【机械类毕业论文中英文对照文献翻译】数控加工工艺
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编号无锡太湖学院毕业设计（论文）相关资料题目： 液压泵盖工艺工装设计 信机 系 机械工程及自动化专业学 号： 0923172学生姓名： 王烨锋 指导教师： 鲍虹苏 （职称： 高工 ） （职称： ）2013年5月25日目 录一、毕业设计（论文）开题报告二、毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译及原文三、学生“毕业论文（论文）计划、进度、检查及落实表”四、实习鉴定表无锡太湖学院毕业设计（论文）开题报告题目： 液压泵盖工艺工装设计 信机 系 机械工程及自动化 专业学 号： 0923172 学生姓名： 王烨锋 指导教师： 鲍虹苏（职称： 高工 ） （职称： ）2013年 11月12日 课题来源自拟题目科学依据（包括课题的科学意义；国内外研究概况、水平和发展趋势；应用前景等）（1）课题科学意义液压泵盖的机械加工工艺及普通夹具、液压设计为本课题的研究内容，对此研究查阅的大量的资料，首先明白机械加工工艺过程就是用切削的方法改变毛坯的形状、尺寸和材料的物理机械性质成为具有所需要的一定精度、粗糙度等的零件。为了能具体确切的说明过程，使工件能按照零件图的技术要求加工出来，就得制定复杂的机械加工工艺规程来作为生产的指导性技术文件，学习研究制定机械加工工艺规程的意义与作用以及普通夹具、液压夹具的设计就是本课题研究目的。（2）研究状况及其发展前景目前中国制造业发展迅猛，以前的我国制造业普遍使用刚性专机加工各种各样的零部件，导致改型和生产个零部件周期较长。随着我国制造业发展和各种各样零件的需求与日俱增，加工设备和工艺也向着柔性化的方向转变。加工装备的柔性概念和需求主要体现在对设备快速性和适应性的需求上，因此制造商不得不寻求柔性和产量之间的最佳组合。现在常采用研究传统切削加工机理的实验统计方 法来了解特种加工的工艺规律，以便实际应用，但还缺乏系统性。受其限制，目前特种加工 的工艺参数只能凭经验选取，还难以实现最优化和自动化。夹具是机械加工不可缺少的部件，在机床技术向高速、高效、精密、复合、智能、环保方向发展的带动下，夹具技术正朝着高精、高效、模块、组合、通用、经济的方向发展。其中液压夹具的主要优势是能节省夹紧和松卸工件时所花的大量的时间。有关统计资料表明液压夹紧相比机械夹紧节省90%95%的时间，缩小了生产循环周期，从而增加了产量也就意味着降低了成本。液压夹具系统的第二项重要特点是可实现非常高的定位精度。关键在于夹紧力在定位和夹紧过程中保持恒定不变。从而确保了同一道工序下的加工质量一致性。由于变形造成的废品率将会微乎其微。研究内容我们必须仔细了解零件结构，认真分析零件图,培养我们独立识图能力,增强我们对零件图的认识和了解,通过对零件图、三维图的绘制,还能增强我们的绘图能力和运用AutoCAD、PRO/E软件的能力。制订工艺规程、确定加工余量、工艺尺寸计算、工时定额计算、定位误差分析等。我们还必须考虑工件的安装和夹紧.安装的正确与否直接影响工件加工精度,安装是否方便和迅速,又会影响辅助时间的长短,从而影响生产率,夹具是加工工件时,为完成某道工序,用来正确迅速安装工件的装置。它对保证加工精度、提高生产率和减轻工人劳动量有很大作用。这是整个设计的重点,也是一个难点。拟采取的研究方法、技术路线、实验方案及可行性分析根据不同的研究对象拟采用不同的研究方法，本课题包括两方面内容：液压泵盖零件工艺及夹具设计。（1）制定工艺规程的研究途径和可行性分析：毛坯的选择；拟订工艺路线；计算切削用量、加工余量。（2）夹具设计的研究途径和可行性分析：夹具设计最关键是要求对工件定位正确，且满足定位精度要求。然后采取措施解决具体的问题。如定位基准与定位元件的配合状况和影响定位精度，那么可以提高夹具的制造精度，减小配合间隙就能提高夹具在机床上的定位精度。研究计划及预期成果研究计划：2012年11月12日-2012年12月25日：按照任务书要求查阅论文相关参考资料，填写毕业设计开题报告书。2013年1月11日-2013年3月5日：填写毕业实习报告。2013年3月8日-2013年3月14日：按照要求修改毕业设计开题报告。2013年3月15日-2013年3月21日：学习并翻译一篇与毕业设计相关的英文材料。2013年3月22日-2013年4月11日：液压泵盖零件工艺。2013年4月12日-2013年4月25日：两副夹具设计。2013年4月26日-2013年5月25日：毕业论文撰写和修改工作。预期成果：做好所要求的所有内容，包括液压泵盖零件工艺以及普通夹具、液压夹具设计，对机械制造工艺作更多的了解，也可以巩固大学所学到关于机械的知识，同时也可以巩固自己的CAD画图，学校PRO/E画图，希望以后对自己工作有用。特色或创新之处选择了最好的零件加工工序，夹具设计也具针对性，对工件生产更有帮助。巩固了AutoCAD画图，同时也学会了PRO/E的基本操作。已具备的条件和尚需解决的问题液压泵盖零件的工艺思路明确，夹具的设计也得当。 液压这块还需作更多的了解，PRO/E软件用的不熟悉。指导教师意见 指导教师签名：年 月 日教研室（学科组、研究所）意见 教研室主任签名： 年 月 日系意见 主管领导签名： 年 月 日英文原文CNC Machining Process First, our countrys history of the development of numerical control system 1. Our country since 1958, by a group of research institutes, colleges and universities and a few started to CNC Machine Tool Plant of the research and development system. At that time, due to the low level of domestic electronic components, such as the department of economic constraints, lack of a larger development. 2. In the reform and opening up, Chinas numerical control technology gradually achieve substantial development. After 65 (81 - 85 years) the introduction of foreign technology, 75 (86 - 90 years) of the digestion and absorption and the Eighth Five-Year Plan (91 1 -95 years) National Organization of scientific and technological, that makes our countrys CNC technology has a qualitative leap in acceptance at that time, through research and identification of country products including Beijing Everests Chinese I, central Chinas central NC I and a few high-end Shenyang National Engineering Research Center for Control of Blue-I, as well as other through the National Quality Supervision and Test Center machine test NC system of qualified domestic companies such as Nanjing, four products. 3. Chinas CNC machine tool manufacturing industry in the 80s had the stage of rapid development, many machine tool plant products from traditional products to the NC transition. But, generally speaking, the technological level is not high, the quality of the poor, so in the early 90s facing the countrys economy from a planned economy to a market economy and adjust the transfer went through the most difficult years of the Depression period, the production capacity at that time down to 50 %, more than four month inventory. From 1995, Ninth Five-Year Plan to expand domestic demand from the country after the machine tool market to start, so as to reinforce the approval of imports of CNC equipment, investment focused on support for key numerical control system, equipment, technologies of CNC equipment has played a significant role, especially in 1999, the countrys defense industry to civilian industry and the key to putting in a lot of technical department funds, to enable CNC equipment manufacturer market thriving. Three, CNC Technology and Equipment of cars cut CNC Lathe Machining Lathe technology and processing technology similar to, but because of CNC lathe is a fixture, for automatic processing of all finish turning process, which should pay attention to the following aspects.1. A reasonable selection cutting for the high-efficiency metal-cutting processing, the processed materials, cutting tools, cutting conditions is the three major elements. These determine the processing time, tool life and processing quality. Cost-effective processing methods must be a reasonable choice of the cutting conditions. Three elements of cutting conditions: cutting speed, feed rate and cutting depth of the damage directly caused by the tool. With the increase in cutting speed, tool tip temperature will rise; will have mechanical, chemical, thermal wear and tear. 20% increase in cutting speed; tool life will reduce the 1 / 2. Feed conditions and the relationship between tool wear and tear at the back of a very small area of. However, the feed rate, cutting temperature rise, wear big behind. Than the impact of cutting speed on tool small. Depth of cut on the tools did not affect the cutting speed and feed rate, but at small cutting depth of cut when cutting materials have been hardened layer, which will affect the tool life. The user is processed according to the material, hardness, cutting status, material type, feed rate, cutting depth, such as the option of using the cutting speed. The most appropriate selections of processing conditions are at the basis of these factors is selected. Have rules, stability, worn and tear is to achieve the ideal conditions for life. However, in actual operation, the selection tool life and tool wear, the size of changes in processing, surface quality, cutting noise, heat processing and so on. In determining the processing conditions required to study the actual situation. The heat-resistant alloys such as stainless steel and hard materials, the coolant can be used best to use rigid blade. 2. Reasonable selection tool 1) when rough, it is necessary to choose high strength, good durability tool, in order to meet the rough knife when eating large back volume, the feed requirements. 2) Fine car, it is necessary to choose high precision, durability good tool to ensure that the requirements of machining accuracy. 3) In order to reduce tool change time and convenience of the knife should be used machines and machine folder knife blade. 3. A reasonable selection Fixture 1) General selection try the work piece clamping fixture to avoid the use of a dedicated fixture; 2) positioning the base parts overlap so as to reduce the positioning error. 4. To determine the processing route processing route is the index-controlled machining process, tool parts relative trajectory and direction of Sports. 1) Should be able to ensure the machining accuracy and surface roughness requirements; 2) should try to shorten the processing route, reducing travel time and air knives. 5. Processing route of contact with allowance At present, CNC lathes have not yet achieved the universal access to conditions, the general should be put on too much rough margin, especially with forging, casting hard cushion cortex in general lathe processing. Must be such as CNC lathe, the need to pay attention to process flexibility. 6. Fixture to install the main points at present, the hydraulic clamping chuck and hydraulic cylinder are connected by the rod of the implementation, in Figure 1. Hydraulic clamping chuck as follows: First of all, by moving on hand to unload the nut hydraulic cylinder, the discharge of SLIDE, and back-end from the spindle out, and then move the hands to unload screw chuck can be disposed of under the chuck. Four, effectively turning a reasonable Save processing time Index Turning Centers G200 integrated processing unit with a modular, high-power two-axis linkage axis function, thus further shortening the processing time. With other means of job-axis opposite to the concept of clamping, the use of the product can be integrated intelligent processing unit in place so that the work piece clamping and automatic processing. In other words, the automatic setup will not be affected by the processing of another axis, a feature that can be shortened about 10% of the processing time. In addition, the Four processing very quickly, you can simultaneously have two processing tool. When the machine is put into use in pairs, the efficiency becomes more apparent. In other words, the conventional hard turning and setting two cars can parallel machine. Turning conventional vehicles and hardware differences between the tool and focused only in the coolant system thermostat. However, conventional processing is different: both can be used conventional processing and a tool carrier for processing Tailstock; and hardware when using a tool only. In both types of machine tools can be carried out on the hard dry processing, only the manufacturers technology program designed to balance the need to beat time, and Index of the module structure of machine tools to provide them with greater flexibility. To improve the productivity of high-precision with the continuous improvement of production efficiency, the user also made for a very high accuracy requirements. Turning Center G200 used for processing, the cold start up to four parts processing required to achieve tolerances of 6mm. Processing process, the accuracy is usually maintained at 2mm. Index so made available to the companys clients are high-precision, high efficiency, the integrity of the program, and programs to provide such high precision, requiring careful choice of spindle, bearings and other features. G200 Turning Center Landshut, Germany, BMW car factory in the application of the company achieved good results. The plant is not only the production of engines, but also by the production of cast light metal parts, plastic decorative items inside the vehicle and steering axis. Consider the quality of supervisory staff, and its very precise machining accuracy: tolerance bands for 15mm, for bearing tolerance 6.5mm. In addition, the processing of the universal joints of the Index companies use automatic intelligent processing unit. The first two parts are used for turning centers before playing pre-processing, post-processing line measurement, and then sent through the conveyor belt for hobbling, cleaning and quenching treatment. The last process using the second processing system Index. G200 Turning Center by two steering knuckle on the car bearing hard. In the machine tool to complete the online survey, then to the discharge unit. Processing unit fully integrated into the layout of the workshop, and in line with ergonomic requirements, covers an area of greatly reduced, and only two staff members to the custody of manufacturing cells. Friday, CNC turning and G00 in the magical effect of the skills to ensure dimensional accuracy CNC turning processing technology has been widely used in mechanical manufacturing industry, how efficient, reasonable, and completed by the quality of the work piece by the amount of processing, each engaged in the trade of engineering and technical personnel more or less have their own experience. I engaged in CNC teaching, training and processing for many years, accumulated a certain amount of experience and skills, is to CNC Equipment Factory Guangzhou GSK980T series of machine tool production, for example, introduce a few skills in CNC turning. First, the program first sentence skills G00 We now have access to textbooks and CNC turning technical books, procedures are set up the first sentence of work piece coordinate system, that is, G50 X Z in the first sentence as a process. According to the directive, a coordinate system can be set so that the tool at a point in this coordinate system as coordinates (X Z) (In this paper, the origin of work piece coordinate system are set at the right end of the work piece surface). Programming using this method, the knife, the knife must be moved to the established position of G50 can be set for processing, identify the location of the process is as follows. 1. of a knife, the rough work piece clamping good; 2. Spindle is to hand round the base right side knife flat work piece surface A; 3. Z-axis fixed, the release of the tool along the X axis points to C, type G50 Z0, the point of computer memory; 4. Program entry mode, type G01 W-8 F50, turning out to be one step work piece; 5. X-axis fixed, the release of the tool along the Z-axis points to C, stop turning out measuring the diameter of the work piece level , the importation of G50 X, computer memory that point; 6. Program entry mode, enter the G00 X Z, programming tool runs the specified procedure to the starting point, and then enter the G50 X Z, procedures for the origin of the computer memory. The above-mentioned steps, the steps that the tool 6 at XZ Office location is essential; otherwise, the work piece coordinate system will be modified, not the normal processing of the work piece. Processing has been the experience of the people all know that the above position will be the tool to the cumbersome process of XZ Department, in the event of an accident, X or Z-axis without servo, tracking error, power outages happen, etc., the system can restart, after restart system loss of G50 work piece coordinate values set by the memory, reset back to zero run is no longer working, will need to re-run the tool and reset to XZ location G50. If it is production, processing, after the End of a return to the starting point for continued processing under the G50 is, in the process some errors on the work piece coordinate system may be modified. In view of the first sentence of the above procedures using G50 work piece coordinate system set up many defects, I will want to approach the work piece coordinate system fixed on the machine will process the first sentence changed to G50 XZ after G00 X Z, problem solved. The course of its operation only to find G50 using the above-mentioned five-step process before, that is, 1,2,3,4,5 steps to achieve, it will run the tool to a safe location, out of process, and can run automatically. Even if power outages and other unforeseen circumstances occur, restart the system, in the Edit mode to move the cursor without affecting the safe processing of the work piece processing process program segment, according to automate the processing can continue. First sentence of the above procedure to replace G50 with G00 is the substance of the work piece coordinate system fixed on the machine, no longer limited to the origin G50 X Z process constraints, without changing the work piece coordinate system, easy operation, reliability, and received an unexpected effect. Chinese metal processing online Second, control of dimensional accuracy skills 1. To amend the value of a knife up to ensure dimensional accuracy First on the knife because of error or other causes beyond the work piece work piece error tolerance, can not meet the processing requirements, can be added by modifying the knife so that the work piece size to meet the requirement to ensure that the radial dimensions are as follows: a. absolute coordinate input method According to the big decrease, a small increase principle, a knife up at 001 004 modified. Such as cut off on the 2nd slot at a big size work piece 0.1mm, and 002 showed up knives are X3.8, may enter the X3.7, to reduce the knife on the 2nd meeting. b. the relative coordinate method as in the previous case, enter 002 knife fill U-0.1, also the same result. Similarly, the axial size of the control also and so on. Such as cylindrical with a knife on the 1st axis somewhere above processing, size, long 0.1mm, can be completed at 001 knife enter W0.1. 2. Semi-finishing to ensure that the impact of the elimination of screw gap dimensional accuracy For the majority of CNC lathe using a longer time, because of the effects of screw space and processing of the work piece dimensions are often unstable situation. At this time, we can rough after finishing a half-space to eliminate the effects of screw. 1, such as a knife with G71 cylindrical rough, you can fill in the 001 knife enter U0.3, call the G70 a fine car, parking measurements, and then fill in the 001 knife enter U-0.3, once again calling a G70 Finish . Finish a half after this time, eliminating the effects of screw clearance to ensure the stability of the dimensional accuracy. 3. To ensure dimensional accuracy Programmer a. to ensure dimensional accuracy absolute programming there is an absolute and relative programming. Programming refers to the relative curve in the processing, the location of the end of the line segment to the starting point for the coordinates of the segment and to determine the origin of the coordinate system. In other words, programming is relatively often at the origin of the coordinates transform, continuous displacement is bound to result in a cumulative error, the absolute programming are in the processing of the whole process, have a relatively unified reference point, that is, coordinates of the origin, so the accumulated error over the relative Programming small. CNC turning work piece, the work piece precision radial dimension than the axial size of the general high precision, it is in the preparation of procedures, the use of the radial size of the absolute best programming, taking into account the processing and the convenience of programming, often used sizes of axial relative programming, but the essential axial size, the use of the absolute best programming. b. to ensure dimensional accuracy numerical conversion A lot of cases, the pattern on the size of the baseline and benchmark the size of the required programming inconsistent and should be first on the base pattern size coordinates converted to programming in size. Figure 2b, in addition to size of 13.06mm, the rest is marked directly by Figure 2a and size to be converted by the program size. One of, 29.95mm, 16mm and the three dimensions of 60.07mm respectively limit the size of two average size after the programming. 4. Modify the program and control the size of premium knives CNC Machining, we often encounter such a situation: the procedure to run automatically after stopping measurement and found that fail work piece size, size irregular Change. Such as a knife with 1 cylindrical work piece processing as shown in Figure 3, the post-roughing and semi-finishing parking measurements, the size of the radial axis paragraph as follows: 30.06mm, 23.03mm and 16.02mm. In this connection, I used a knife to amend the procedures and methods make up the remedy, as follows: a. modify the program X30 original program unchanged, X23 changed X23.03, X16 changed X16.04, As a result, are in excess of the shaft above the name of tolerance uniform size 0.06mm; b. knife to fill Knife on the 1st at 001 imported premium U-0.06. After these procedures and a two-pronged knife revised up, and then call the refined procedures, the general size of the work piece can be effectively guaranteed. CNC Turning CNC program is based on automated processing, the actual processing, and the operator only has a strong ability to use the program instructions and a wealth of practical skills in order to produce high-quality processing, processing high-quality work piece. Six, CNC machine tool troubleshooting methods and their attention to matters Missions usually take part in because of repair, some repair experience, combined with the relevant theories are described in the following list, to initiate. First, troubleshooting methods (1) initialization reset Law: Under normal circumstances, because of instantaneous alarm system failure can be hardware reset or system power switch in order to remove the fault, if the system is down because of the storage area, plug the circuit board or battery less pressure lead to confusion, it must be clear to initialize the system, removing the former should pay attention to make copies of recorded data, if initialization can not be ruled out after the failure remains, were carried out in hardware diagnosis. (2) Parameters to change, actual procedures: system parameters are determined based on system functions, parameter settings may cause system errors or failures of a functional null and void. Sometimes, because of procedural errors can be caused by user downtime, this system can be used to block search function to check and correct all errors, in order to ensure its normal operation. (3) Regulation, the best method of adjustment: adjustment is one of the simplest ways. By adjusting the potentiometer to amend system failures. Repair such as in a factory, the system displays chaotic scene, with normal post-conditioning. Such as in a factory, the spindle brake at start-up and skidding when belt because of its large spindle load torque, and drives set the ramp-up time is too small, the normal post-conditioning. Optimize the system to adjust servo drive system with mechanical drag system the best way to match the General regulation, the approach is very simple, with a multi-line recorder or dual trace storage oscilloscope, respectively, observe instructions and the speed of feedback or response to the relationship between current feedback. By adjusting the ratio of the speed regulator factors and integration time to achieve servo system so that there are high dynamic response characteristics, but not the best job status oscillation. NOT at the scene of the oscilloscope or recorder circumstances, based on experience, that is, adjust so that the electrical start-up, and then slowly adjust to the reverse, until you can eliminate the shock. (4) spare parts to replace the Law: The best diagnosis of spare parts to replace bad circuit board, and start to do the initialization, so that the normal operation of machine tools quickly, and then repair or rework bad board, which is currently the most commonly used anti - approach it. (5) To improve the quality of the power law: the use of the existing power supply, to improve the power supply fluctuations. For high-frequency interference filtering capacitor can be used by these preventive measures to reduce the power supply board failure. (6) Maintenance of information-tracking: some large manufacturing company based on actual work because of design defects caused by accidental failure, continuously modify and improve the system software or hardware. These changes to the form of constant repair information available to maintenance personnel. Used as the basis for troubleshooting can be completely right troubleshooting. Second, the repair should pay attention to matters (1) removed from a whole block on the circuit board, the Record should be noted that the relative position should be to connect the cable number, for fixed installation of the circuit board, it should be removed before and after the press-fit parts and screws for the record. Demolition under the pressure parts and screws should be placed on a dedicated box, so as to avoid loss, the assembly, the box should be all things to use, or incomplete assembly. (2) Electric iron should be placed on the front easily, away from the circuit board repair. Jerdonii Dressing should be appropriate in order to adapt to the welding circuit and to avoid bumps when welding other components. (3) Measuring the resistance between lines should be off the power, measured resistance should be measured the exchange of red and black table pen twice a year to a large value for the reference value. (4) Circuit board has solder brush most films, it should be measured to find the corresponding point of the solder joint as a test, not to eradicate the solder film, there is some insulation board all the brush layer, only in the spot with a blade scratch Department insulating layer. (5) Should not be arbitrarily cut off the printed circuit. Some maintenance personnel must have experience in repair of household appliances, used to check the line, but the numerical control equipment on the circuit boards are double-sided or multi-hole metal plate of plate, printing and dense fine-line, once cut off the hard welding, and easy to cut off tangent when the adjacent line, again some point, a cut off at one line, and should not make it and line out, need to do to cut off a few lines. (6) Should not be removed components. Some maintenance personnel to determine fault components in the absence of circumstances that is the seat of your pants a component breaks down, removed immediately, so that a higher rate of miscarriage of justice, human element removed have a higher failure rate. (7) Should be used to demolish suction devices and suction devices tin rope, should not have the hardware check. Long time heating pad should not be the same and repeat the demolition in order to avoid pad damage. (8) Replacement of the device, the pin should be the appropriate treatment, welding should not be used in welding acidic oil. (9) Record on the circuit switch, the jumper position, it should not be changed. Control for more than two inspections, or swap components on-board when the attention of the components of the tag in order to avoid confusion, which can not work well plate. (10) investigated the power circuit board configurations and types, according to the required inspection can be powered separately or all of power. Should pay attention to high-pressure, and some direct access to high-voltage circuit board, or board has high-voltage generator, in need of appropriate insulation, should pay special attention to the operation. Finally, I think: repair should not stick to conventions, the theory of Health to move things, we must combine the local actual situation at that time, open thinking, step by step analysis, ruled out one by one until find the real cause of the malfunction. To sum up, the development of CNC technology with modern computer technology, electronic technology developments, and development and is based on the needs of production development. CNC technology now mature, deeper and broader development will be faster. The future system will enable CNC machine with a better and cheaper. References: 1. ZHANG Yao-zong. A Practical Handbook for the preparation of machining group. Machinery Industry Press, 1997中文译文数控加工工艺一，我国数控系统的发展史 1.我国从1958年起，由一批科研院所，高等学校和少数机床厂起步进行数控系统的研制和开发。由于受到当时国产电子元器件水平低，部门经济等的制约，未能取得较大的发展。 2.在改革开放后，我国数控技术才逐步取得实质性的发展。经过“六五”(81-85年)的引进国外技术，“七五”(86-90年)的消化吸收和“八五”(91-95年)国家组织的科技攻关，才使得我国的数控技术有了质的飞跃，当时通过国家攻关验收和鉴定的产品包括北京珠峰公司的中华I型，华中数控公司的华中I型和沈阳高档数控国家工程研究中心的蓝天I型，以及其他通过“国家机床质量监督测试中心”测试合格的国产数控系统如南京四开公司的产品。 3.我国数控机床制造业在80年代曾有过高速发展的阶段，许多机床厂从传统产品实现向数控化产品的转型。但总的来说，技术水平不高，质量不佳，所以在90年代初期面临国家经济由计划性经济向市场经济转移调整，经历了几年最困难的萧条时期，那时生产能力降到50%，库存超过4个月。从1 9 9 5年“九五”以后国家从扩大内需启动机床市场，加强限制进口数控设备的审批，投资重点支持关键数控系统、设备、技术攻关，对数控设备生产起到了很大的促进作用，尤其是在1 9 9 9年以后，国家向国防工业及关键民用工业部门投入大量技改资金，使数控设备制造市场一派繁荣。 二，数控车的工艺与工装削 数控车床加工的工艺与普通车床的加工工艺类似，但由于数控车床是一次装夹，连续自动加工完成所有车削工序，因而应注意以下几个方面。 1. 合理选择切削用量 对于高效率的金属切削加工来说，被加工材料、切削工具、切削条件是三大要素。这些决定着加工时间、刀具寿命和加工质量。经济有效的加工方式必然是合理的选择了切削条件。 切削条件的三要素：切削速度、进给量和切深直接引起刀具的损伤。伴随着切削速度的提高，刀尖温度会上升，会产生机械的、化学的、热的磨损。切削速度提高20%，刀具寿命会减少1/2。 进给条件与刀具后面磨损关系在极小的范围内产生。但进给量大，切削温度上升，后面磨损大。它比切削速度对刀具的影响小。切深对刀具的影响虽然没有切削速度和进给量大，但在微小切深切削时，被切削材料产生硬化层，同样会影响刀具的寿命。 用户要根据被加工的材料、硬度、切削状态、材料种类、进给量、切深等选择使用的切削速度。 最适合的加工条件的选定是在这些因素的基础上选定的。有规则的、稳定的磨损达到寿命才是理想的条件。 然而，在实际作业中，刀具寿命的选择与刀具磨损、被加工尺寸变化、表面质量、切削噪声、加工热量等有关。在确定加工条件时，需要根据实际情况进行研究。对于不锈钢和耐热合金等难加工材料来说，可以采用冷却剂或选用刚性好的刀刃。 2. 合理选择刀具 1) 粗车时，要选强度高、耐用度好的刀具，以便满足粗车时大背吃刀量、大进给量的要求。 2) 精车时，要选精度高、耐用度好的刀具，以保证加工精度的要求。 3) 为减少换刀时间和方便对刀，应尽量采用机夹刀和机夹刀片。 3. 合理选择夹具 1) 尽量选用通用夹具装夹工件，避免采用专用夹具； 2) 零件定位基准重合，以减少定位误差。 4. 确定加工路线 加工路线是指数控机床加工过程中，刀具相对零件的运动轨迹和方向。 1) 应能保证加工精度和表面粗糙要求； 2) 应尽量缩短加工路线，减少刀具空行程时间。 5. 加工路线与加工余量的联系 目前，在数控车床还未达到普及使用的条件下，一般应把毛坯上过多的余量，特别是含有锻、铸硬皮层的余量安排在普通车床上加工。如必须用数控车床加工时，则需注意程序的灵活安排。 6. 夹具安装要点 目前液压卡盘和液压夹紧油缸的连接是靠拉杆实现的，如图1。液压卡盘夹紧要点如下：首先用搬手卸下液压油缸上的螺帽，卸下拉管，并从主轴后端抽出，再用搬手卸下卡盘固定螺钉，即可卸下卡盘。 三，进行有效合理的车削加工 有效节省加工时间 Index公司的G200车削中心集成化加工单元具有模块化、大功率双主轴、四轴联动的功能，从而使加工时间进一步缩短。与其他借助于工作轴进行装夹的概念相反，该产品运用集成智能加工单元可以使工件自动装夹到位并进行加工。换言之，自动装夹时，不会影响另一主轴的加工，这一特点可以缩短大约10的加工时间。 此外，四轴加工非常迅速，可以同时有两把刀具进行加工。当机床是成对投入使用的时候，效率的提高更为明显。也就是说，常规车削和硬车可以并行设置两台机床。 常规车削和硬车之间的不同点仅仅在于刀架和集中恒温冷却液系统。但与常规加工不同的是：常规加工可用两个刀架和一个尾架进行加工；而硬车时只能使用一个刀架。在两种类型的机床上都可进行干式硬加工，只是工艺方案的制造者需要精心设计平衡的节拍时间，而Index机床提供的模块结构使其具有更强的灵活性。 以高精度提高生产率 随着生产效率的不断提高，用户对于精度也提出了很高的要求。采用G200车削中心进行加工时，冷启动后最多需要加工4个工件，就可以达到6mm的公差。加工过程中，精度通常保持在2mm。所以Index公司提供给客户的是高精度、高效率的完整方案，而提供这种高精度的方案，需要精心选择主轴、轴承等功能部件。 G200车削中心在德国宝马Landshut公司汽车制造厂的应用中取得了良好的效果。该厂不仅生产发动机，而且还生产由轻金属铸造而成的零部件、车内塑料装饰件和转向轴。质量监督人员认为，其加工精度非常精确：连续公差带为15mm，轴承座公差为6.5mm。 此外，加工的万向节使用了Index公司全自动智能加工单元。首批的两台车削中心用来进行工件打号之前的预加工，加工后进行在线测量，然后通过传送带送出进行滚齿、清洗和淬火处理。最后一道工序中，采用了第二个Index加工系统。由两台G200车削中心对转向节的轴承座进行硬车。在机床内完成在线测量，然后送至卸料单元。集成的加工单元完全融合到车间的布局之中，符合人类工程学要求，占地面积大大减少，并且只需两名员工看管制造单元即可。 四，数控车削加工中妙用G00及保证尺寸精度的技巧 数控车削加工技术已广泛应用于机械制造行业，如何高效、合理、按质按量完成工件的加工，每个从事该行业的工程技术人员或多或少都有自己的经验。笔者从事数控教学、培训及加工工作多年，积累了一定的经验与技巧，现以广州数控设备厂生产的GSK980T系列机床为例，介绍几例数控车削加工技巧。 （一）、程序首句妙用G00的技巧 目前我们所接触到的教科书及数控车削方面的技术书籍，程序首句均为建立工件坐标系，即以G50 X Z作为程序首句。根据该指令，可设定一个坐标系，使刀具的某一点在此坐标系中的坐标值为(X Z)(本文工件坐标系原点均设定在工件右端面)。采用这种方法编写程序，对刀后，必须将刀移动到G50设定的既定位置方能进行加工，找准该位置的过程如下。 1. 对刀后，装夹好工件毛坯； 2. 主轴正转，手轮基准刀平工件右端面A； 3. Z轴不动，沿X轴释放刀具至C点，输入G50 Z0，电脑记忆该点； 4. 程序录入方式，输入G01 W-8 F50，将工件车削出一台阶； 5. X轴不动，沿Z轴释放刀具至C点，停车测量车削出的工件台阶直径，输入G50 X，电脑记忆该点； 6. 程序录入方式下，输入G00 X Z，刀具运行至编程指定的程序原点，再输入G50 X Z，电脑记忆该程序原点。 上述步骤中，步骤6即刀具定位在XZ处至关重要，否则，工件坐标系就会被修改，无法正常加工工件。有过加工经验的人都知道，上述将刀具定位到XZ处的过程繁琐，一旦出现意外，X或Z轴无伺服，跟踪出错，断电等情况发生，系统只能重启，重启后系统失去对G50设定的工件坐标值的记忆，“复位、回零运行”不再起作用，需重新将刀具运行至XZ位置并重设G50。如果是批量生产，加工完一件后，回G50起点继续加工下一件，在操作过程中稍有失误，就可能修改工件坐标系。鉴于上述程序首句使用G50建立工件坐标系的种种弊端，笔者想办法将工件坐标系固定在机床上，将程序首句G5
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