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【机械类毕业论文中英文对照文献翻译】一个方法测量所有光线的焦点长度在径向和高的力量 Nd 的切线方向中极化的热透镜 YAG 激光
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机械类毕业论文中英文对照文献翻译
【机械类毕业论文中英文对照文献翻译】一个方法测量所有光线的焦点长度在径向和高的力量
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激光
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【机械类毕业论文中英文对照文献翻译】一个方法测量所有光线的焦点长度在径向和高的力量 Nd 的切线方向中极化的热透镜 YAG 激光,机械类毕业论文中英文对照文献翻译,【机械类毕业论文中英文对照文献翻译】一个方法测量所有光线的焦点长度在径向和高的力量,Nd,的切线方向中极化的热透镜,YAG,激光,机械类,毕业论文,中英文,对照,文献
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DOI:10.1007/s00340-004-1529-zAppl. Phys.B (2004)Lasers and OpticsAppliedPhysicsBf.yan1j.zhang1,ux.lu1j.y.zhong1,2Similarity of plasma conditionsof some Ne-like X-ray lasersand their partner Ni-like X-ray lasers1Laboratory of Optical Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080,P.R. China2National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, P.R. ChinaReceived: 31 October 2003/Revised version: 29March 2004Published online: 20 May2004 Springer-Verlag 2004ABSTRACTPlasma conditions for the Ni-like Ag, Cd, In, Sn,Sb X-ray lasers and the Ne-like Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn X-ray lasersare studied, using a one-dimensional hydrodynamic code. Theresults suggest that the main hydrodynamic characteristics andplasmaconditions of these Ni-like X-raylasers and their corres-ponding partner Ne-like X-ray lasers aresimilar. This similarityenables us to predict the performance of some Ni-like X-raylasers using rather simple simulations of their partner Ne-likeX-ray lasers.PACS52.25.Jm; 52.50.Jm; 42.55.Vc; 82.20.Wt1IntroductionSince the first demonstration of the amplificationof X-ray lasers in a laboratory using the collisional excitationscheme 1, tremendous progress has been made in the devel-opment of X-ray lasers using the prepulse technique 26.The saturated output of X-ray lasers has been demonstratedatwavelengthslessthan10nm7,8.Ultra-shortpulsepump-ing has significantly enhanced the efficiency to drive X-raylasers912.Due to high quantum efficiency,Ni-like X-ray lasers, inprinciple, have a more favorable scaling of laser wavelengthwithdriveenergythanNe-likeX-raylasers13.However,thepopulation kinetics ofNi-like ions in general is much moresensitivetoplasmaconditionsthanthatofNe-likeions.More-over, it is more difficult to calculate atomic data ofNi-likeions because of the complicated level structure. By compari-son, some codes has been developed to successfully simulateNe-likeX-raylasers,forexample,LASNEX14,JB-1915,Med10316.Inthis paper bycomparing thehydrodynamiccharacteris-tics of plasma conditions for X-ray laserNi-like andNe-likeplasma conditions, we find a similarity of plasma conditionsbetween someNi-like X-ray lasers and their partnerNe-likeX-ray lasers. Based on this similarity we can predict the per-formance of someNi-like X-ray lasers using rather simplehydrodynamicandatomicsimulationsoftheirpartnerNe-likeX-raylasers.u Fax: +86-10/82649356, E-mail: 2Simulation of plasmaconditions of the Ne-like Feand Ni-like Ag X-ray lasersSimulations are carried out in this paper using thecode MED103, which is a one-dimensional Lagrangian hy-drodynamic code. The validity of the code in the descriptionof laser-plasma interaction has been demonstrated by manyexperiments and simulations 17,18. In the simulations weuse Gaussian pulses at1.053mand100-m-thick slab tar-gets. The drive pulse duration is set at2nsand the peak irra-diance isoptimized to produceoptimumplasmacondition.In our previous work 19, we optimized the preplasmaconditions fortheNe-likeFe(25.5nm,3p 3s, J = 0 1)X-ray laser. An optimized plasma condition was achievedwith a largeNe-like ion abundance and a high gain of theX-ray laser. The same drive condition is used in this paper tocalculate the plasma condition of theNi-likeAgX-ray laser.Figure 1 gives the contours of ion abundance vs space andFIGURE 1Contours of ion abundance vs space and time for Ni-like Ag (a)and Ne-like Fe ions (b). The color in the figure from lightness to dark standsfor an ion abundance over 10%, 50%, 70%, respectively. The time of the peakirradiance is at 3000 ps and the target surface is at 100 mApplied Physics B Lasers and OpticsFIGURE 2Contours of ion abundance vs space and time for the Co-like Agions (a) and the F-like Fe ions (b). The color from the light to the dark standsfor the ion abundance over 1 %, 5%, 10% (a) and 1 %, 3 %, 5%, r es pectivelyFIGURE 3Contours of ion population density vsspace and time for the Ni-like Ag and the Ne-like Fe X-ray lasers. The color from lightness to darkrepresents the ion population density over 11017cm3, 11018cm3,11019cm3, respectivelytime forNi-likeAg(a) andNe-likeFe(b) ions, respectively.The target surface is located at100mand the drive pulsereaches its peak at3000psin Fig. 1. Both theNe-likeFeandtheNi-likeAgX-ray lasers can reach high ion abundance(70%) under the same drive conditions. Their distributioncontours in space and time are similar, although for theNe-FIGURE 4Contours of electron temperature for the Ni-like Ag and Ne-likeFe X-ray lasers vs. space and timelikeFecase, the area for high ion abundance is lager andappears earlier in time. The next higher ionization stage oftheCo-like ions andF-like ions are also calculated under thesame drive condition. As shown in Fig. 2, the ion abundanceof theCo-likeAgions reaches10%while theF-likeFeionsonly reaches5%. In order to avoid over-ionization, we carryout another calculation at reduced drive irradiance. When themaximum ion abundance of theCo-likeAgions equals thatof theF-likeFe(5%) ions, theNi-likeAgion abundance istoolowtoachieveanoptimumplasmaconditionforhighgainoperation. This implies that it is necessary to tolerate some-what over-ionization for an optimum operation of theNi-likeAgX-ray laser. Figure 3 gives the contours of ion populationdensity vs. space and time for theNi-likeAgand theNe-likeFeions. These two contours in space and time are similar.TheiondensityoftheNi-likeAgionsat11019cm3regionhas less space/time extent than that of theNe-likeFeions,due to the largerCo-likeAgion population than theF-likeFeion population. Figure 4 shows the contours of the electrontemperature(Te)for theNe-likeFeand theNi-likeAgX-raylasersvsspaceandtime.Asimilarityalsoexistsindistributionshapethough the electron temperature for theNi-likeAgcaseis lowerthan that fortheNe-likeFeX-raylaser.3Simulation of Ne-likeFe and Ni-likeAg X-raylaserWe have analyzed the plasma conditions for theNe-likeFeandNi-likeAgX-ray lasers. Nextwecalculate thelocalgainfortheNe-likeFeandNi-likeAgX-raylasersbasedon theresultsobtained intheabovesection.In our previous work 19, we optimized the preplasmaconditions for theNe-likeFeX-ray laser (25.5nm,3p 3s, J = 0 1).Under anoptimum preplasmacondition gen-erated by laser beam focused at61011W/cm2in2nsYANet al. Similarity of plasma conditions of some Ne-like X-ray lasers and their partner Ni-like X-ray lasersFIGURE 5Contours of local gain for the Ni-like Ag X-ray laser vs. spaceand timepulses,amainpulsewith1psdurationand11015W/cm2peak irradiance was followed. When the de-lay time between the two pulses is zero, a gain with a valuehigherthan150cm1wasgenerated.In this paper, we investigate theNi-likeAgX-ray laserat13.9nm(4d 4p, J = 0 1) using the MED103 codecoupled with an atomic data package. We treat the plasmaconditions ofNe-likeAgions obtained in above section aspreplasmaconditions.Thepeakirradianceandthedurationofthe main pulse and the delay time between the prepulse andthe main pulse are optimized to generate high gain. We findthat high gain can be generated using a1 psmain drive pulseat11015W/cm2peak irradiance when the delay time be-tween the prepulse and main pulse is1.0ns. Figure 5 givescontours of local gain vs space and time for theNi-likeAgX-ray laser. The main drive pulse reaches its peak at4000ps.The color from the light to the dark represents gain over 50,100,150cm1, respectively. Fromtheresult wecan concludethat high gain operation can occur under the plasma condi-tions obtained in the above section, the same as those for theNe-likeFeX-ray laser. The conclusion also further verifiesthatthereisasimilarity ofplasmaconditionsbetween theNe-likeFeand theNi-likeAgX-raylasers.4Simulation of other partners of Ne-like and Ni-likeX-ray lasersSimilarly, we simulate the preplasma conditionsfortheNe-likeCo,Ni,Cu,ZnX-raylasers.Thelaserpulsedu-ration is fixed at2nsand the peak irradiance is optimized inordertogenerateoptimumconditionsforhighgainoperation.Theoptimized intensities areshownin Table 1.The plasma conditions under the corresponding driveirradiance for the above elements have highNe-like ionabundance (70%) and lowF-like ion abundance. Comparingwith the plasma conditions for theNe-likeFeX-ray laser,we conclude that high gain operation can occur under theseElementsFeCoNiCuZnDrive irradiance1.72.1(1012W/cm2)TABLE 1The optimized irradiance for some Ne-like X-ray lasersplasma conditions. Using the drive intensities in Table 1,plasma conditions for their partnerNi-like X-ray lasers aresimulated. By analyzing ion abundance electron temperatureand ion population density, our simulations show that theplasma conditions for theNi-likeCd,In,Sn,SbX-ray lasersunder the corresponding drive intensities(0.8,1.2,1.7,2.1,(1012W/cm2)are also suitable to produc high gain. Wecompare theSnplasma condition andCuplasma condi-tion obtained under the same drive condition (2 nsand1.71012W/cm2). Figure 6 gives the distribution of ionabundance vs. space-time for theNi-likeSnions and theNe-likeCuions. Similar to the distribution for theNe-likeFeions and theNi-likeAgions, theNe-like (Ni-like) ionabundance reaches70%population. Figure 7 shows the dis-tribution of ion abundance vs space and time for theCo-likeSnions andF-likeCuions. The ion abundance of theCo-likeSnions is larger than that of theF-likeCuions. Thisshows the overionization is easier to happen for theNi-likeX-raylasers.Figure8showsthedistributionofionpopulationdensity vs space and time for theNi-likeSnand theNe-likeCuX-ray lasers. The two ion population distribution regionin space/time are similar, especially in the density region ofabout11018cm3. Figure 9 describes the distribution ofelectron temperature vs.spaceand timefor theNi-likeSnandNe-likeCuX-ray lasers. Although with a lower temperatureand a narrower region in space and time for theNi-likeSnX-ray laser, theTedistribution is similar to that of theNe-likeCuX-raylaser.Comparison of the plasma conditions of theseNe-likeX-ray lasers with their partnerNi-like X-ray lasers show thatthere is a similarity of plasma conditions between someNe-like X-ray lasers and their partnerNi-like X-ray lasers. TheFIGURE 6Contours of ion abundance vs space-time for the Ni-like Sn(a) and the Ne-like Cu (b). The color in the figure from lightness to darkrepresents the ion abundance over 10%, 50%, 70%Applied Physics B Lasers and OpticsFIGURE 7Contours of ion abundance vs space-time for the Co-like Sn (a)and F-like Cu X-ray laser (b). The color from the light to the dark representsthe ion abundance over 10%, 15%, 20% (a) and 1%, 5%, 10%FIGURE 8Contours of ion population density vsspace and time for the Ni-like Sn and the Ne-like Cu X-ray lasers. The color from the light to the darkrepresents the ion population density over 11017cm3, 11018cm3,11019cm3, respectivelysimilarity also applies to plasma conditions ofNe-likeCoX-ray laser andNi-likeCdplasma conditions, etc. as shownin Fig. 10. The arrows represent the similarity relation be-tween theseNe-like X-ray lasers and their partnerNi-likeX-ray lasers. The degree of similarity is generally weakenedfrom the left to the right. The main reason is that theNi-likeFIGURE 9Contours of electron temperature for the Ni-like Sn and the Ne-like Cu X-ray lasers vs space and time. The color from the light to the darkstands for the electron temperature over 100 eV, 200eV, 250 eVFIGURE 10Similarity between Ni-like plasma and Ne-like plasma. Thethinner lines stands for weakened similarityions are much easier to be over-ionized to the next ionizationstage than theNe-like ions with the increase of atom num-ber. Although the degree of similarity is weakened generallywith the increase of atom number, this still reflects a part-nership between someNe-like plasma conditions and theirpartnerNi-like plasma conditions under certain drive condi-tions. Because of the lower value and narrower region of ionabundance, population density and electron temperature fortheNi-like case, we can predict that theNi-like X-ray lasersgenerally have lower gain and smaller high gain region thantheNe-like X-raylasersunder thesamedriveconditions.5Comparision of the electron configuration of someNe-like ions and their partner Ni-like ionsNe-like ions have ten bound electrons, which con-figureagroundstatewith1s22s22p6closedshells.Populationofthe3plevelsisprovidedthroughcollisionalexcitationfromthe ground state, cascading from higher-nstates, and a com-bination ofthree-bodyradiativeanddielectron recombinationYANet al. Similarity of plasma conditions of some Ne-like X-ray lasers and their partner Ni-like X-ray lasersFeFe15+:489.3Fe14+:457AgAg18+:499Ag17+:469CoCo16+:546.8Co15+:512CdCd19+:544Cd18+:513NiNi17+:607.2Ni16+:571InIn20+:592In19+:559CuCu18+:671Cu17+:633SnSn21+:641Sn20+:607ZnZn19+:737Zn18+:689SbSb22+:691Sb21+:657TABLE 2Ionization energy for some ions(eV)from theF-like ions. Electrons in then = 3shell will usu-ally rapidly decay back to thegroundstate byfast3s 2por3d 2pdipole transitions. The3pelectrons are radiativelymetastable to the ground state. Inversion is hence created onvarious3p 3stransitions in theNe-likeions.Similar toNe-like X-ray ions,Ni-like ions also havea closed outer shell. InNi-like X-ray lasers, the upper laserlevel3d94d1S0is populated through the monopole colli-sional excitation from the ground state3d10 1S0, the stronglasing lines are dominated by the3d94d1S0 3d94d1P1and3d94d1S0 3d94d3D1transitions. The energy level intervalbetween4dand4plevelsfortheNi-likeionsislargerthanthatbetween3pand3slevels fortheNe-likeions whiletheboundenergyofthegroundstateforNi-likeandNe-likeionsissimi-lar. This leads to higher quantum efficiency forNi-like X-raylasersthanNe-likeX-raylasers.To further understand this similarity, we also compare theionization energy for theseNe-like ions with their partnerNi-like ions used in the above sections. The ionization energy inTable 2 is calculated by Cowan and MCDF atomic-physicspackages. The ionization energies forFe15+ions andAg18+ions are489.26eVand499eV, respectively. And the ioniza-tion energy ofFe14+ions is close to that ofAg17+ions. Sowe conclude that the pumping condition forNe-like andNi-like X-ray laser is similar. According to the values in Table 2,there is a similar correspondence between theNe-like X-raylaser ions andNi-like ions, in which the ionization energy forNe-likeFe,Co,Niions are more similar to that ofAg,Cd,Inions than the paris ofNe-likeCu,Znand that ofNi-likeSn,Sbions. Therefore the conclusion drawn from the compari-son of the ionization energy supports the conclusion from thehydrodynamicsimulation.6ConclusionWehavesimulatedtheplasmaconditionsoftheNi-likeAg,Cd,In,Sn,SbX-raylasersandtheNe-likeFe,Co,Ni,Cu,ZnX-raylasers.Bycomparingthehydrodynamiccharac-teristicsofionabundance,ionpopulationdensityandelectrontemperature for theNi-likeAg,Snand theNe-likeFe,CuX-raylasersindetail,oursimulationsshowthatthereisasim-ilarity of plasma conditions between someNe-like and theirpartnerNi-like X-ray lasers. In particular, the plasma condi-tions of theNi-likeAgX-ray lasers is similar to that of theNe-likeFeandNi-likeCdplasma condition is similar to thatofNe-likeCo, etc. However, this similarity only holds for theelements of medium atomic number and their partner. Thedegree of similarity between theNe-like andNi-like X-raylasers is generally weakened for elements with higher atomicnumber.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThiswork is jointly supported by theNSFC under Grant Nos. 10176034, 10374114 and the NKBRSF under GrantNo. G1999075206 and the National Hi-tech ICF program.REFERENCES1 D.L. Matthews, P.L. Hagelstein, M.D. Rosen, M.J. Eckart, N.M. Ceglio,A.U. Hazi, H. Medecki, B.J. MacGowan, J.E. Trebes, B.L. Whit-ten, E.M. Campbell, C.W. Hatcher, A.M. Hawryluk, R.L. Kauffman,L.D. Pleasance, G. Rambach, J.H. Scofield, G. Stone, T.A. Weaver:Phys. Rev. Lett. 54, 110 (1985)2 J. Nilsen, B.J. MacGowan, L.B. Da Silva, J.C. Moreno: Phys. Rev. A 48,4682 (1993)
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