【机械类毕业论文中英文对照文献翻译】有限元分析产品在切削过程中是否使减速器箱孔变形
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【机械类毕业论文中英文对照文献翻译】有限元分析产品在切削过程中是否使减速器箱孔变形,机械类毕业论文中英文对照文献翻译,机械类,毕业论文,中英文,对照,文献,翻译,有限元分析,产品,切削,过程,是否,减速器,变形
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附件1：外文资料翻译译文有限元分析产品在切削过程中是否使减速器箱孔变形摘要：在这个文件中，整个切割过程由于热引起切削力，粗孔孔减速器箱已被作为一个例子来进行失真分析。模切生活元素，采用罗星模拟技术的芯片，并使用有限元分析（FEA）方法探索的结果。对我们来说控制精度和切割钼重新寻求合适的制造方法是重要的结果。其结果显示了游荡有限元分析的可行性和正确性关键词 切削精度，有限元分析,参数设计0引言减速器是一个传输和速度控制设备，在设备的制造业各种应用领域广泛使用，如现代科研，国防，交通，冶金，化工行业，以及基础设施建设等国民经济。长期以来，中国在传播大部分属于自己的通用产品设备生产放缓，这往往是设备的类型中低端产品的定位。随着经济全球化进程的加快，德国，法国，日本等高端减速机传输设备制造巨头已经迫使中国丧失了高端减速机的市场。为了提高中国制造设备的国内市场占有率，必须创造民族品牌。我们的化学和制药工业设备驱动的密封性能要求较高，长期以来，由于传输设备糟糕的密封性能，产生了工业气体，液体，粉尘等有毒物质的严重污染。近年来，国内大型施工机械和配套减速机的滚筒发展的需要，设备制造商研究并开发了攻丝机，挖掘机和大功率同轴式齿轮减速机等公路设备，适应Y系列齿轮减速机和地下采矿作业运输需要必采用行星减速机系列，以适应高温和高压的应用，臂行星无级变速减速机二十余类，它能够快速的适应一个项目，产品范围广泛具有上百种规格。失真是在削减了切削力，持有部队和其他部队的影响过程中一贯现象。弹性变形引起的上述部队之间可以改变工件和刀具的泡沫校准位置。主要的原因使加工的精度和加工的质量。随着芯片损失的形成，工件的结构正在发生变化，因此这是一个结构的非线性问题。另一个失真事实主要是在加工过程中的切削热产生的。因此，它在刀具切削点和工件附近的区域可以造成非常高温度。工件的温度场是坐标和时间的函数。这是一个稳定的温度场。但是，这两种领域不是在同一时间耦合。该工件是由持有人限制的，位移的禁止和工件的热应力产生不良瓦特。由于研究条件的限制，以前每次的研究只考虑失真的因素之一。其实，切削力和热的存在，在同一时间对工件采取行动。在这个文件中，粗孔孔减速器箱已被作为一个失真的例子来分析，这是由在切割过程引起的切削热。在这里，我们使用该技术元素模拟芯片和U罗星本身的有限元分析（FEA）的间接方法探索结果。1有限元分析有限元分析（FEA）的基本概念是相对简单的问题代替复杂的问题有待以后解决。因为这将解决域名是由许多小的所谓的有限元子互连元件，假设每一个适当的（相对简单）近似解单位，然后推导出域一般满足条件的解（如平衡条件），从而得到了解决问题的办法。这个解决方案是不准确的解决方案，但它是一个近似解，因为实际的问题是相对简单的替换问题。由于大多数实际问题难以得到准确的解决方案，而不仅仅是因为有限元精度高，能适应各种复杂的形状，从而成为工程分析的有效手段。有限元法聚集那些能够表达实际域的离散元素。早在几个世纪前有限元的概念已经被应用，例如，使用多边形（一种直线单元数量有限），以获得接近圆一个圆的周长，但最近才被作为一种方法制成，。有限元方法最初被称为矩阵近似方法，因为它的便利性，实用性和有效性被用于飞机结构中所用的力量计算，它是由从事机械研究的科学家发现的。通过短短的几十年努力，计算机操作技能迅速发展和普及，在结构工程有限元从强度快速分析方法扩展到几乎所有的科学和技术领域，成为一种丰富多彩，应用广泛，实用，高效的数值分析方法。有限元法之间的和类似的解决边界值问题的其他方法的根本区别是，它仅限于相对小的子域近似。在20世纪初，60年代，克拉夫首先提出了有限元计算结构力学概念，生动地描述为：“有限元法=瑞利里兹法分段函数”，即，有限元方法是一种本地化的Rayleigh Ritz法的情况。从Ritz方法是溶质到（通常很难）该功能允许瑞利领域，满足了不同的定义的边界条件，有限元方法将被定义为简单的几何函数（如二维问题任意四边形或三角形）的单位领域（分段函数），定义并没有考虑复杂的边界条件全域，所以有限元逼近方法比较好。至于不同的物理性质和数学模型的问题，有限元方法解决的基本步骤是一样的，只是具体的公式，推导计算和解决方案是不同的。有限元分析的基本步骤如下：第一步：对问题和解决方案领域的定义：与实际问题的规定，确定的物理特性和几何的求解域的区域。第二步：解决域离散化：让离散域为有限单位配制，因为它具有不同的大小，形状和相互联系的求解域，是有限元网络事业部。显然，单位较小（越细网），离散域近似的水平将会更好，结果更准确，但计算量和误差会大一些，所以求解离散域是有限的有限元法的核心技术之一。第三步：确定状态变量和控制方法：一个具体的物理问题通常可以通过对状态变量组处理问题的边界条件的适应把求解有限元折算为微分方程记账形式。第四步：单位得出：在本机上建立一个合适的近似解，即推导出有限的元素类型，包括一个坐标系统单元，合理的选择单元测试功能设置的一种方式，让每个离散在单位状态变量的关系，形成了单位矩阵（结构力学的说，僵硬或弹性矩阵数组）为了确保解决问题的衔接，导出单位要遵循许多原则。在工程应用方面，重要的是要关注每一个解决问题的表现和制约单位。例如，该单位应根据本规则的形状，变形等解决问题，低精度，而且还缺少风险等级，将导致问题未能解决。第五步：解决方案汇编：窗体模块组装的总域离散（联合方程组）为单位矩阵方程，反映近似解域离散域，也就是要求功能模块的连续性可以肯定一点应符合条件。相邻节点模块进行模块组装，状态变量和它们的衍生物（如果可能）是建立在交界点的连续性。第六步：联立方程，得到的结果，解释：有限元方法，最终导致联立方程式。总之，有限元分析可分为前处理，加工和后处理三个阶段。前处理的有限元模型是建立完成单位网格;后处理是收购和处理结果的分析，可以让用户方便地提取信息，了解结果。2非线性有限元程序的结构我们上面提到的，到太升切工件的结构属于非线性问题，我们可以使用香港教育学院分子技术来解决它。如果一个结构的荷载是时间的函数，有限元系统方程可以表示为 （1）这里 节点位移 在t时刻节点的负载应力 纳入元素的节点力在t时刻的压力所造成的非线性效应 假设t时刻的解决方案可以得到t，将有新方程在T时刻+t （2）对于t时刻解决方案已经得到，所以 （3）这里f为增加节点力的元素应力的增大，在一定期限（t，t+t）引起的。 （4）这里刚度在（t，t+t）的时间矩阵u增加方程节点的位移量S（3）及（4），方程（1）可以随时更改 （5）越来越多的位移量u在T +t时刻的位移将是该方案的先决条件 （6）通过这种方式，最后的结果可以解决重复上述计算。3 在稳定温度场的有限元 作为一个三维问题，在稳定的温度场变量（x，y，z坐标，t）应该满足如下方程和边界条件1 （7） （8） （9） 材料的密度; 材料的比热; 时间;电导率;Q= Q(x,y,z,t)在生成的物质方面; 直接离子有限公司正弦边界法;边界温度边界热通量 热号;环境温度所有的边界在8场应满足方程 （10）对空间和时间域的互不耦合，有限元方程可设立离散法的部分。首先，域名8将划分为有限元素。在一个典型的元素方面，我们可以映射温度（由节点温度） （11）因此，我们可以得到由替换到方程（7）（10）残留和边界条件（8B条），（8C条）让加权积分等于零选择权函数矩阵方程整合后其中 基体的材料比热 基质电导率 温度荷载矩阵列 温度矩阵列温度随时间和矩阵的元素的分列差，矩阵K，C和P元素矩阵的元素对电导率的贡献矩阵元 元素的电导率对传热边界 该元素的贡献s的材料比热矩阵 该元素的温度荷载 该元件的温度负荷的热边界 元素载荷的传热边界4 减速箱的几何参数减速器箱显示在这里：它的材料是铸铁。轴承孔的直径分别是94mm和74mm。经过加工，他们将成为104mm和84mm在这里，我们使用过程中粗镗孔，得到直径为103mm切削量，几何和物理参数列于表24。FEM ANALYS IS OF DEFORMATION ON CUTTING PROCESS OF RETARDER BOX HOLEAbstract: In this paper, the rough bore of retarder box hole has been taken as an example to analyze the distortion,which are caused by the cutting force and heat during the whole cutting process. The die-live elements technology is adopted to simulate the chip lo sing and use the in2direct method of the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) to explore the results . The results are significant for us to control the cutting precision and to seek mo re suitable manufacturing methods. The result s of the FEA of the example p roved the feasibility and correctness.Keywords: Cutting Preoision ; Finite Element Analysis; Parameter design0 IntroductionReducer is a transmission and speed control equipment,which is used in a wide range of the major application of the equipment manufacturing industry.It is used in a wide range of application fields such as the modern scientific research, national defense, transportation, metallurgy, chemical industry, as well as the national economy such as infrastructure construction.A long time, the slowdown in Chinas own production of transmission equipment belonging to the majority of GM products, it is often the type of equipment positioned in the low-end products. With the acceleration of economic globalization, Germany, France, Japan and other countries of the transmission equipment manufacturing giants have forced China, they get the occupation of our country reducer and high-end market. To improve the China-made equipments domestic market share, and create national brands,our chemical and pharmaceutical industry equipment drive the high performance requirements of the seal, for a long time, due to transmission equipment sealing performance made worse, a variety of industrial gases, liquids, dust, etc. serious pollution of toxic substances.In recent years, domestic large-scale reducer manufacturer for construction machinery and equipment is also supporting the needs of the development of the rollers, study and empolder tapping machines, excavators and other road equipment of high-power, coaxial-type gear reducer; the Y series gear reducer which adapt and underground mining operations transport needs ;the necessary planetary reducer series which is able to bear for high temperature and high pressure applications to adapt to; planetary stepless speed reducer arm more than 20 categories which is able to adapt to a wide range of projects to speed, hundreds of product specifications .Distortion is a usual phenomena in cutting process effected by cutting force, holding force and other forces. The elastic distortion caused by the above forces can change the calibrated position between the workpiece and the cutter of the lather. Its a kind of main reason that effect the precision and the quality of the machining5. With the formation and losing of the chip , the structure of the workpiece is changing, so its a structure nonlinear problem. Another main facto r of distortion in machining process is the cutting heat. The energy which is used to overcome the electric and pastic displacement and the one which is consumed by the friction between the cut ter and the workpiece will be changed in to heat (cutting heat) during the machining process. So it can cause very high cutting temperature at the tool point and the near area of it in the workpiece. The temperature field of the workpiece is the function of coordinate and time. Its a kind of in stable temperature field. But the two kinds of fields are not coupling At same time . The workp iece is constrained by the holder, the displacement is forbidden and heat stress of the workpiece w ill be produced.Because of the limitation of research condition, the previous distortion study is just considering one of the factors each time. Actually, the cutting force and the heat are existed and acted on the workpiece at same time. In this paper, the rough bore of retarder box hole has been taken as an example to analyze the distortion , which are caused by the cutting force and heat during the who le cutting process. Here we use the dieive elements technology to simulate the chip lo sing and u se the indirect method of the Finite Element Analysis (FEA ) to explore the results.1 FEAThe basic concept of Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is to replacing the relatively simple problem then solving complex problems later. As it will solve the domain is composed of many small-called finite element subdomain interconnection components, assuming that each unit of an appropriate (relatively simple) approximate solution, and then derived the general solution of the domain satisfy the conditions (such as balanced conditions), thus got the solution of the problem. This solution is not exact solutions, but is a approximate solution, since the actual problem is relatively simple to replace the problem. Since most practical problems which is difficult to be exact solutions, and not only the accuracy of finite element is high, and can adapt to a variety of complex shapes, thereby becoming an effective means of engineering analysis.FEM is the discrete element which aggregate those which are able to express the actual domain. The concept of the finite element have been applied as early as several centuries ago,for example, using polygon (a finite number of straight-line unit) to get close to circle the circumference of a circle, but as a way to be made, it is the most recent matter. Finite element method was originally known as the matrix approximation method, as the structural strength of aircraft used in the calculation, and because of its convenience,practicality and effectiveness,it is arising from the interest of scientists engaging in mechanical research. Through the efforts of just a few decades, with the rapid development and popularity of the computer skills operation , the finite element method in structural engineering from the intensity of the rapid analysis extended to almost all areas of science and technology, becoming a method of numerical analysis rich and colorful, widely used and practical and efficient.The fundamental difference between Finite element method and other methods of similar to solve the boundary value problem is that the approximation which is limited to relatively small sub-domain. During the early 20th century, 60s, Clough who first proposed the concept of Structural Mechanics calculating the finite element, Professor vividly describes as: The finite element method = Rayleigh Ritz method piecewise function, that is, the finite element method is a localized situation of Rayleigh Ritz method. Different from the Ritz method which is solute to(often difficult) the allowed domain of the Rayleigh function, satisfying the boundary conditions of the definition, finite element method will be defined in a simple function of geometry (such as two-dimensional problem of arbitrary quadrilateral or triangle) on the unit domain (piecewise function), the definition does not consider the whole domain of the complex boundary conditions, this is one of the reasons that the finite element approximation method is better than the others.As to the problem of different physical properties and mathematical models, the basic steps of the solution of finite element method are the same, only the solve derivation of specific formula and computation and solution are different. The basic steps of Finite Element Analysis are as follows:The first step: the definition of the problem and solution domain: In accordance with the actual problem, determine approximatly the physical properties and the region of geometry of the solving domain .The second step: Solving domain discretization: Let the solving domain as a discrete domains,made of Limited units,which have different size and shape and linked to each other, as know as it is division as the finite element network . Obviously, the smaller the unit (the finer the network) is, the approximation level of discrete domain will be better, and the more accurate results ,but the calculation of the volume and error will be larger, so solving the discrete domain is the finite element method, one of the core technology.The third step: Determine the state variables and the control method: A specific physical problem can usually be handled by a group of boundary conditions of the issue of state variables As suiting for the finite element for solving , translated Differential Equations into functional forms .Step four: unit derived: construct a suitable approximate solution on the unit, that is deriving out of the finite element type, including a reasonable choice of coordinate system units, the establishment of unit test function, making use of one way to give the discrete relations of each State variables in the unit ,so form the unit matrix (the structure of said mechanical stiffness or flexibility matrix array).In order to ensure the convergence of problem solving, there are many principles derived units to follow. In terms of engineering applications, it is important to pay attention to each unit of problem-solving performance and constraints. For example, the unit should be based on the rules for shape, and deformed not only low-precision, but also the risk of missing rank, will result in failure to solve.Step five: Solution assembly: Form Module assembly to the total domain matrix equation of the unit of discrete (Joint equations), reflecting the request of the discrete domain of the approximate solution domain, that is, the continuity of function modules should meet the conditions for certain. Module assembly is carried on in adjacent node module, the state variables and their derivatives (if possible) are established continuity in the junction point.Sixth step: Simultaneous equations and get the result, interpretation:The finite element method eventually lead to simultaneous equations. Simultaneous equations can make use of direct method, the election law method and the random generation method. The result of solving is the approximation variables of node module in the State variables.The quality of the results will be evaluated and determined if it has the need for double-counting throught the Comparison with the allowable value of the design guidelines.In short, the finite element analysis can be divided into three stages, pre-treatment, processing and post-processing. Pre-processing finite element model is to built to complete the unit mesh; post-processing is the acquisition and processing the results of the analysis, allowing users to extract information easily to understand results.2 Nonlinear FEM for the process of structureWe have mentioned above that the workpiece cut by the too l belong to the structure non linear problem , and we use the die-ive elements technology to solve it. If the loads of a structure is the function of time, the equation of FEM system can be expressed as11Here the displacement of the nodes the node force of load at t moment the node force caused by element stress at t moment, the nonlinear effect should be included. Suppose that the solution of the t moment could get, for the mini step length t, there will benew equation at the mom en t of t+ t （2）For the solution of t moment has been gotten, sohere （3） f the increased node force caused by the increasing of element stress in the time period of ( t, t+ t). （4）here the rigidity matrix in the time period of ( t, t+ t) u increasing quantity of the displacement of the node in so from equation s of (3) and (4) , the equation (1) can be changed as （5）the solution of displacement increasing quantity u will be the precondition of the solution of the displacement at the moment of T + t （6）Then the solution of and of the moment t+t can be obtained by the results of. By this way, the final results can be solved by repeating the above calculation. Here we solve the nonlinear equation by the method of New ton-Raphson algorithm .113 In stable temperature field FEMBeing a 3D problem, the in stable temperature field variable ( (x , y , z , t) should satisfy the following equation and boundary condition 1 （7） （8） （9） where density of material; specific heat of material; time;conduct ivity;Q = Q (x,y,z,t)at generated in side of the material;direct ioncosine of the boundary outer normal; temperature on the boundary o
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