【机械类毕业论文中英文对照文献翻译】日本汽车最新的发展趋势和信息服务
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【机械类毕业论文中英文对照文献翻译】日本汽车最新的发展趋势和信息服务,机械类毕业论文中英文对照文献翻译,机械类,毕业论文,中英文,对照,文献,翻译,日本,汽车,最新,发展趋势,信息,服务
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潍坊学院学生毕业设计（论文）外 文 译 文专 业 机械设计制造及其自动化班 级 08级本二 学生姓名 常凯 学 号 08011140253 学生成绩 机电与车辆工程学院日本汽车最新的发展趋势和信息服务Yui Kunihiro1, Shigeru Hasunuma2 1.日本汽车研究所(JARI)。1-30,Shiba-Daimon 1-chome,Minato-ku,东京,日本105-0012电话:+ 81-3-5733-7924、电子邮件:kyuijari.or.jp2.日本汽车研究所(JARI)。1-30,Shiba-Daimon 1-chome,Minato-ku,东京,日本105-0012 电话:+ 81-3-5733-7924、电子邮件:shasunumjari.or.jp摘要：卫星导航系统于1981年在日本上市,现在已经进入了一个全面推广阶段，由于信息技术的飞速发展，大大的改善其性能和降低设备的价格。因为他们是首次推出，电信服务也克服了各种问题,就如汽车导航服务，它们现在是必不可少的驾驶助手。通过增加通讯功能,使汽车导航单位信息和远程信息技术与外界交换。在接下来的十年中,希望汽车导航系统通过车载传感器用来传送有关周围车辆的情况给驾驶员。这种能力将超出了一个简单的通讯功能，形成了基本的安全、良好的心态和支持生态驾驶以及其他的改进。本文介绍了在不久的将来日本最新汽车的流行信息服务的发展方向的设想，这些服务问题将会需要处理，以便进一步发展。1.介绍在汽车导航系统继续被研发新的技术的同时，为驾驶员提供信息作为改善驾驶环境的一种方式是一种典型的平台。此外，电信服务从汽车内部通过一个数据通道连接到外部的情况也进展顺利，由此开始了解在周围的驾驶的人员。在这种背景下，去年在日本一项新的关键信息改革策略的目标被采用建造世界上最安全的道路交通的环境。该倡议预想的通讯联系的使用获取信息通过连接在路边的的装置，提高汽车了安全行驶。汽车导航系统,迄今为止已经有了更加舒适的驾车通过提供信息给司机,从而出现进入下一阶段的发展。这个新的阶段，旨在确保安全安心的驾车通过信息交流与外面的环境,也使车辆更环保。在日本汽车研究所(JARI)的中心，我们一直在进行研究和调查(1)自1998年度监测在日本的智能交通系统的发展阶段宗旨以促成了产业的进一步增长和发展。在我们最近发现的基础上，本文介绍了在日本的司机信息服务平台的最新趋势，当做典型以供汽车导航和通讯,并探讨问题,应该采取措施来促进他们的进一步发展。2.卫星导航的趋势2.1最新的科技潮流一辆汽车导航系统的基本功能，提供精确的交通信息。达到这个目的，在日本汽车导航产品的制造商结合了一个动态路径指导系统(DGRS)性能深入他们的介面设计单位，除此还使用汽车信息和通信系统(VICS)信息决定路线。接受函数来重新计算路线，如交通拥挤的实时信息时或限制网路收到路边界标或其他传输装置。另一种测量被储存在汽车导航装置的VICS交通数据中，根据统计处理的一周中的一天和一天的某一时间。该数据库被使用除实时VICS信息，还为客户提供最优的路径诱导和抵达时间更高的估计精度。这些更加巧妙的服务是由汽车导航公司提供的，汽车到导航存储介质在大容量存储介质是一大发展趋势,汽车开关从DVD,促进到HDD基础系统。汽车导航系统现在已经开始包含一个40-GB硬盘驱动器。更大的存储容量允许音乐,静止的照片和其他数据被保存在随车单位。这汽车导航和声像(音像)功能以较快的速度发展,被地面数字广播作为典型在去年推出在便携式设备方面。在日本数码广播领域已经看过的扩散等离子体和大屏幕液晶显示电视机的家庭使用。通过这些成果的消费类电子产品现在也被用于汽车导航系统,为取得更好的图像质量和音响效果等,以及手触操作屏幕。许多汽车导航单位也开始出现兼容记忆卡或蓝牙系统。这种混合短程无线通信技术,让用户把手机、便携式音乐播放器和其他外部设备进入他们的车辆,容易连接到汽车导航系统。2.2市场趋势2.2.1日本市场趋势在我们的市场调查直到2005年，日本电子与信息技术行业协会(JEITA)在国内汽车导航系统的货物用于制造这些产品的市场发布的数据来预测未来。然而，JEITA国内货物的数据还包括一笔可观的汽车导航机组的数量安装在出口的车辆上。决定出口的部分应当被排除在总数上以估计纯粹的国内需求对汽车导航系统和获得更准确的市场在日本。在我们的研究为2006年的货物,我们重新估算发货量对于过去几年,排除出口的部是分为了研究纯粹的国内货值和使用所产生的数据为基础制定市场预测。结果显示,日本市场几乎是成熟的市场并且汽车导航系统出货量将只显示个位数的增长。结果显示，问卷及访谈一半以上的设备制造商仍在未来市场的增长水平评估等于或大于我们的先前的预测。看着这个市场形势,这在日本的发展显示，制造商还不没有意识到国内市场已饱和了。几乎所有的制造商都一致认为，汽车导航系统价格已经极端化，在高功能单元和廉价的单位上。尽管如此，几乎所有的制造商正在瞄准推出高级的版本。这表明，如何吸收负担费用上涨的设备正在成为比以前更严肃的问题。2.2.2销售减产的销售渠道一份由销售渠道提供销售单位(售后vs.原始设备)表明,在近几年销售的产品有持续下降。然而,对于2006年的销售业绩,表明这种趋势可能有所缓和。一个原因可能是由汽车经销商的回应买方希望有一定售后零件市场在中间在辆新车购置时被建立。售后市场产品往往是第一个将新尖端的功能引进和广泛认可的被买公众。汽车经销商提供此类产品作为销售选项。3.远程信息处理趋势远程信息处理这个名词结合通信与信息。汽车导航系统作为基本的平台,提供电信服务的访问远程信息处理装置，由此来自外部的动态交通信息回应驾驶员的要求,从而创造一种更舒适的驾驶环境,。在日本的通讯服务开始于1998年,主要是汽车制造商作为信息服务提供的。然而,第一代服务没有达到预期的水平的流行的扩散。随后,针对汽车导航系统发起于2002年引进的新的信息服务第二代通讯用来克服缺点的第一代的样品。这些服务都由尼桑公司所和丰田汽车公司提供,具有增强的交通信息服务的优点。第一和第二代一个显著的区别是,道路交通法律修改允许私营部门的提供,在2001年VICS交通信息的使用。另一个主要区别是,这个快速发展的信息与通信技术已导致大幅度降低成本,使交通更容易获得车手进入和获得来自外部的动态交通信息。电信服务的主要功能可以大致分为收集和提供精确的信息,提供设施的信息,包括停车和餐厅的信息,和安全功能,如紧急报告。典型实例的通讯功能将在下面解释。3.1收集和提供更多精确的交通信息VICS交通所提供的信息及时通过调频广播和某一区域路边界标的网络接近某人的车辆。然而,如果你的目标是在另一个城市或地区,导航系统可能估计到达时间与实际的时间的存在显著不同,由于不能预先获得实际的交通路线信息或目的地附近的道路情况。要克服这个问题,电信服务提供商已开始向“按需VICS”信息服务,路径路径导航,考虑到到达目的地的路线拥挤的情况下。一个提供程序下载全国性的VICS交通信息到它自己的服务器,使信息在交通条件不同,出发前可提供给司机沿途的交通信息。然而VICS交通资讯可在全国范围内使用,2005年9月,它提供了大约80000链接,链接的部分被指定为目标的道路有260000条公路段为VICS的覆盖率。(指公路段链，从一个交叉路口到另一个交叉路口)信息还没被提供的大约180000段剩余的链接。预报系统发展部署车辆调查信息服务,提供更准确的信息和补充VICS交通信息的不足在这些联系。谓之变动也正在扩大收集和提供车辆调查信息链接,甚至VICS旅行时间已经是可用的。这样做的目的是为了提高服务提供更多的资料,没有限制车辆调查信息仅仅链接在VICS旅行时间的提供。3.2便利的改善有些服务传递最新的地图信息给司机可以利用远程信息处理能力之间的双向交流的信息中心和交通工具。其他服务提供为寻求目的地的信息或文娱设施的操作员方便和传送信息的车辆。车辆系统也将开始代理功能,信息设施或一个小镇附近兴趣的地点被自动提供给司机,在旅行期间,适当的时间、地点和场合。最新消息和其他信息也可以自动提供。3.3紧急报告和其他安全的功能第二代通讯服务的另一个明显特征保障功能的增强是由一个汽车连接到一个汽车服务中心的通信模块(例如,手机提供汽车内饰)。当司机离开汽车，如果引擎启动或不异常的事情发生时,司机将接收到一封电子邮件。如果这个车被偷了,它将自动跟踪。防盗制动系统也开始被安装在豪华轿车,一个服务中心能使发动机遥控以至使它无法启动。在日本的汽车制造商服务三大趋势。自开业以来,各公司电信服务继续寻找一个最先进的应用。一个主要趋势出现在当前是一个重要转变,更准确的信息的提供。4.司机信息服务的发展目前，电信服务的主要目的是为了方便舒适驾驶,如上所述如提供准确的交通信息或有关便利的设施。然而,也有在各个方面的不同特点的基础上,利用信息交流,作为一个工具促进电信与外部连接,为解决某些问题涉及车辆使用,包括改善安全和环境协调。4.1努力去加强安全防范和驾驶的良好心态国土部门、基础设施、运输先进的安全的车辆倡议是汽车安全系统一个项目的发展和促进。有些系统已经商业化,包括那些目的用来支持他们的车辆操作透过互动地图信息和车辆导航系统的控制系统的驾驶员。这样的一个例子是协调的换挡控制系统,得到地图信息的导航装置的车辆进入前降曲线范围内和自动的降低自动变速器的档位。另一个例子是弯路入口速度支持系统,判断适当速度进入弯道和如果车辆超过它自动进行煞车来减少驾车速度。配备这种系统的车辆数的量现在只占了总数的百分之几汽车产量。然而,安装速度可能上升,在未来几年里，通过汽车代理店安装导航系统的百分比将增大,从而扩大增加了潜在的互动协调与车辆控制系统。在东京,Tokyo, Metropolitan Expressway Co., Ltd.自2005年3月一直在进行一场一个安全驾驶的支持服务运行试验在大都市Sangubashi附近的高速公路的弯道处该试验的目的是为了增强安全在交通事故频繁发生的地区。路边的传感器是用来检测一个汽车的停止状态或者汽车排队超过范围,所提供的信息给车辆进入弯道(可以通过车辆配置3-media VICS-enabled汽车导航系统)。据报道,在这次试验提供这些信息已经大大减少了汽车追尾碰撞的数量,撞上了高速公路的围栏，意外的障碍造成的事故,如残障车或交通队列。其他的新举措也被执行,包括使用路边装置传送静止图像和声音讯息给司机。这样的一个例子是,智能公路演示进行由国、基础设施、运输土部在2006年2月指挥完成。其他新的图像中有关交通和巷附近由于道路限制隧道出口和地点这样的消息被发送到和储存在汽车导航单位。存储的图像信息被显示在屏幕上的导航系统在车辆进入隧道合适的时间之前,以警示司机要小心。此外,路边的天线被用来检测的车辆在通过车道,在合并车道时这些信息被送到了导航系统的车速,提示司机并道认真。4.2环境的条件在2006年4月1日起日本提出执行一种改进的能量守恒律法,延伸范围的监管措施,包括为减少温室气体二氧化碳(CO2)的排放的、物流行业等。日本在1997年的京都议定书承诺，这是为了减少目标的实现。针对这一发展,在运输业使用该技术除了促进安全更能达到节约能源。比如,利用数字t行驶记录仪和其他车辆装置能提高效率,减少了燃料的消耗。The Saitama Trucking Association 报告指出,安装车辆驱动器对主要目标是提高安全也已被证明是有效的,因为在切削油耗改进驾驶习惯。提高燃油经济性的概述是在图4。结果表明,改进的装置卡车燃油经济性大约41%。假设一辆卡车是100万公里,在它的有限使用期限里燃料节约成本的估计大约9.65亿日元。这一数字相当于一卡车的价格。图.4提高燃料经济性的贡献提高燃料经济的贡献 燃油经济性 (km/L) 总里程 (mil. Km)燃料消耗 (L) 差异 (L) 安装前2.71 370,370 安装后3.8 1 263,158 107,212 燃料成本:107,212 x90日元/ L = 9,649,080日元资料来源:引用Saitama Trucking Association测试报告5.在未来的发展相关的议题在日本汽车研究所(JARI),2006年8月我们估计相结合的用户数三种汽车制造商的电信服务提供的总数超过90万。下列各点的内容,包括改善和提高用户所需的精确性,能被引证为问题必须解决,促进电信服务的未来的扩大。 (1)改善交通信息的准确性和路径导航的功能(2)提供实时信息在停车场等设施(3)提供实时交通信息 (4)更新资料(5)提供实时信息点的信息 (6)通过开放加强服务公司所采取的一系列措施,为了提高的交通信息准确度和路径导航产生了一定程度的满意的结果。公司现在正提供交通拥挤和旅行时间估计,考虑到历史的交通数据,每个公司利用自身的创新技术。车辆调查提供信息服务的努力也促成了这种改进。所需的基础设施也不断被放置在道路上,包括专用短距离通信(DSRC)。如果连接了到外部网络,它很难以获得实时交通信息。然而,这个差异在信息进步的速度和车辆的寿命造成了一个问题。先进的设备安装在新的车辆成为过时的,不能收到最新的服务时,车辆到达使用寿命。这种情况可能会成为一个更严重的问题在未来的岁月里,特别是关于使用通讯连结互动协调导航系统和控制系统日益增长的势头。预计这个日益增强的趋势,安装原导航设备在新的车辆上。因此,有必要对制造商设计和工程师的导航系统带有一个向前的兼容性与新服务。 6.结论在接下来的几年里,汽车导航和通讯系统的贡献预计主要在驾驶安全性，司机的良心态和协调的环境方面，包括支持生态驾驶。这些贡献,将进一步改善在该地区的最优路径导航、娱乐和安全的服务。此外,预想车辆将加强通讯功能,并配有摄像头和传感器。一个与通信终端为了连接车辆与外部环境将作为一口和转化成为一个人机接口界面，在车辆和司机之间提供不可或缺的环节。为了应对司机和社会这些期望和希望的服务，很有必要将增强公众可利用设施和体现使用者的意识在样品和设计系统方面,也可以方便高龄驾驶员使用。参考文献：(1)日本汽车研究所,2006年“研究报告产业趋势:在时代前列的产业和市场预测,“2006年10月(日本)。 LATEST TRENDS IN CAR NAVIGATION AND TELEMATICS SERVICES IN JAPAN Yui Kunihiro1, Shigeru Hasunuma2 1. Japan Automobile Research Institute(JARI) 1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012, Japan Phone: +81-3-5733-7924, E-mail: kyuijari.or.jp 2. Japan Automobile Research Institute(JARI) 1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012, Japan Phone: +81-3-5733-7924, E-mail: shasunumjari.or.jp ABSTRACT Car navigation systems, which were first released in Japan in 1981, have now entered a phase of full-scale diffusion, owing to rapid advances in information technology, improvement of performance and reduction of equipment prices. Telematics services have also overcome various issues since they were first launched and, like car navigation services, they are now taking root as indispensable aids to drivers. Through the addition of communications functionality to car navigation units, telematics services facilitate exchanges of information with the outside world. In the coming years, it is expected that the functionality of car navigation systems will be used to transmit to drivers information obtained by vehicle-mounted sensors concerning the circumstances around vehicles. That capability will go beyond a simple communications function to contribute substantially to safety, peace of mind and support for eco-driving, among other improvements. This paper describes the latest trends in driver information services in Japan, the directions envisioned for these services in the future, and issues that will need to be addressed to facilitate further development. 1. INTRODUCTION Advances continue to be made in car navigation systems, representing a typical platform for providing information to drivers as a means of improving the driving environment. In addition, telematics services that are accessed from the vehicle interior via a communications link to the outside world are also progressing smoothly and are beginning to catch on among the driving population. Against this backdrop, one of the key objectives of the New IT Reform Strategy adopted in Japan last year is to build the worlds safest road traffic environment. This initiative envisions the use of communications links to obtain information from roadside devices for enhancing the safe operation of motor vehicles. Car navigation systems that have so far contributed to more comfortable driving through the provision of information to drivers thus appear to have entered the next stage of development. This new stage is aimed at securing the safety and peace of mind of driving through exchanges of information with the outside world and also at making vehicles more eco-friendly. At the ITS Center of the Japan Automobile Research Institute (JARI), we have been conducting studies and surveys since fiscal 1998 to monitor the evolving state of the ITS industry in Japan with the aim of contributing to the industrys further growth and development. Based on our recent findings, this paper describes the latest trends in driver information services in Japan, as typified by car navigation and telematics offerings, and discusses issues that should be addressed to promote their further development. 2. CAR NAVIGATION TRENDS 2.1 Latest technological trends The basic function of a car navigation system is to provide accurate traffic information. To accomplish that, the manufacturers of car navigation products are incorporating a dynamic route guidance system (DRGS) capability into their in-vehicle units in Japan, in addition to the use of Vehicle Information and Communication System (VICS) information for determining a suggested route. DRGS functions to re-calculate the route whenever real-time information about traffic congestion or restrictions is received from a network of roadside beacons or some other transmission facility. Another measure being taken is to store in the car navigation unit historical VICS traffic data, statistically processed according to the day of the week and the time of day. That database is used in addition to real-time VICS information to provide optimal route guidance and arrival time estimations with a higher degree of accuracy. These more ingenious services being offered by car navigation companies are driving a trend toward greater capacity in car navigation storage media that is promoting a switch from DVD-to HDD-based systems. Upper-end car navigation systems are now beginning to incorporate a 40-GB hard disk drive. The greater storage capacity allows music, still pictures and other data to be stored in the onboard unit. This fusion of car navigation and audio-visual (AV) functionality is proceeding at a rapid pace, as typified by last years launch of one-segment digital terrestrial broadcasting targeted at portable devices. The field of digital broadcasting in Japan has already seen the diffusion of large-screen plasma and liquid crystal display television sets for home use. The know-how gained through those consumer electronics products is now also being utilized in car navigation systems for better image quality and acoustic effects, as well as for touch-panel operation screens. Many car navigation units are also beginning to appear that are compatible with a memory card or are Bluetooth-enabled. This nondirectional, short-range wireless communications technology enables users to bring mobile phones, portable music players and other external devices into their vehicles for easy connection to the car navigation system. 2.2 Market trends 2.2.1 Market trends in Japan In our market research until fiscal 2005, data released by the Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association (JEITA) on domestic shipments of car navigation systems were used in making future market forecasts of these products. However,JEITAs domestic shipment data also include a considerable volume of car navigation units that are installed on vehicles exported overseas. It was decided that the exported units should be excluded from the total in order to estimate the purely domestic demand for car navigation systems and gain a more accurate picture of the market in Japan. In our study for fiscal 2006,we re-estimated the shipments for several previous years by excluding the exported units in order to find the volume of purely domestic shipments and used the resulting data as the basis for making a market forecast. The results suggest that the Japanese market is nearly mature and that the aggregate value of car navigation system shipments will likely show only single-digit growth in the coming years. The results of questionnaires and interviews revealed that over half of the equipment manufacturers still estimate future market growth at levels equal to or greater than our previous predictions. Looking at the market situation in Japan alone, this finding suggests that manufacturers are not very conscious of the domestic market already being saturated. Almost all of the manufacturers were unanimous in the view that car navigation system prices have polarized between expensive, high-functionality units and inexpensive units. In spite of that, nearly all of the manufacturers are aiming to roll out high-functionality versions. This indicates that the question of how to absorb the burden of rising equipment costs is becoming a more serous issue than before. 2.2.2 Sales breakdown by sales channel A breakdown of unit sales by sales channel (aftermarket vs. original equipment) shows that sales of aftermarket products have continued to decline in recent years. The sales results for 2006, however, indicate that this downward trend may have abated somewhat. One reason for that may be the response by car dealers to buyers desire to have a certain aftermarket product installed at the time a new car is purchased. Aftermarket products are often among the first to incorporate new cutting-edge functions and are widely recognized by the buying public. Car dealers are providing such products as dealer-installed options. 3. TELEMATICS TRENDS The word telematics was coined by combining telecommunications with informatics. Car navigation systems serve as the basic platform for accessing telematics services, which provide dynamic traffic information from external sources in response to drivers requests, thereby creating an environment for more comfortable driving. Telematics services were launched in Japan in 1998 as information services that were primarily offered by vehicle manufacturers. However, the first-generation services did not reach the level of popular diffusion. Subsequently, new information services targeted at car navigation systems were launched in March 2002 to usher in the second generation of telematics designed to overcome the shortcomings of the first-generation offerings. Those services were CARWINGS offered by Nissan Motor Co., G-BOOK offered by Toyota Motor Corp., and Internavi Premium Club offered by Honda Motor Co. and featuring enhanced traffic information service. One significant difference between the first and second generations is that revision of the Road Traffic Law in 2001 allowed private-sector providers to use VICS traffic information. Another major difference is that the rapid progress of information and communications technologies has led to substantially lower communications costs, making it much easier for drivers to access and obtain dynamic traffic information from external sources. The principal functions of telematics services can be broadly classified as the gathering and provision of accurate traffic information, the provision of amenities information, including parking and restaurant information, and security functionality such as emergency reporting. Typical examples of telematics functions are explained below. 3.1 Gathering and provision of more accurate traffic information VICS traffic information is provided in a timely manner via FM multiplex broadcasts and a network of roadside beacons within a certain area close to ones vehicle. However, if a drivers destination is in another city or prefecture, the arrival time estimated by the navigation system may differ substantially from the actual time, owing to the fact that VICS information about traffic conditions en-route or in the vicinity of the destination cannot be obtained in advance.To overcome that problem, telematics service providers have started offering on-demand VICS information service that facilitates route guidance which takes into account information on traffic congestion along the route to a drivers destination. A provider does this by downloading nationwide VICS traffic information to its own server so that information on traffic conditions at various points and along the route can be provided to drivers in a timely manner before their departure. While VICS traffic information is available nationwide, as of September 2005 it was being provided only for only approximately 80,000 links of the some 260,000 links designated as target roads for VICS coverage. (Links refer to road segments running in all directions from one intersection to another intersection.) Information was still not being provided for the approximately 180,000 remaining links. Efforts are moving ahead to deploy probe-vehicle information services that would provide more accurate traffic information and complement the lack of VICS traffic information on those links. Moves are also under way to expand the gathering and provision of probe-vehicle information even to the links for which VICS travel times are already available. The aim is to offer more enhanced service by not limiting probe-vehicle information just to the links where VICS travel times are not yet provided. 3.2 Improvement of convenience There are services that transmit the latest map information to drivers by taking advantage of the telematics capability for two-way communications between an information center and vehicles. Other services offer the convenience of a human operator who searches for information on the destination or amenity facilities in place of the driver and transmits that information to the vehicle. In-vehicle systems are also beginning to incorporate agent functionality, whereby information about nearby facilities or points of interest in a town is automatically provided to the driver during a trip and matches the time, place and occasion. News updates and other information can also be provided automatically. 3.3 Emergency reporting and other security functionality Another distinct feature of second-generation telematics services is the enhancement of security functionality by linking a vehicle to a service center by means of a communications module (i.e., a mobile phone provided in the vehicle interior). If the engine is started or something unusual occurs while the driver is away from the car, the driver is automatically alerted by an e-mail message. In the event the car is stolen, it is automatically tracked. Immobilizers(防盗制动系统) are also beginning to be installed on luxury cars that enable a service center to disable the engine remotely so that it cannot be started. Figure 3 outlines the service trends among Japans three largest vehicle manufacturers. Since the start of telematics services, each company has continued to search for a killer application. A major trend seen in the table is a shift in emphasis toward the provision of more accurate traffic information. 4. DEVELOPMENT OF DRIVER INFORMATION SERVICES The principal aim of telematics services at present is to facilitate comfortable driving, such as by providing accurate traffic information or information about amenity facilities, as mentioned above. However, efforts are also under way in various quarters to utilize the distinct feature of telematics for facilitating information exchanges with the outside world as a tool for addressing certain issues involved in vehicle use, including improvement of safety and environmental friendliness. 4.1 Efforts to improve safety and peace of mind of driving The Advanced Safety Vehicle (ASV) initiative of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport is one project promoting the development of vehicle safety systems. Some systems have already been commercialized, including ones designed to support drivers operation of their vehicles through interaction between navigation system map information and vehicle control systems. One such example is a navigation-coordinated shift control system that obtains map information from the navigation unit before a vehicle enters a curve and automatically downshifts the automatic transmission. Another example is a curve entry speed support system that judges a suitable speed for entering a curve and automatically applies the brakes to reduce the driving speed to that level if the vehicle is exceeding it. The number of vehicles equipped with such systems currently accounts for only several percent of the total vehicle production volume. However, the installation rate may rise in the coming years as the percentage of vehicles equipped with factory-installed navigation systems increases, thus expanding the potential for interactive coordination with vehicle control systems. In Tokyo, Metropolitan Expressway Co., Ltd. has been conducting a field operation trial of a safe driving support service on the inbound lanes of Metropolitan Expressway No. 4 near the Sangubashi curve since March 2005. The aim of this trial is to enhance safety at locations where traffic accidents occur frequently. Roadside sensors are used to detect the presence of a stopped vehicle or a traffic queue just beyond the curve and that information is provided to vehicles entering the curve (accessible by vehicles fitted with a 3-media VICS-enabled car navigation system). It has been reported that the provision of such information in this trial has substantially reduced the number of rear-end collisions and crashes into the expressways side wall, caused by the unexpected presence of forward obstacles such as a disabled vehicle or a traffic queue. Other new initiatives are also being carried out that involve the use of roadside devices to transmit still images and voice messages to drivers. One such example is the SMARTWAY DEMO 2006 that was conducted by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport in February 2006. Image information concerning traffic and lane restrictions due to road work near tunnel exits and the locations where such information was available were transmitted to and stored in car navigation units in advance. The stored image information was displayed on the navigation screen at a suitable time before a vehicle entered a tunnel so as to encourage the driver to be careful. In addition, roadside antennas were used to detect the presence of a vehicle in the through-traffic lane and that information was sent to the navigation system of a car traveling in the merging traffic lane to encourage the driver to merge carefully. 4.2 Environmental contributions A revised Energy Conservation Law was enforced in Japan on April 1, 2006 that extends the scope of regulatory measures for reducing greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, to the physical distribution sector as well. This is aimed at achieving Japans reduction goals pledged under the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. In view of this development, the use of ITS technologies in the trucking industry is expected to achieve energy savings, in addition to promoting safety. For instance, the use of digital tachographs and other vehicle-installed devices can improve efficiency that translates into a reduction of fuel consumption. The Saitama Trucking Association has reported that the installation of drive recorders for the primary purpose of improving safety has also proved effective in cutting fuel consumption because of improved driving habits. The contribution to enhancing fuel economy is outlined in Figure 5. The results show that the devices improved truck fuel economy by approximately 41%. Assuming that a truck is driven one million kilometers in its lifetime, it translates into an estimated fuel cost saving of approximately 9.65 million yen. That figure is equivalent to the price of one truck. 5. ISSUES INVOLVED IN FUTURE DEVELOPMENT At the Japan Automobile Research Institute (JARI), we estimated that the combined number of users of the telematics services offered by the three vehicle manufacturers totaled more than 900,000 as of August 2006. The following points, including improvement of the content desired by users and enhancement of accuracy, can be cited as issues that need to be addressed in promoting the future diffusion of telematics services. (1) Improvement of the functionality and accuracy of traffic information and route guidance (2) Provision of real-time information on parking and other facilities (3) Provision of real-time public transit information (4) Updating of map data (5) Provision of real-time point-of-interest (POI) infor
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