【机械类毕业论文中英文对照文献翻译】几何原理基础
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各类毕业设计课程定做 Q号是1714879127 该论文含配套的图纸(需购买) 南京理工大学泰州科技学院毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院 (系)： 机械工程学院 专 业： 机械工程及自动化 姓 名： 贲华丽 学 号： 0601510101 (用外文写) 外文出处：Fundamental Geometrical Principles 附 件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 指导教师评语：此翻译文章较详细地介绍了机械加工几何原理，阐述了从工况分析入手，对数控加工各方面作了详细的解释，用词基本准确，文笔也较为通顺，具备一定的英语阅读、理解、翻译能力。 签名： 年 月 日附件1：外文资料翻译译文几何原理基础1.1 工件点描述 1.1.1 工件坐标系 为了使机床和系统可以按照给定的位置加工，这些参数必须在一基准系统中给定，它们与加工轴溜板的运行方向相一致。为此可以使用 X、Y和 Z为坐标轴的坐标系。根据DIN66217标准，机床中使用右旋、直角坐标系。 工件零点（W）是工件坐标系的起始点。有些情况下必须使用反方向位置的参数。因此在零点左边的位置就具有负号。1.1.2 确定工件位置 在坐标轴上仅可以采用一种比例尺寸。在坐标系中每个点均可以通过方向（X、Y和 Z）和数值明确定义。工件零点始终为坐标 X0、Y0和 Z0。 在车床中仅一个平面就可以定义工件轮廓。在铣削加工中还必须给出进给深度。因此我们也必须给第三个坐标赋值（在此情况下为Z坐标）。1.1.3 极坐标 在之前我们所说明的坐标均在直角坐标系中，我们称之为“直角坐标系”。 但是另外还有一种坐标系可以使用，也就是“极坐标系”。 如果一个工件或者工件中的一部分是用半径和角度标注尺寸，则使用极坐标非常方便。标注尺寸的原点就是“极点”。 1.1.4 绝对尺寸 使用绝对尺寸，所有位置参数均以当前有效的零点为基准。考虑刀具的运动，绝对尺寸表示刀具将要运行的位置。 1.1.5 相对尺寸 在生产过程中经常有一些图纸，其尺寸不是以零点为基准，而是以另外一个工件点为基准。 为了避免不必要的尺寸换算，可以使用相对尺寸系统。 相对尺寸系统中，输入的尺寸均以在此之前的位置为基准。考虑刀具的运动： 相对尺寸表明刀具必须运行多少距离。 1.1.6 平面说明 每两个坐标轴确定一个平面。第三个坐标轴始终垂直于该平面，并定义刀具进给深度（比如用于 2 D加工）。 在编程时要求告知控制系统在哪一个平面上加工，从而可以正确地计算刀具补偿。对于确定的圆弧编程方式和极坐标系中，平面的定义同样很有必要。在 NC程序中，工作平面用 G17、G18和G19表示： 平面 名称 横向进给 X/Y G17 Z Z/X G18 Y Y/Z G19 X 1.2 零点位置 在数控机床中定义了不同的零点和基准点。这些基准点可以是：机床可以返回的基准点 ，工件尺寸编程的基准点 它们是： M = 机床零点 A=定位点可以与工件零点合并（仅在车床中）W = 工件零点 编程零点 B = 起始点可以由程序确定。在此开始第一个刀具的加工。 R = 参考点通过凸轮和测量系统可以确定的位置。到机床零点 M的距离必须已知，这样，轴在此处的位置就可以精确地设定值。1.3 坐标系位置 1.3.1 不同坐标系的概述 我们可以分为以下几种坐标系：机床坐标系，带机床零点 M ，基准坐标系（也可以是工件坐标系W），工件坐标系，带工件零点W，当前工件坐标系，带实际偏移的工件零点 Wa 如果有几个不同的机床坐标系（比如 5轴转换），则通过内部的转换，可以建立机床运动学，它以编程所依据的坐标系为基础。1.3.2 机床坐标系 机床坐标系由所有实际存在的机床轴构成。在机床坐标系中定义参考点、刀具点和托盘更换点（机床固定点）。如果直接在机床坐标系中编程（在一些G功能中是可以的），则机床的物理轴可以直接使用。可能出现的工件夹紧在此不予考虑。坐标系与机床的相互关系取决于机床的类型。轴方向由所谓的右手“三指定则”（符号DIN66217）确定。站到机床面前，伸出右手，中指与主要主轴进刀的方向相对。然后可以得到： 大拇指为方向+X；食指为方向+Y；中指为方向+Z1.3.3 基准坐标系 基准坐标系是一种直角坐标系，通过运动转换（比如5轴转换或者通过外壳表面的移动）而形成的机床坐标系。 如果没有运动转换，则基准坐标系与机床坐标系的区别仅在于其轴的名称不同。 如果启动转换功能，则可能会偏离轴的平行位置。坐标系不一定是直角。 零点偏移、比例尺功能等均在基准坐标系中进行。 在确定工作区域范围时，坐标系的尺寸也是以基准坐标系为基准的1.3.4 工件坐标系 在工件坐标系中给出工件的几何尺寸。或者另一种表达：NC程序中的数据以工件坐标系为基准。 工件坐标系始终是直角坐标系，并且与具体的工件相联系。1.3.5 框架结构 框架定义一种运算规范，它把一种直角坐标系转换到另一种直角坐标系。 它是一种工件坐标系的空间描述。 在一个框架中可以使用以下几个部分： 零点偏移，旋转，镜像，比例尺，这些部分可以分开使用，也可以任意组合使用。Z轴镜像对于位置倾斜的轮廓进行加工，您可以使用辅助夹具使工件与机床轴平行或者相反，即生成一个坐标系，使它以工件为基准。利用可编程的框架，可以使工件坐标系平移或者旋转。由此可以把工件零点移动到工件上的一个任意位置，通过旋转使坐标轴平行于所要求的工作平面，在一种夹紧状态下加工一个斜面，生成不同角度的钻孔，或者进行多面加工。工作平面，刀具补偿 对于倾斜位置的加工平面，在加工时一定要考虑工作平面和刀具补偿的规定，当然这取决于机床的运动。1.3.6 工件坐标系中机床轴的分配 工件坐标系的位置就基准坐标系而言（或者机床坐标系），通过可设定的框架确定。 在 NC程序中，这种可设定的框架用相应的指令激活，比如 G54。 1.3.7 实际工件坐标系 有些情况下在一个程序当中，可能要求把原来所选择的工件零点移动到另一个位置，或者旋转/镜像/比例尺到另一个位置，它是非常必要的。使用可编程的框架，可以使当前的零点变更到工件坐标系中一个合适的位置（或者通过旋转、镜像及比例尺），由此得到一个当前工件坐标系。在一个程序之内，也可以进行几个零点偏移。1.4 进给轴 在编程时可以有以下几种轴：加工轴，通道轴，几何轴，辅助轴，轨迹轴，同步轴，定位轴，指令轴（同步运行），PLC轴，链接轴，引导链接轴。其中几何轴、同步轴和定位轴可以编程；轨迹轴根据编程指令以进给率 F运行；同步轴与轨迹轴同步运行，运行时间与所有轨迹轴一样；定位轴与所有其它的轴异步运行这些运行不受轨迹轴和同步轴运行的影响；指令轴与所有其它的轴异步运行，这些运行不受轨迹轴和同步轴运行的影响； PLC轴受 PLC控制，可以与所有其它的轴异步运行。这些运行不受轨迹轴和同步轴运行的影响。1.4.1 主轴/几何轴 主轴确定一个直角、右旋坐标系。 在该坐标系中编程刀具运行。 在数控技术中，主轴作为几何轴描述。在编程说明中同样会使用这个概念。 对于车床，适用：几何轴 X，Z，有时有 Y。 对于铣床，适用：几何轴 X、Y和 Z。在编程框架和工件几何尺寸（轮廓）时，最多可以使用 3个几何轴。名称：X，Y，Z。 X, Y, Z 如果可行，几何轴与通道轴的名称可以相同。在每个通道中几何轴和通道轴的名称可以相同，从而可以执行同样的程序。 使用功能 可转换的几何轴 （参见工作准备），通过机床数据可以配置的几何轴组可以由零件程序进行修改。这里作为同步辅助轴定义的通道轴可以替代任意一个几何轴。1.4.2 辅助轴 与几何轴相反，在辅助轴中没有定义这些轴之间的几何关系。 举例 刀塔位置 U，尾架 V1.4.3 主要主轴,主主轴 哪一个主轴为主主轴 ，由机床运动确定。该主轴通过机床数据作为主主轴设定。通常情况下主要主轴作为主主轴使用。该分配可以通过程序指令 SETMS（主轴号）修改某些特殊功能，比如螺纹切削，适用于主主轴。名称：S 或者 S01.4.4 加工轴 轴名称可以通过机床数据调整。 缺省设定中名称为： X1, Y1, Z1, A1, B1, C1, U1, V1 ；此外还有固定的轴名，它们可以一直使用：AX1, AX2, , AXn 1.4.5 通道轴 所有在一个通道中运行的轴。名称：X, Y, Z, A, B, C, U, V 1.4.6 轨迹轴 轨迹轴描述了轨迹行程，从而给出其在空间的刀具运动。编程的进给率在该轨迹方向一直有效。参加该轨迹的进给轴同时到达其位置。通常它们是几何轴。哪些进给轴为轨迹轴，从而影响其速度，这在预设定中确定。在NC程序中，轨迹轴可以用 FGROUP说明。1.4.7 定位轴 定位轴分开插补，也就是说每个定位轴有一个自身的轴插补器，有自己的进给率。 需要加以区别的是，定位轴在程序段结束处同步还是在几个程序段之后同步： POS-轴：当所有在该程序段中编程的轨迹轴和定位轴到达它们编程的终点后，程序段在结束处更换。 POSA-轴：定位轴的运动持续几个程序段。POSP-轴：为了回到终点位置，定位轴分几个部分运行。 其它说明 如果定位轴运行，不带特别的标志 POS/POSA，则它们可以用作同步轴。 只有当定位轴（POS）在轨迹轴之前到达其终点位置，轨迹轴才可以用轨迹控制运行（G64）。用 POS/POSA编程的轨迹轴，从轨迹轴组中撤出。 定位轴由 NC程序或者 PLC运行。 如果一个轴必须同时由 NC程序和 PLC运行，则会给出报警信息。 标准的定位轴是：工件上料的装料机，工件运出的装运机，刀具库/转塔。1.4.8 同步轴 同步轴从起始点同步运行轨迹，直至编程终点。 在 F下编程的进给率适用于所有在程序段中编程的轨迹轴，但是不适用于同步轴。同步轴运行时间与轨迹轴相同。 比如，同步轴可以是一个回转轴，它与轨迹插补同时运行。 1.4.9 指令轴 在同步工作中，由于一个事件（指令）会启动指令轴。它们可能会与零件程序完全异步地定位、启动和停止。一个轴不可能同时由零件程序和同步动作控制运行。 指令轴分开插补，也就是说每个定位轴有一个自身的轴插补器，有自己的进给率。 1.4.10 PLC-轴 PLC轴由 PLC通过主程序中特殊的功能块运行，可以与所有其它的轴异步运行。这些运行不受轨迹轴和同步轴运行的影响。1.4.11 链接轴 链接轴与另一个 NCU以物理形式相连接，并受其位置控制。链接轴可能动态地分配另一个NCU的通道。从一个确定的NCU来看，链接轴不是本地轴。轴容器设计方案用于动态改变一个NCU的分配。链接轴不可以由零件程序用 GET和RELEASE更换轴。前提条件： 所链接的 NCU1和NCU2必须通过链接模块进行快速通讯。 轴必须通过机床数据进行相应地配置。 链接轴选件必须具备。 功能 由轴与驱动相连的NCU进行位置控制。在此也有所需要的轴VDI接口。链接轴的位置给定值在另一个NCU上产生，通过NCU链接进行通讯。插补器与位置控制器或 PLC接口的配合由链接通讯负责。由插补器计算的给定值必须传送到原 NCU的位置控制回路中，实际值则必须再次送回。 轴容器 轴容器是指一种环形缓冲器数据结构，在这里把本地轴和链接轴分配到通道中。环形缓冲器以循环方式进行登录。在链接轴配置时，在加工轴逻辑图形中除了可以直接参照本地轴或者链接轴之外，也允许参照轴容器。这种参照有以下内容： 容器号 插槽（相应容器中环形缓冲器位置）作为环形缓冲器位置的登录内容，有： 一个本地轴，或者一个链接轴从单个NCU来看，轴容器登录包括本地加工轴，或者链接轴。在单个的NCU中，加工轴逻辑图 MN_AXCONF_LOGIC_MACHAX_TAB 的登录内容是固定的。 1.4.12 引导链接轴 引导链接轴是指该轴由一个 NCU插补，一个或者几个其它的 NCU作为引导轴使用，用于引导跟随轴。 轴的位置控制器报警会发送到所有其它的 NCU，它们通过一个引导链接轴而与相关的轴发生联系。 与引导链接轴相联系的 NCU可以使用以下到引导链接轴的耦合： 引导值（给定值/实际值/模拟值引导值）联动切向跟随电子齿轮（ELG）同步主轴 前提条件： 所链接的 NCU1和NCU2（最多为 8个 NCU）必须通过链接模块进行快速通讯。 轴必须通过机床数据进行相应地配置。 链接轴选件必须具备。 所有的NCU必须配置相同的插补节拍。 限制： 作为引导链接轴的引导轴不能用作链接轴，也就是说不能由其它的NCU作为原NCU运行。 作为引导链接轴的引导轴不能用作容器轴，也就是说不能由不同的NCU交替使用。 一个引导链接轴不可以用作龙门联合设备中的引导轴。 与引导链接轴的耦合不可以分为多级级联。 只可以在引导链接轴的原NCU之内进行轴更换。 编程： 引导 NCU：只有物理分配了引导值轴的 NCU才可以给该轴编程运行指令。此外，编程不必考虑特殊情况。 跟随轴的 NCU：在跟随轴的NCU中编程，不可以包含用于引导链接轴（引导值轴）的运行指令。违背该规则的行为将会引发报警： 引导链接轴通过通道轴名称按通常的方式应用。引导链接轴的状态可以通过所选择的系统变量进行改变。 系统变量： 下面的系统变量可以与引导链接轴的通道轴名称一起使用： $AA_LEAD_SP ; 模拟的引导值位置 SAA_LEAD_SV ; 模拟的引导值速度 如果这些系统变量通过引导轴的NCU进行更新，则这些新值也传送到这些 NCU，跟随轴取决于引导轴运行。 1.5 坐标系和工件加工 工件坐标系的运行指令和所产生的机床运动之间的关系位移计算 位移计算得到一个程序段中运行的位移量，必须考虑所有的偏移和补偿。 通常情况下下列关系成立： 位移给定值实际值零点偏移（NV）刀具补偿（WK） 如果在一个新的程序段中编程了一个新的零点偏移和一个新的刀具补偿，则：在绝对尺寸输入时： 位移 (绝对尺寸 P2-绝对尺寸 P1） (NV P2 - NV P1) + (WK P2 - WK P1). 在相对尺寸输入时： 位移 相对尺寸 + (NV P2 - NV P1) + (WK P2 - WK P1).附件2：外文原文Fundamental Geometrical Principles1.1 Description of workpiece points 1.1.1 Workpiece coordinate systems In order for the machine or control to operate with the specified positions, these data must be entered in a reference system that corresponds to the direction of motion of the axis slides. A coordinate system with the axes X, Y and Z is used for this purpose. DIN 66217 stipulates that machine tools must use right-handed, rectangular (Cartesian) coordinate systems. The workpiece zero (W) is the origin of the workpiece coordinate system. Sometimes it is advisable or even necessary to work with negative positional data. Positions to the left of the origin are prefixed by a negative sign ().1.1.2 Definition of workpiece positions To specify a position, imagine that a ruler is placed along the coordinate axes. You can now describe every point in the coordinate system by specifying the direction (X, Y and Z) and three numerical values. The workpiece zero always has the coordinates X0, Y0, and Z0. The infeed depth must also be described in milling operations. One plane is sufficient to describe the contour on a lathe.1.1.3 Polar coordinates The method used to date to specify points in the coordinate system is known as the Cartesian coordinate method. However, there is another way to specify coordinates, i.e., as so-called polar coordinates. The polar coordinate method is useful only if a workpiece or part of a workpiece has radius and angle measurements. The point, on which the measurements are based, is called the pole. 1.1.4 Absolute dimensions With absolute dimensions, all the positional data refer to the currently valid zero point. Applied to tool movement this means: the position, to which the tool is to travel.1.1.5 Incremental dimension Production drawings are frequently encountered, however, where the dimensions refer not to the origin, but to another point on the workpiece. In order to avoid having to convert such dimensions, it is possible to specify them in incremental dimensions. Incremental dimensions refer to the positional data for the previous point. Applied to tool movement this means: The incremental dimensions describe the distance the tool is to travel.1.1.6 Plane designations When programming, it is necessary to specify the working plane so that the control system can calculate the tool offset values correctly. The plane is also relevant to certain types of circular programming and polar coordinates. The third coordinate axis is perpendicular to this plane and determines the infeed direction of the tool (e.g., for 2D machining).A plane is defined by means of two coordinate axes. The working planes are specified as follows in the NC program with G17, G18 and G19: Level Designation Infeed direction X/Y G17 Z Z/X G18 Y Y/Z G19 X 1.2 Position of zero points The various origins (zero points) and reference positions are defined on the NC machine. They are reference points for the machine to approach and for programming the workpiece dimensions. The diagrams show the zero points and reference points for drilling/milling machines and turning machines.Reference points They are: M Machine zero A Blocking point. Can coincide with the workpiece zero point (only turning machines). W Workpiece zero = Program zero B Start point. Can be defined for each program. Start point of the first tool for machining. R Reference point. Position determined by cams and measuring system. The distance to the machine zero M must be known, so that the axis position can be set at this place exactly on this value 1.3 Position of coordinate systems1.3.1 Overview of various coordinate systems We distinguish between the following coordinate systems: The machine coordinate system with the machine zero M The basic coordinate system (this can also be the workpiece coordinate system W) The workpiece coordinate system with the workpiece zero W The current workpiece coordinate system with the current offset workpiece zero Wa In cases where different machine coordinate systems are in use (e.g., 5-axis transformation), an internal transformation function mirrors the machine kinematics on the coordinate system currently selected for programming. 1.3.2 Machine coordinate system The machine coordinate system comprises all the physically existing machine axes. Reference points and tool and pallet changing points (fixed machine points) are defined in the machine coordinate system.Where the machine coordinate system is used for programming (this is possible with some of the G functions), the physical axes of the machine are addressed directly. No allowance is made for workpiece clamping.Right-hand rule The orientation of the coordinate system relative to the machine depends on the machine type. The axis directions follow the so-called three-finger rule of the right hand (in accordance with DIN 66217). Seen from in front of the machine, the middle finger of the right hand points in the opposite direction to the infeed of the main spindle. Therefore: the thumb points in the +X direction the index finger points in the +Y direction the middle finger points in the +Z direction1.3.3 Basic coordinate system The basic coordinate system is a Cartesian coordinate system, which is mirrored by kinematic transformation (for example, 5-axis transformation or by using Transmit with peripheral surfaces) onto the machine coordinate system. If there is no kinematic transformation, the basic coordinate system differs from the machinecoordinate system only in terms of the axis designations. The activation of a transformation can produce deviations in the parallel orientation of the axes. The coordinate system does not have to be at a right angle.Zero offsets, scaling, etc., are always executed in the basic coordinate system. The coordinates also refer to the basic coordinate system when specifying the working field limitation.1.3.4 Workpiece coordinate system The geometry of a workpiece is described in the workpiece coordinate system. In other words, the data in the NC program refer to the workpiece coordinate system. The workpiece coordinate system is always a Cartesian coordinate system and assigned toa specific workpiece.1.3.5 Frame system The frame is a self-contained arithmetic rule that transforms one Cartesian coordinate system into another Cartesian coordinate system. It is a spatial description of the workpiece coordinate system The following components are available within a frame: Zero offset Rotate Mirroring Scaling These components can be used individually or in any combination.Mirroring of the Z axisShifting and turning the workpiece coordinate system One way of machining inclined contours is to use appropriate fixtures to align the workpiece parallel to the machine axes. Another way is to generate a coordinate system, which is oriented to the workpiece. The coordinate system can be moved and/or rotated with programmable frames. This enables you to move the zero point to any position on the workpiece align the coordinate axes parallel to the desired working plane by rotation and thus machine surfaces clamped in inclined positions, produce drill holes at different angles. Performing multi-side machining operations.The conventions for the working plane and the tool offsets must be observed in accordance with the machine kinematics for machining operations in inclined working planes. 1.3.6 Assignment of workpiece coordinate system to machine axes The location of the workpiece coordinate system in relation to the basic coordinate system (or machine coordinate system) is determined by settable frames.The settable frames are activated in the NC program by means of commands such as G54.1.3.7 Current workpiece coordinate system Sometimes it is advisable or necessary to reposition and to rotate, mirror and/or scale the originally selected workpiece coordinate system within a program. The programmable frames can be used to reposition (rotate, mirror and/or scale) the current zero point at a suitable point in the workpiece coordinate system. You will thus obtain the current workpiece coordinate system.Several zero offsets are possible in the same program.1.4 Axes A distinction is made between the following types of axes when programming: Machine axes Channel axes Geometry axes Special axes Path axes Synchronized axes Positioning axes Command axes (motion-synchronous actions) PLC axes Link axes Lead link axesBehavior of programmed axis types Geometry, synchronized and positioning axes are programmed. Path axes traverse with feedrate F in accordance with the programmed travel commands. Synchronized axes traverse synchronously to path axes and take the same time to traverse as all path axes. Positioning axes traverse asynchronously to all other axes. These traversing movements take place independently of path and synchronized movements. Command axes traverse asynchronously to all other axes. These traversing movements take place independently of path and synchronized movements. PLC axes are controlled by the PLC and can traverse asynchronously to all other axes. The traversing movements take place independently of path and synchronized movements.1.4.1 Main axes/Geometry axes The main axes define a right-angled, right-handed coordinate system. Tool movements are programmed in this coordinate system. In NC technology, the main axes are called geometry axes. This term is also used in this Programming Guide. The Switchable geometry axes function (see Advanced) can be used to alter the geometry axes grouping configured by machine data. Here any geometry axis can be replaced by a channel axis defined as a synchronous special axis. Axis identifierFor turning machines: Geometry axes X and Z are used, and sometimes Y.For milling machines: Geometry axes X, Y and Z are used. A maximum of three geometry axes are used for programming frames and the workpiece geometry (contour). The identifiers for geometry and channel axes may be the same, provided a reference is possible. Geometry axis and channel axis names can be the same in any channel so that the same programs can be executed.1.4.2 Special axes In contrast to the geometry axes, no geometrical relationship is defined between the specia axes. Axis identifier In a turning machine with revolver magazine, for example, Turret position U, tailstock V1.4.3 Main spindle, master spindle The machine kinematics determine, which spindle is the main spindle. This spindle is declared the master spindle in the machine data. As a rule, the main spindle is declared the master spindle. This assignment can be changed with the program command SETMS (spindle number). Spindle identifier Identifiers: S or S01.4.4 Machine axes Machine axes are the axes physically existing on a machine. The movements of axes can still be assigned by transformations (TRANSMIT, TRACYL, or TRAORI) to the machine axes. If transformations are intended for the machine, different axis names must be determined. The machine axis names are programmed only in special cases, such as reference point or fixed point approaching.Axis identifier The axis identifiers can be set in the machine data. Standard identifiers: X1, Y1, Z1, A1, B1, C1, U1, V1 There are also standard axis identifiers that can always be used: AX1, AX2, ., Axn1.4.5 Channel axes Channel axes are all axes, which traverse in a channel. Axis identifier Identifiers: X, Y, Z, A, B, C, U, V1.4.6 Path axes Path axes define the path and therefore the movement of the tool in space. The programmed feed is active for this path. The axes involved in this path reach their position at the same time. As a rule, these are the geometry axes. However, default settings define, which axes are the path axes, and therefore determine the velocity. Path axes can be specified in the NC program with FGROUP1.4.7 Positioning axes Positioning axes are interpolated separately, i.e., each positioning axis has its own axis interpolator and its own feedrate. Positioning axes do not interpolate with the path axes. Positioning axes are traversed by the NC program or the PLC. If an axis is to be traversed simultaneously by the NC program and the PLC, an error message appears.Typical positioning axes are: Loaders for moving workpieces to machine Loaders for moving workpieces away from machine Tool magazine/turretA distinction is made between positioning axes with synchronization at the block end or over several blocks.POS axes: Block change occurs at the end of the block when all the path and positioning axes programmed in this block have reached their programmed end point. POSA axes: The movement of these positioning axes can extend over several blocks. POSP axes: The movement of these positioning axes for approaching the end position takes place in sections.Note Positioning axes become synchronized axes if they are traversed without the special POS/POSA identifier. Continuous-path mode (G64) for path axes is only possible if the positioning axes (POS) reach their final position before the path axes. Path axes that are programmed with POS/POSA are removed from the path axis grouping for the duration of this block.1.4.8 Synchronized axes Synchronized axes traverse synchronously to the path from the start position to the programmed end position. The feedrate programmed in F applies to all the path axes programmed in the block, but does not apply to synchronized axes. Synchronized axes take the same time as the path axes to traverse. A synchronized axis can be a rotary axis, which is traversed synchronously to the path interpolation.1.4.9 Command axes Command axes are started from synchronized actions in response to an event (command). They can be positioned, started, and stopped fully asynchronous to the parts program. An axis cannot be moved from the parts program and from synchronized actions simultaneously. Command axes are interpolated separately, i.e., each command axis has its own axis interpolator and its own feedrate. 1.4.10 PLC axes PLC axes are traversed by the PLC via special function blocks in the basic program; their movements can be asynchronous to all other axes. The traversing movements take place independently of path and synchronized movements.1.4.11 Link axes Link axes are axes, which are physically connected to another NCU and whose position is controlled from this NCU. Link axes can be assigned dynamically to channels of another NCU. Link axes are not local axes from the perspective of a particular NCU. The axis container concept is used for the dynamic modification of the assignment to an NCU. Axis substitution with GET and RELEASE from the parts program is not available for link axes.Prerequisite The participating NCUs, NCU1 and NCU2, must be connected by means of high-speed communication via the link module. The axis must be configured appropriately by machine data. The link axis option must be installed.Description The position control is implemented on the NCU on which the axis is physically connected to the drive. This NCU also contains the associated axis VDI interface. The position setpoints for link axes are generated on another NCU and communicated via the NCU link. The link communication must provide the means of interaction between the interpolators and the position controller or PLC interface. The setpoints calculated by the interpolators must be transported to the position control loop on the home NCU and, vice versa, the actual values must be returned from there back to the interpolators. Axis container An axis container is a circular buffer data structure, in which local axes and/or link axes are assigned to channels. The entries in the circular buffer can be shifted cyclically. In addition to the direct reference to local axes or link axes, the link axis configuration in thelogical machine axis image also allows references to axis containers. This type of reference consists of: a container number and a slot (circular buffer location within the container) The entry in a circular buffer location contains: a local axis or a link axisAxis container entries contain local machine axes or link axes from the perspective of an individual NCU. The entries in the logical machine axis image MN_AXCONF_LOGIC_MACHAX_TAB of an individual NCU are fixed.1.4.12 Lead link axes A leading link axis is one that is interpolated by one NCU and utilized by one or several other NCUs as the master axis for controlling slave axes. An axial position controller alarm is sent to all other NCUs, which are connected to the affected axis via a leading link axis. NCUs that are dependent on the leading link axis can utilize the following coupling relationships with it: Master value (setpoint, actual master value, simulated master value) Coupled motion Tangential correction Electronic gear (ELG) Synchronous spindleProgramming Master NCU: Only the NCU, which is physically assigned to the master value axis can program travel motions for this axis. The travel program must not contain any special functions or operations. NCUs of slave axes: The travel program on the NCUs of the slave axes must not contain any travel commands for the leading link axis (master value axi
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