【机械类毕业论文中英文对照文献翻译】太阳能利用情况概述
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机械类毕业论文中英文对照文献翻译
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毕业论文英文文献翻译 学 院 工程技术学院 专 业 机械设计制造及其自动化 年 级 2005级 姓 名 刘才华 学 号 2005151234 指导教师 郭玉明 李红波 职 称 教 授 讲师 2009 年6 月Solar energy utilizationAbstract The history of utilization of solar energy in recent times can be calcu- lated from the year of 1615 when French engineer invented the prototype solar-driven engine in the world. The invention was regarding a pumping machine, which the air was heated by utilizing the solar energy to expand to do work on drawing water. During the period of 1615 to 1900, many sets of solar-powered device and other solar energy device were developed in the world. All of these device were mostly employed photospot method to collect the sunlight, which the power of engine was not so effective, and actuating medium were mainly the water steam that were expensive in cost and impractical in value. Most of the machine were designed and manufactured by the fans of solar energy.Keyword Energysolar energyexploitcourse1 energy consumptionEnergy means the power which does work and drives machines. All living things (including humans) rely on the sun as a source of energy. Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are energy sources available today because organisms in the past captured sunlight energy and stored it in the complex organic molecules that made up their bodies, which were then compressed and concentrated. With the development of society, a large of energy sources have been used,such as coal, petroleum, natural gas, geothermal energy, nuclear fission power, nuclear fusion power, solar energy, and Hydrogen gas. however, under the circumstances, the quantity of energy source is limited. unlimited usage of energy source results in energy crisis. At present, most of the energy consumed by humans is produced from fossil fuels. The greatest recoverable fossil is in the form of coal and lignite. Although world coal resources are enomous and potentially can fill energy needs for a century or two, their utilization is limited by environmental disruption from mining and emissions of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide. These would become intolerable long before coal resources were exhausted. Only a small percentage of coal and lignite has been utilized to date, whereas much of the recoverable petroleum and natural gas has already been consumed. Petroleum has several characteristics that make it superior to coal as a source of energy. Its extraction causes less environmental damage than does coal mining. It is a more concentrated source of energy than coal, and it burns with less pollution, and it can be moved easily through pipes. These characteristics make it an ideal fuel for automobiles. Since first commercial oil well in 1859, somewhat more than 100 million barrels of oil have been produced in the United States, most of it in recent years. In 1990 world petroleum consumption was at a rate of about 65 million barrels per day. Projected use of petroleum and natural gas indicates rapid depletion. Alaskan oil can help the petroleum supply only temporarily. Peak world petroleum resources production will be reached within a few years. Since the first energy crisis of 1973-1974, some concrete actions have even taken place. However, the several-fold increase in crude oil prices since 1973 has extacted a toll. In the U.S. and other industrialized nations, the economy has been plagued by inflation, recession, unemployment, and obsolescence of industrial equipment. The economies of some petroleum-deficient developing countries have been devastated by energy prices. Energy crisis was accompanied by worldwide shortages of some foods and minerals, followed in some cases by surpluses, such as the surplus wheat resulting from increased planting and a copper surplus resulting from the efforts of copper-producing nations to acpuire foreign currency by copper export.2 the development of new energyAs known to all,the availability and cost of energy has become dominant factors in society today. Obviously, solving the energy crisis makes good sense. Many schemes has been proposed for conserving present energy resources and for developing new ones. It is always possible to use less energy in any process. Therefore, energy engineer is created and developed. The first goal of energy engineer is to determine the methods by which energy utilization is reduced but the output remains the same, or even increases.The second goal is to determine which methods of using less energy are cost effective. Conventional engineering techniques are used to evaluated the mechanisms of energy use. Economic considerations are of equal importance and life cycle cost and saving techniques are used to determine cost-effective measures. The evaluation focuses on those uses which are significant in the overall picture and attempts to determine those technical measures that can reduce usage and save money. Meanwhile, looking for ideal energy sources is also very important to solve energy crisis. The recipe for an ideal energy source calls for one that is unlimited in supply, widely available, and inexpensive; it should not add to the earths total heat burden or produce chemical air and water pollutants. Solar energy fulfills all of these criteria. Solar energy does not add excess heat to that which must be radiated from the earth. On a global basis, utilization of only a small fraction of solar energy reaching the earth could provide for all energy needs. Solar energy is unlimited in supply, but its exploitation and utilization are limited owing to the limitation of technology and conditions. Three new energy useSolar energy utilization needs an enormous amount of land, and there are economic and environmental problems related to the use of even a fraction of this amount of land for solar energy collection. Certainly, many residents of Arizona would not be pleased at having so much of the state devoted to solar collectors, and some environmental groups would protest the resultant shading of rattlesnake habitat. Solar power cells for the direct conversion of sunlight to electricity have been developed and are widely used for energy in space vehicles. With present technology, however, they remain too expensive for large-scale generation of electricity. Therefore, most schemes for the utilization of solar power depend upon the collection of thermal energy, followed by conversion to electrical energy. The simplest such approach involves focusing sunlight on a steam-generating bioler. Parabolic refkectors can be used to focus sunlight on pipes containing heat-transporting fluids. Selective coatings on these pipes can be used so that only a small percentage of incident energy is reradiated from the pipes. With the installation of more heating devices and the probable development of some cheap, direct solar electrical generating capacity, it is likely that during the coming centry solar energy will be providing an appreciable percentage of energy needs in areas receiving abundants.4 solar energy utilization of seven stage. The First Stage (1900-1920)In this stage, the research focus of solar energy in the world were still on the solar-powered device which variable photospot method were applied and flat plate heat collector and low boiling point actuating medium were started to use; the capacity of the device was gradually expanded with the max. output power of 73.46kW; device was utilized with the definite end-use and in higher cost.The typical built device included: one set of solar energy pumping device constructed in California of U.S in 1901 which employed truncation taper photospot with the power of 7.36kW; 5 sets of twin-circulated solar-powered engine built in U.S in 1902 to 1908 which employed the flat plate heat collector and low boiling point actuating medium; 1 set of solar energy pump comprised of 5 parabolic mirror in a length of 62.5m, width of 4m built in Cairo of Egypt in which the total light collecting area could reach 1250m2.2.The Second Stage (1920-1965)For these 20 years, the research of solar energy was implementing on the poor stage, which the mandate to participate in the development and the research projects had been widely declined due to the mass utilization of fossil fuels and the second world war (1935-1945) while the solar energy couldnt satisfy the urgent demand upon the energy. Therefore, the research and development of solar energy was due to be gradually deserted.3.The Third Stage (1945-1965)For these 20 years after the Second World War, some foresight person has noticed that the petroleum and natural gas resources had been rapidly decreased and called for attention on these issues in order to gradually promote the recovery and development of the solar energy research. Solar energy institutes were setup and academic exchanges and exhibitions were held which raised the research upsurge again on solar energy.In this period, great progress was achieved in the research of solar energy, in particular: the foundation theory of selective paints proposed in the First International Solar Thermal Academic Conference in 1955, which black nickel had been developed as the practical selective paints, contributing to development of high-effective heat collector; the practical silicon solar cells developed by Bell Lab in U.S in 1954 which laid the foundation for large scale utilization of photovoltaic generation.Furthermore, there were still other significant results, including:a.One set of 50kW solar stove was built by French National Research Center in 1952;b.The worldwide prototype ammonia-water absorbing air conditioning system heated by flat plate heat collector with the capacity of 5 tons was built in Florida of U.S in 1960;c.An engine equipped with silicon window was invented in 1961.In this stage, research on foundation theory and foundation material of solar energy was reinforced and academic breakthrough, i.e. selective paints and silicon solar cells were achieved. The flat plate had been well developed and ripe in technologies. Progress had been achieved in the research of solar energy absorbing air conditioners and a batch of pilot solar room was established. Preliminary research was conducted on the engine and tower type solar-powered generation technologies.4.The Fourth Stage (1965-1973)In the stage, the research work on solar energy was standstill due to the reason that the utilization technologies of solar energy had entered into the growing stage which was no ripe in process, heavy in investment and lower in effect. Thus it cannot compete with conventional energy, which resulted in the absence of attention and support from the public, enterprise and government.5.The Fifth Stage (1973-1980)After petroleum played a leading role in the worldwide energy structure, it has been a key factor to control the economic and determine the fatal, development and declining of a country. After the explosion of Middle East War at Oc., 1973, OPEC employed the method of declining the production and increasing the price to support the struggle and safeguard the national benefits which resulted in heavy economicattack for those countries that relied on importing large amount of inexpensive petroleum from the region of Middle East. Thus, some people in the western countries were frightened to call that the energy or petroleum crisis had been launched in the world. This crisis made people realized that the existing energy structure should be completely changed and transition to the future energy structure should be speed up.From that on, many countries, especially the industrialized countries turned their attention towards the support on the research and development of solar energy and other renewable energy technologies. The upsurge of developing and utilizing solar energy had been raised again in the world. In 1973, U.S drew up a government scale sunlight power generation program which the research budget for solar energy were increased in a large amount, and solar energy development bank was to established to facilitate the solar energy products to be commercialized. In 1974, Japan published the sunlight program made by the government, among which the solar energy development projects includedsolar room, industrial-use solar energy system, solar thermal generation, solar cells production system, scattered and large scale photovoltaic generation system. In order to implement this program, the government of Japan input large amount of manpower, material resources and financial resources.The upsurge on the utilization of solar energy raised in 1970s in the world also impacted on China. Some foresight technicians started to devote to the solar energy industry one after another and positively proposed to the relative department of the government and published books and periodicals to introduce the international trends on the utilization of solar energy. Solar stove was popularized and utilized in countryside; solar water heater was launched in the city; solar cells used in space have started to be applied in the ground. In 1975, the first national solar energy utilization working exchanges conference held in An yang, Henan Province further promoted the development of solar energy industry in China. After this meeting, the solar energy research and promotion had been brought into the government program and awarded support of specialized fund and material. In some universities and institutes, solar energy task team and research departments were established one after another. Solar energy research institutes were also launched in some places. At that time, an upsurge on utilization of solar energy was emerging in China.During this period, research and development of solar energy entered into an unprecedented well-developed stage with the following characteristics:a.Each country enhanced planning on solar energy research. Many countries worked out short term and long-term sunlight program. The utilization of solar energy had been a governmental action with intensive support. The international cooperation was very active which some developing countries had started to participate in the utilization of solar energy.b.The research field was expanding; research work was developed day by day and significant results achieved, for example, CPC, vacuum heat collecting pipe, non-crystal silicon solar cells, water-photolyzed hydrogen production and solar energy thermal power generation.c.The solar energy development program worked out by each country existed the problems that the requirement was too high and urgent and insufficient expectation on difficulty in implementation. They have thought to replace the mineral energy in the short time and to utilize the solar energy in large scale. For example, U.S has once scheduled to build a small size solar energy demonstration satellite power station in 1985 and one set of 5 million kW space solar energy power station in 1995. In fact, this program has been adjusted in later, and the space solar energy power station has not yet been realized.d.Products such as solar water heater and solar cells were started to commercialize. The solar energy sector has been preliminarily established with a small scale and ineffective economic effects.6.The Sixth Stage (1980-1992)The upsurge on utilization of solar energy emerged in 1970s was fallen into a stage of being developed in a low and slow step in 1980s. Many countries in the world declined the research budget for solar energy in successive in a large amount, in particular the U.S.The main reasons resulted in this situation were that the international oil price was corrected in a large range while solar energy product cost was still remaining as before which may be of no competitive capability; no any significant breakthrough on solar energy technologies to increase the efficiency and reduce the cost which led to break down peoples confidence to develop solar energy; increased development on nuclear power which may restrain on a certain degree on the development of solar energy.Influenced on the turndown of solar energy in the worldwide in 1980s, research work in China also declined in a certain degree. Due to the reason that the utilization of solar energy was heavy in investment, ineffective in results, difficult in energy storage and large in land covering, solar energy should be considered as the future energy. Some person even proposed that the technology could be introduced after it would be developed successfully. Only few people supported such viewpoint, but it was very harmful which will result in unfavorable influence on the development of solar energy industry.During this period, although the research budget has been mitigated in a large amount, the research work remained uninterruptedly, among which some projects achieved progress which facilitated people to investigate seriously on the program and goads worked out before and to adjust the research focus so that to strive for great achievement by less input.7.The Seventh Stage (1992-Until Now)Excessive burning of fossil fuel led to worldwide environmental pollution and ecological destruction, which has been threatened the substance and development of human beings. Under such circumstance, UN held the international environment and development conference in Brazil in 1992. On this meeting, a series of important document were published including the Environment and Development Manifesto, Agenda of 21st century and UN Framework Pact on Climate Changing in which the environment and development were brought into the integrated framework, and sustainable model was established. After this conference, each country enhanced the development of clean energy technologies, and developed the solar energy in line with the environmental protection so as to make the utilization of solar energy be well developed.After this conference, Chinese government also turned their attention towards the environment and development and pointed out 10 pieces of tactic and measure definitely to develop and popularize the clean energy including solar energy, wind energy, thermal energy, tidal energy and biomass energy in accordance with the reality; worked out Agenda of 21st century in China and further focused the solar energy projects. In 1995, the State Planning, the State Economic and Trade Commission, the State Ministry of Science and Technology worked out the Outline for Development of New and Renewable Energy from 1996 to 2010, which definitely pointed out the goads, objectives and relative tactic and measure towards the development of new and renewable energy from 1996 to 2010 in China. The publishing and implementation of the document further promoted the development of solar energy industry in China.In 1996, UN held the worldwide solar energy summit conference in Zimbabwe. The Solar Energy and Sustainable Development Manifesto was published after the meeting. Important document, i.e. Worldwide Solar Energy 10-Year Action and Program (1996-2005), International Solar Energy Pact, Worldwide Solar Energy Strategic Planning were discussed during the meeting. This meeting further showed each countrys commitment to developing the solar energy. Worldwide joint action was required to extensively utilize the solar energy.After 1992, the worldwide utilization of solar energy has entered into a developing stage with the characteristic that:a.The utilization of solar energy can be consistent to the sustainable development and environment protection, and can be carried out jointly to realize the development strategy in the world;b.Definite development goals with focus projects and effective measure, which will be favorable to overcome the shortage to ensure the long-term development of solar energy industry;c.In the course of expanding the research of solar energy, attention was paid to convert the academic results into production, develop solar energy industry, speed up the progress to be commercialized, expand the utilization field and scale and increase the economic benefits;d.Active international cooperation in the field of solar energy with expanding scale and obvious effect.In view of the review, the development of solar energy in the 20th century was not so smooth. Generally speaking, low tide period was happened after every high tide period. The low tide period lasted for nearly 45 years. The development of solar energy differed with that of coal, petroleum and nuclear energy in understanding and development period, which could be demonstrated that it was very difficulty to develop the solar energy and it cannot be realized to large scale utilize in the short term. On the other hand, it was showed that the utilization of solar energy was also affected by the supply of mineral energy, politics and war. However, in a word, the solar energy has achieved greatly in academic results in 20th century than in any other century.太阳能利用情况概述摘要 人类利用太阳能已有3000多年的历史。将太阳能作为一种能源和动力加以利用，只有300多年的历史。真正将太阳能作为“近期急需的补充能源”，“未来能源结构的基础”，则是近来的事。20世纪70年代以来，太阳能科技突飞猛进，太阳能利用日新月异。近代太阳能利用历史可以从1615年法国工程师所罗门德考克斯在世界上发明第一台太阳能驱动的发动机算起。该发明是一台利用太阳能加热空气使其膨胀作功而抽水的机器。在1615年1900年之间，世界上又研制成多台太阳能动力装置和一些其它太阳能装置。这些动力装置几乎全部采用聚光方式采集阳光，发动机功率不大，工质主要是水蒸汽，价格昂贵，实用价值不大，大部分为太阳能爱好者个人研究制造。20世纪的100年间，太阳能科技发展历史大体可分为七个阶段，下面分别予以介绍。键词 能源 太阳能 利用 历程1.能源消耗概述能源的力量所做的工作和驱动的机器。所有的生物(包括人在内)依靠太阳做为能量的来源。煤、石油和天然气是生物能源,可今天,因为在过去的俘虏并储存在阳光能量的复杂的有机分子,由他们的身体,然后压缩和集中。随着社会的发展,大量的能源,如煤、石油、天然气、地热能、核裂变力量,核子融合力量、太阳能、氢gas.。然而,在这种情况下,这个数量的能源是无限使用的能源limited.导致的能源危机。目前,大部份的能量消耗从人类化石燃料。最大的可采化石的煤及褐煤。虽然世界煤炭资源的巨大能量需求和潜在的可以填补了一个世纪的两次,他们利用有限的环境破坏采矿和二氧化碳的排放和二氧化硫。这些将变得难以忍受了很久以前煤炭资源枯竭。只有一小部分煤及褐煤已被用来约会,而大部分的可收回的石油和天然气已被消灭了。石油类将有几个特征,这使它比煤做为能量的来源。它导致环境破坏少抽比煤炭开采。它是一种更集中的能量的来源,它燃烧煤和减少污染,它可以很容易通过管道输送。这些特性使它理想的燃料的汽车。自从第一次商业油井在1859年,超过100万桶石油生产的美国,大部分是近年来。在1990年世界石油消耗速度大约6500万桶/日。预计利用石油和天然气指出快速损耗。阿拉斯加石油可以帮助石油供应只是暂时的。世界石油资源生产高峰期将达到几年之内。自从第一次“能源危机”,1973年至1974年的具体的行动也发生了。然而,在原油价格成倍地提高增加自1973年以来已经extacted通行费。在美国和其他发达国家的经济发展,一直困扰着通货膨胀,经济衰退,失业率、废弃的工业设备。经济的发展中国家的一些petroleum-deficient都被能源价格的上涨。能源危机是世界的某些食物短缺和矿物质,在某些情况下,供给,如剩余小麦种植,造成了铜盈余增长所造成的copper-producing国家所做的努力acpuire外币由铜出口。2新能源的开发如大家所知,可用性和成本的能量已成为当今社会的主导因素。很明显,解决能源危机的“好处”。许多巧计。提出了当前能源资源节约和开发新的。它总是可以使用较少的能量在任何的过程。因此,能源工程师的创新和发展。第一个目的是确定的能量工程师的方法是减少能源利用,但产量保持不变,甚至增加第二个目标是确定哪种方法,使用更少的能量是有效的。传统的工程技术被用来评估机制的能源消耗。经济因素是相等的重要性和寿命周期成本、节约技术被用来确定成本的措施。评价聚焦于那些使用具有十分重要的意义,在整体的效果并试图确定这些技术措施,可以减少使用,节省开支。同时,寻找理想的能源也很重要,解决能源危机。这个配方的理想的能量来源之一,要求得到更广泛的、无限的、廉价的;它不应被添加到地球的总热量负担或生产化学水和空气的污染物。履行所有的太阳能,这些标准。太阳能不添加多余的热量,必须辐射从地球上消失。在一个全球的基础上,利用只有一小部份的太阳能到达地球能够提供所有的能源需求。太阳能电池是无限的,但是它提供的开发和利用是有限的,由于技术和条件的限制。3.新能源的利用太阳能利用需要大量的土地,并有经济和环境问题的数量甚至一小部分的土地为太阳能集。当然,许多居民会不高兴的,亚利桑纳州有这么多的致力于太阳能集热器、和一些环保团体抗议合成的遮阳响尾蛇的栖息地。太阳能电池的直接转化为电能的阳光,已经发展和广泛应用于能源在太空交通工具。与现在的技术,但他们仍然过于昂贵的大型发电。因此,大多数方案,利用太阳能依靠收藏的热能,紧随其后的是转换成电能。这种方法简单的一steam-generating bioler聚焦阳光。抛物线refkectors可以用于聚焦的管道含heat-transporting阳光的液体。在这些管道选择性涂层可以使用,因此只有一小部分入射能量是reradiated从管子。与安装以上加热设备和可能发展的一些廉价的、直接的太阳能电力发电装机容量,它是可能的,在即将到来的世纪太阳能将提供一个相当比例的能源需求abundants区域收到。4. 太阳能利用的七个阶段第一阶段(1900-1920)在这一阶段，世界上太阳能研究的重点仍是太阳能动力装置，但采用的聚光方式多样化，且开始采用平板集热器和低沸点工质，装置逐渐扩大，最大输出功率达73.64kW，实用目的比较明确，造价仍然很高。建造的典型装置有：1901年，在美国加州建成一台太阳能抽水装置，采用截头圆锥聚光器，功率：7.36kW；1902-1908年，在美国建造了五套双循环太阳能发动机，采用平板集热器和低沸点工质；1913年，在埃及开罗以南建成一台由5个抛物槽镜组成的太阳能水泵，每个长62.5m，宽4m，总采光面积达1250m2。第二阶段（1920-1945）在这20多年中，太阳能研究工作处于低潮，参加研究工作的人数和研究项目大为减少，其原因与矿物燃料的大量开发利用和发生第二次世界大战（1935-1945）有关，而太阳能又不能解决当时对能源的急需，因此使太阳能研究工作逐渐受到冷落。第三阶段（1945-1965）在第二次世界大战结束后的20年中，一些有远见的人士已经注意到石油和天然气资源正在迅速减少，呼吁人们重视这一问题，从而逐渐推动了太阳能研究工作的恢复和开展，并且成立太阳能学术组织，举办学术交流和展览会，再次兴起太阳能研究热潮。在这一阶段，太阳能研究工作取得一些重大进展，比较突出的有：1955年，以色列泰伯等在第一次国际太阳热科学会议上提出选择性涂层的基础理论，并研制成实用的黑镍等选择性涂层，为高效集热器的发展创造了条件；1954年，美国贝尔实验室研制成实用型硅太阳电池，为光伏发电大规模应用奠定了基础。此外，在这一阶段里还有其它一些重要成果，比较突出的有：1952年，法国国家研究中心在比利牛斯山东部建成一座功率为50kW的太阳炉。1960年，在美国佛罗里达建成世界上第一套用平板集热器供热的氨-水吸收式空调系统，制冷能力为5冷吨。1961年，一台带有石英窗的斯特林发动机问世。在这一阶段里，加强了太阳能基础理论和基础材料的研究，取得了如太阳选择性涂层和硅太阳电池等技术上的重大突破。平板集热器有了很大的发展，技术上逐渐成熟。太阳能吸收式空调的研究取得进展，建成一批实验性太阳房。对难度较大的斯特林发动机和塔式太阳能热发电技术进行了初步研究。第四阶段(1965-
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