根据工作机的选用条件，技术参数，动力机的性能，经济性等因素，比较不同类型、品种减速器的外廓尺寸、传动效率、承载能力、质量、价格等，选择最适合的减速器。减速器是一种相对精密的机械，使用它的目的是降低转速，增加转矩。结构特点减速器主要由传动零件(齿轮或蜗杆)、轴、轴承、箱体及其附件所组成。其基本结构有三大部分：1、齿轮、轴及轴承组合小齿轮与轴制成一体，称齿轮轴，这种结构用于齿轮直径与轴的直径相关不大的情况下，如果轴的直径为d，齿轮齿根圆的直径为df，则当df-d67mn时，应采用这种结构。而当df-d67mn时，采用齿轮与轴分开为两个零件的结构，如低速轴与大齿轮。此时齿轮与轴的周向固定平键联接，轴上零件利用轴肩、轴套和轴承盖作轴向固定。两轴均采用了深沟球轴承。这种组合，用于承受径向载荷和不大的轴向载荷的情况。当轴向载荷较大时，应采用角接触球轴承、圆锥滚子轴承或深沟球轴承与推力轴承的组合结构。轴承是利用齿轮旋转时溅起的稀油，进行润滑。箱座中油池的润滑油，被旋转的齿轮溅起飞溅到箱盖的内壁上，沿内壁流到分箱面坡口后，通过导油槽流入轴承。当浸油齿轮圆周速度2m/s时，应采用润滑脂润滑轴承，为避免可能溅起的稀油冲掉润滑脂，可采用挡油环将其分开。为防止润滑油流失和外界灰尘进入箱内，在轴承端盖和外伸轴之间装有密封元件。2、箱体箱体是减速器的重要组成部件。它是传动零件的基座，应具有足够的强度和刚度。箱体通常用灰铸铁制造，对于重载或有冲击载荷的减速器也可以采用铸钢箱体。单体生产的减速器，为了简化工艺、降低成本，可采用钢板焊接的箱体。灰铸铁具有很好的铸造性能和减振性能。为了便于轴系部件的安装和拆卸，箱体制成沿轴心线水平剖分式。上箱盖和下箱体用螺栓联接成一体。轴承座的联接螺栓应尽量靠近轴承座孔，而轴承座旁的凸台，应具有足够的承托面，以便放置联接螺栓，并保证旋紧螺栓时需要的扳手空间。为保证箱体具有足够的刚度，在轴承孔附近加支撑肋。为保证减速器安置在基础上的稳定性并尽可能减少箱体底座平面的机械加工面积，箱体底座一般不采用完整的平面。3、减速器附件为了保证减速器的正常工作，除了对齿轮、轴、轴承组合和箱体的结构设计给予足够的重视外，还应考虑到为减速器润滑油池注油、排油、检查油面高度、加工及拆装检修时箱盖与箱座的精确定位、吊装等辅助零件和部件的合理选择和设计。1）检查孔为检查传动零件的啮合情况，并向箱内注入润滑油，应在箱体的适当位置设置检查孔。检查孔设在上箱盖顶部能直接观察到齿轮啮合部位处。平时，检查孔的盖板用螺钉固定在箱盖上。2)通气器减速器工作时，箱体内温度升高，气体膨胀，压力增大，为使箱内热胀空气能自由排出，以保持箱内外压力平衡，不致使润滑油沿分箱面或轴伸密封件等其他缝隙渗漏，通常在箱体顶部装设通气器。3)轴承盖为固定轴系部件的轴向位置并承受轴向载荷，轴承座孔两端用轴承盖封闭。轴承盖有凸缘式和嵌入式两种。利用六角螺栓固定在箱体上，外伸轴处的轴承盖是通孔，其中装有密封装置。凸缘式轴承盖的优点是拆装、调整轴承方便，但和嵌入式轴承盖相比，零件数目较多，尺寸较大，外观不平整。4)定位销为保证每次拆装箱盖时，仍保持轴承座孔制造加工时的精度，应在精加工轴承孔前，在箱盖与箱座的联接凸缘上配装定位销。安置在箱体纵向两侧联接凸缘上，对称箱体应呈对称布置，以免错装。5)油面指示器检查减速器内油池油面的高度，经常保持油池内有适量的油，一般在箱体便于观察、油面较稳定的部位，装设油面指示器。6)放油螺塞换油时，排放污油和清洗剂，应在箱座底部，油池的最低位置处开设放油孔，平时用螺塞将放油孔堵住，放油螺塞和箱体接合面间应加防漏用的垫圈。7)启箱螺钉为加强密封效果，通常在装配时于箱体剖分面上涂以水玻璃或密封胶，因而在拆卸时往往因胶结紧密难于开盖。为此常在箱盖联接凸缘的适当位置，加工出2个螺孔，旋入启箱用的圆柱端或平端的启箱螺钉。旋动启箱螺钉便可将上箱盖顶起。小型减速器也可不设启箱螺钉，启盖时用起子撬开箱盖，启箱螺钉的大小可同于凸缘联接螺栓。主要载荷与减速器联接的工作机载荷状态比较复杂，对减速器的影响很大，是减速器选用及计算的重要因素，减速器的载荷状态即工作机（从动机）的载荷状态，通常分为三类：均匀载荷;中等冲击载荷;强冲击载荷。设计程序一、设计的原始资料和数据1、原动机的类型、规格、转速、功率（或转矩）、启动特性、短时过载能力、转动惯量等。2、工作机械的类型、规格、用途、转速、功率（或转矩）。工作制度：恒定载荷或变载荷，变载荷的载荷图；启、制动与短时过载转矩，启动频率；冲击和振动程度；旋转方向等。3、原动机 作机与减速器的联接方式，轴伸是否有径向力及轴向力。4、安装型式（减速器与原动机、工作机的相对位置、立式、卧式）。5、传动比及其允许误差。6、对尺寸及重量的要求。7、对使用寿命、安全程度和可靠性的要求。8、环境温度、灰尘浓度、气流速度和酸碱度等环境条件；润滑与冷却条件（是否有循环水、润滑站）以及对振动、噪声的限制。9、对操作、控制的要求。10、材料、毛坯、标准件来源和库存情况。11、制造厂的制造能力。12、对批量、成本和价格的要求。13、交货期限。上述前四条是必备条件，其他方面可按常规设计，例如设计寿命一般为!年。用于重要场合时，可靠性应较高等。二、选定减速器的类型和安装型式三、初定各项工艺方法及参数选定性能水平，初定齿轮及主要机件的材料、热处理工艺、精加工方法、润滑方式及润滑油品。四、确定传动级数按总传动比，确定传动的级数和各级的传动比。五、初定几何参数初算齿轮传动中心距（或节圆直径）、模数及其他几何参数。六、整体方案设计确定减速器的结构、轴的尺寸、跨距及轴承型号等。七、校核校核齿轮、轴、键等负载件的强度，计算轴承寿命。八、润滑冷却计算九、确定减速器的附件十、确定齿轮渗碳深度必要时还要进行齿形及齿向修形量等工艺数据的计算。十一、绘制施工图在设计中应贯彻国家和行业的有关标准。使用分类1、减速器按用途可分为通用减速器和专用减速器两大类，两者的设计、制造和使用特点各不相同。20世纪7080年代，世界上减速器技术有了很大的发展，且与新技术革命的发展紧密结合。 其主要类型：齿轮减速器；蜗杆减速器；齿轮蜗杆减速器；行星齿轮减速器。2、一般的减速器有斜齿轮减速器(包括平行轴斜齿轮减速器、蜗轮减速器、锥齿轮减速器等等)、行星齿轮减速器、摆线针轮减速器、蜗轮蜗杆减速器、行星摩擦式机械无级变速机等等。1）圆柱
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