【机械类毕业论文中英文对照文献翻译】机床结构及工艺
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机械类毕业论文中英文对照文献翻译
机械类
毕业论文
中英文
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翻译
机床
结构
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【机械类毕业论文中英文对照文献翻译】机床结构及工艺,机械类毕业论文中英文对照文献翻译,机械类,毕业论文,中英文,对照,文献,翻译,机床,结构,工艺
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英文原文Constructure and Technology of Machine ToolsSize, Bed and Tailstock of Engine latheSIZELathe size is determined by swing and length, of the bed. The swing is twice the distance from the live center point of the spindle to the top of the bed, or the largest diameter that can be turned over the ways of a lathe. For example, a 10-in, lathe will ruin a 10-in,-diameter workpiece over the ways, but not over the car-riage cross-feed slide. Sometimes two numbers are used to indicate swing.The length of the bed includes the part the headstock rests on. It determines also the distance between centers. A typical size might be a 3-foot bed with a dis-tance of 23 in. between centers. Lathe beds are offered in many different lengths for each available swing size.A lathe should have a swing capacity and distance between centers that is at least 10 percent greater than needed to do any job that may be required. Standard lathes come in a variety of designs and styles and may have a swing ranging from about 9 to 53 in. They are generally classified as small, medium swing, and heavy duty. Bed bodyThe bed body is the base of lather, is 1.It is spine of lather, can use to install or prop up all of other parts.Be located on a bed body coping of is to lead a track.General more expensive lather from V type peace lead a track to combine, but more the lather of cheapness be only even to lead a track.Lead the structure of track to be different with the manufacturing.Some manufactory adoption demand can replace of the Cui fire steel lead a track, but other some manufactory adoption and bed body the flames Cui fire of the integral whole lead a track.Lead how the accuracy of track is the function of decision lather.Lead the track have to be accurate but nicety, in order to make principal axis box, tail and the bed saddle always accurate fixed position.Direct Be located on under the bed body pioneer track of is 1.1 match with this Nie and make to can move bed saddle while turning to begin a round.TailThe tail can follow a bed body to lead a track to move and reign to place top to clip tight.It constitute tofrom two Zhu piece namely main parts.The lower part piece is direct to depend in leading a track, upper part piece depend on the lower part piece, regulate bolt two parts connect together.The upper part piece can in front and back turn to move to carry on by adjusting a tail an awl degree a car to pare, or re- adjust a tail center to carry on straight line the car pare.While turning to move a tail a hand round, tail set tube namely slippery body can in the upper part piece outside move.Tail set the tube have 1 and can pack top or other knife(like auger and Jiao knife) of awl bore.Only set with tail the tube have homology the knife of the awl degree then can pack in the set the tube bore.Want to unload a knife inside tube from the set.as long as fall back a hand round can make a set of tube send back inside upper part piece.Can move a set the Luo pole of the tube to carry loose open an awl handle, so can unload knife.Have to caution avoid an usage unwell go together with of awl body.If appear an awl body unwell go together with, cant usage hand round Luo pole to unload a knife.Want since not the damage heart stalk again can unload knife, can usage underneath two kinds of one of the methods:(1)Tail set the body with namely slippery tube turn one short distance and open three claw card the card dish of the dish claw, forward glide tail the awl body which make to block clip tight in the card dish the claw, tight the solid tail clip tight plank, fall back the hand round can unload knife inside tube from the set.(2)The spare parts blocked in the tail the set the tube carry a department to add the cartful bed card claw, use one small hammer light Kou this card claw, can unload a knife.The beard match heart while falling back a tail a hand round.If back a Luo pole bitter end with the very big dint for the meeting Ya to live, so will make inner part the thread transform even damage.General cant move a hand round by hand and forward when the Luo pole block.Occurrence this kind of circumstance, preventfrom further damage of had better way is in hand round top put a big live a wrench, forward move hand round.Will never the ability use the hand handle that the hammer son knock a hand round.The principal axis box of common latherPrincipal axis box the module be tight solid left carry in the lather.It is constitute by the principal axis box principal axis, Be made the principal axis revolve by the wheel gear or the wheel gear set and the leather belt round.The principal axis have can pack to clip and turn to begin to work a piece of enclosure.The principal axis have many turn soon.Principal axis box from 3-5 accept.Because lather top process of work piece the accuracy be decided by accuracy of clip the principal axis axis of revolution of hold the work piece, past have to very carefully manufacturing and install principal axis and it all enclosure.The principal axis contain a bore and the head of this bore be one awl bore, can use to install knife of take the awl handle.Install a principal axis box to live top, with 1 go together with into the principal axis awl inside bore.The principal axis box is top and can revolve with the work piece. past call to live top.It is a the awl metals which take point piece.The work piece can use to accept a work piece when the work piece revolve and all lather be top all for 60 degrees Cape.Install an enclosure on the principal axis, often usage three kinds of in general use principal axis head:1.Thread principal axis headThe thread principal axis is most in common use on the lather head.Arrive the enclosure Ning for install a principal axis up, until with the principal axis method orchid dish close match each other.Thread principal axis main weakness of the head is to cant carry on anti- pare toward the car, anti- because of some enclosure(for example card dish) to hour would loose open.2.cam lock tight principal axis headThe cam lock tight principal axis head contain a very short awl body, it can go together with into flower dish or card dish back of inside awl slot.From the flower dish or the card dish back stretch out many cam lock tight minor axis, these minor axises can go together with into the bore of principal axis head inside.Turning to move these cams can be tight their lock at provision position.3.the long awl key spread to move a principal axis headIt has a very long awl body.The awl body take additional key with an inside thread set claw.Flower dish or card dish have to with its awl degree homology combine take outside thread key slot.This kind of just to lock tight type the principal axis be the most widespread in the medium-sized lather.It allow a principal axis at just to or anti- to revolve all the ability slice to pare.Drive the motive of principal axis is supply by an electric motor, deliver the motive to the principal axis to have four kinds of in common use method from the electric motor:1.The even leather belt spread to moveIn the majority the leather belt spread move of the lather, it is direct to drive motive through a leather belt deliver give attach a tower round in principal axis.The dissimilarity for moving the leather belt to the tower round position, convertibility principal axis speed.For acquire lower soon with greater motive, can usage carry round on usages back.2.the triangle leather belt spread to moveThe circumference of each leather belt round top all open a V type slot.Triangle leather belt will by the square the Qian person is inside slot.The triangle leather belt cant run into the bottom of leather belt round.This kind of spread to move a way to also have 1 to spread with even leather belt to move likeness of carry on the back a round equip.3.have no class to become to soon spread to moveThis kind of equip need not parking can change active round with from move a speed of.Actually only when the tool machine circulate just need to be become soon.Have no class to become to soon spread to move of spread and move leather belt round from two V type on the side of the half round constitute.The leather belt a side of the round can open and namely take off with another a side to open.Move to arrive smaller diameter in take off open the hour. the leather belt toward, make from move a round creation lower speed.When leather belt round two sides match at, force leather belt to outwardly move to arrive bigger diameter, make from move a speed to enlarge.Can by hand move or the liquid press to carry on become soon.When the adoption liquid press a way, bedside box coping of control the dish can make the liquid press a system precision action.Dont turn this a control dish when the electric motor is stop.Direct spread to move of turn soon scope to 300-1600 to turn/cent.For acquire lower turn soon, have to first parking, turn to move to carry on the back a round to shake a hand.Low speed scope for 43-230 turn/cent.4.the wheel gear spread to move to become soon a boxThis kind of include wheel gear and become soon organization, can acquire many turn of dissimilarity soon.Operation can usage attach at the bedside speed on the box cent degree dish to choice need of speed.Move 2 or three hand handle or shake the hand adjustable stanza speed.The bed saddle of the common lather, enter to give with car thread organization.Bed saddleThe bed saddle use to the control and to accept to slice to pare a knife and it constitute tofrom five main parts.1.saddleBE 1 pack on beds body square combine follow lead a track glide of the H form Zhu piece.The bed saddle that is on the saddle lock tight bolt bed saddle lock tight arrive bed body in order to carry on a car to carry noodles and cut off.2.slip away a plank boxFix on the saddle, and hang a front in bed body.It include wheel gear, clutch and hand to move with auto enter the hand handle which use to the bed saddle.Slip away to pull there is a denticle round on the box.But denticle round again with bed before the body underneath of Chi mutually the Nie match, can by hand turn to move to slip away to pull a box of hand round, can make bed saddle lengthways move.Slip away a plank box to include auto enter to give to use of rub a clutch and open to match Luo mother, open to match Luo mother stop to lean on silk Gang a thread of above, only at car thread usage.3.horizontal knifePack on the saddle.The saddle is horizontal to process to lead a track for the Yan tail type, then accept to lead a track.ability by the square with lather of center line perpendicular.Horizontal knife the Yan tail which also match each other with saddle Yan tail lead a track.Turn to move horizontal drag along a plank hand a handle can make knife horizontal to pound knife(turn dish)Pack on the horizontal knife, can revolve 360 degrees, and at arbitrarily position top clip tight.Compound knife bottom fifty-fifty turn namely 180 degrees degree which carry on cent.Turn there is also a Yan tail on the dish lead a track.Can use one short silk Gang move the top part, horizontal knife and compound knife the silk Gang all have cent degree value for the engrave of l/1000 inch one degree wreath, used for a car to pare a work piece to close end size with car thread make nicety adjust.5.penknifeHave to engrave one degree wreath with shake a handle.Can at compound knife glide inside the T type slot of the coping.Can use to clip tight with fixed position the knife clip.Enter to give organization with car threadEnter to give and car thread organization from enter to the box, silk Gang, light Gang with slip away the wheel gear and the clutch in the plank box to constitute.Enter direct to the box Be located on a principal axis box module under.Deliver the motive that the principal axis be left to carry to through the wheel gear into to the box.Enter the wheel gear which include many dissimilarity size to the box, can provide the underneath two kinds of transformation:(1)Change enter to give quantity;(2)Change car thread principal axis box the principal axis turn soon with bed saddle route of travel of ratio.Usually having to move 2-3 hand handle just may acquire precision of enter to give quantity and exactitude of thread number/inch.Wheel gear box the front be fish-eye a designation diagram, indicate to acquire need into give quantity or thread number/the hand handle of the inch position.Silk Gang and light the Gang deliver the motive to the bed saddle with carry on auto enter to give with the thread slice to pare.At small scaled lather last usage a light Gang, but just have on the large lather two alone of Gang.The bed saddle maneuver all organic move toward sport into give.Lengthways enter to the direction from the bedside box up of anti- to hand handle control, usage dissimilarity of control the hand handle can use dissimilarity the way acquire mobile enter give.(1)At more early of lather up, lengthways enter give hour will slip away a plank box up of enter to the transformation hand handle move to top position.then enter the auto give shake to change direction right side can move bed saddle.For acquire horizontal auto enter to give, will enter to move to an underneath position for transformation hand handle, and will same auto enter give shake to change direction the right side can.Horizontal enter to the direction from the bedside box up of anti- to hand handle control.(2)Two types of lather have an enter to give the choice the hand handle.move upward noodles for lengthways enter give, get down for horizontal enter give.Then, move a clutch can the realization be mobile to enter give.(3)Three types of lather has lengthways mobile one to enter alone horizontal with enter to the hand handle to the hand handle(or clutch).(or clutch)(4)Large other control way of the lather adoption, all lather all have 1 to be located on a principal axis box a principal axis neighborhood of silk Gang/light the Gang be anti- to the hand handle.Car thread, will enter to the transformation hand handle put position ly mobile enter to all take off to open for the hand handle and the clutch.Only open to match Luo a mother action just on this position.It is 1 to lengthways open to match Luo a mother.Move to slip away a plank box top to open to match Luo mother hand handle, open to match Luo mother shut to match to make bed saddle a principal axis each turn to move a fix distance.Or so move of direction from enter to anti- to hand handle control.The car right Xuan thread, bed saddle have to from right to left shift move, namely move toward the principal axis box direction the car left Xuan thread, bed saddle have to from left rightwards move, namely to tail direction move.Only at car thread just the usage open to match Luo a mother.The lather work piece clip tight enclosure and thick carThe lather work piece clip a tight enclosurePass work with various different usage a piece to clip a tight enclosure, can consumedly increment the lather process the category and scope of work piece.In common use of the common enclosure have three claw in general use card dishes, four claw list move the card dish, set claw card dish, flower dish, heel knife, center.etc., most of the work piece tongs will at behind the chapter elaborate.The car pare top pack to clip of work piece, put a person in the principal axis box the principal axis bore one difference path set tube with live top, stir dish to pack a head at the principal axis thread up.It has some slot and use to match each other with the lather card claw coda and drive fix at lather card on work piece claw.The work piece can also clip tight with tight solid arrive flower dish up, flower dish of diameter ratio stir dish big get many, so have more slot.Thick car(1)Fix the cartful bed card claw on the work piece, clip card claw at can assurance turn move of the work piece coda carry neighborhood.Want to promise to be a work piece at two top fixed position.The card claw coda should be in stir the dish slot.(2)Put a work piece on the lather, insure a tail a set all of the tubes to stretch out.Move a tail to make top be apart from ratio work piece length invite long place of 2 inches, clip a tail tight on beds body.(3)Carry the card claw of work piece put in live toply and add some lubricant(zinc powder and oil) inside tail center bore.(4)Turn to move a tail a hand round to make the dead top prison prison pack a person inside center bore, cant too tight also cant too loose.Otherwise, the card claw for work piece to turn move will send out sound.In front and back move card claw a coda, make tail top accommodation.(5)Whet a knife which slice to pare blade to put a person and clip tight in the knife clip.(6)Clip the knife put on the penknife, and make the following check:The knife clip dont certain stretch out a penknife a too long penknife should at compound knife T type slot of left carry;Point of a knife noodles should constitution at lather center Gao up.Some car work according to practice experience knife constitution slightly Gao at the center line, but this have to knife whet good.To sort operation personnel to say, suggestion the point of a knife want to whet to give settle of angle, and knife precision constitution centrally on-line.Pare to the car like soft aluminum etc. some material, if the knife whet accommodation.Then can knife constitution slightly Gao at the center line.Insure a few centrally on-line method of point of a knife:Use to live top is a foundation to adjust this point;Measure to lead a track to the bedside box top of distance combine with this to adjust point of a knife;At tail heart stalk or slippery body top uniform center line, Be a constitution knife of direction line.(7)Turn to fight with weapons to clip to make to slice to pare blade to slightly change direction a tail to carry, if knife constitution at mistake position, knife the circumstance take place in glide.(8)Check the bed saddle can make lather card claw not collision compound knife but again can move need to be be apart from.Bed saddle should the ability move ratio work piece half the length be slightly a little bit longer of distance.(9)connect power supply, combine up the clutch.(10)The left hand put on the bed saddle hand round., The right hand put at horizontal enter to the hand handle up, move bed saddle arrive work piece the tail carry and go toward inside horizontal enter give arrive beginning formation to slice a scraps stone(11)Try to slice 1/4 inch breadth.The certain depth carry on adjust to the work piece.(12)Parking, and usage card Chinese foot examination diameter.If work piece remaining have great capacity.Then can carry on two or the three time thick car.(13)Connect power supply, press lengthways mobile enter to the switch, the check slice to pare a circumstance.Iron scraps should crumb collapse.If long iron scraps, then very dangerous of, it will round a work piece.If the words by hand moved, then slicing scraps blade will cut the hand.(14)Should have no Zhan to flap.The Zhan flap from the knife and the work piece jump about but creation of vibration.This kind of vibration will make work piece the cave and convex gravamen of the surface formation.Zhans flap is too usually cause by underneaths four kinds of reason namely knife bluntness or whet inaccuracy;Work piece or knife are rigid bad;Knife or tongs outside stretch too long;It is loose to move a parts on the lather.(15)Carry on one vice-minister degree ratio work piece half a little bit longer of slice to pare.Observation slice to pare a circumstance, often attention tail of dead top, cant because of lead hot but damage tail dead top.While slicing to pare to exceed middle point should loose open lengthways mobile enter give, and withdraw horizontal enter give.(16)Move to bed saddle to start position afresh.(17)When its necessary can carry on two time or three time slice to pare, measure with the card Chinese foot exactitude size.Attention every time measure the work have to shut down first before the piece.(18)Unload a work piece from the tool machine, lather card claws put be having already processed to carry and lubricate dead top bore, and put back work piece to lather.(19)The rightness another half carry on a thick car(20)Some car work at loose open lengthways mobile enter to the hand handle after.Dont withdraw first horizontal enter to give but is to shut down, then.Unload a work piece, send back the bed saddle to the start position, lather card the claw be anti- to, so, not the change be horizontal to enter to give and then can carry on another a carry to process.If use this kind of method, and carry on heavy the words sliced to pare, should let up into give quantity to avoid knife over carry.Miller, planer and grinding machineIron bedThe miller is a kind of Xian knife to revolve, the work piece opposite Xian knife make into give sport of the metals slice to pare tool machine.The Xian knife install on the knife pole. carry on a fixed position with washer or set.Once the knife pole carry to fix on the principal axis, another a carry to reign at the knife pole of revolve in the bearings.The main parts of miller is:(1)start a hand handle(2)Principal axis(3) Bed body(4)working panel lifter(5)Ascend and descend silk Gang(6) Work set(7) Cent degree head(8) Become soon hand handle(9) Enter to the hand handle(10) The work pedestal move a hand handle(11) Cent degree head(12)knife poleThe principal axis of miller from electric motor through pack on beds body of a series wheel gear drive.Work pedestal of common miller can perpendicular at the principal axis sport.but the all-powerful miller have 1 can at horizontal slippery on the stage revolve of work the pedestal pare the Chi of wheel gear by Xian, spiral Chi and spiral slot.PlanerThis tool machine general use to process usually from the knife carry on to slice to pare to the work piece process of flat surface.it lord sport is back and forth sport, but enter to give sport direction and lord sport direction perpendicular.Cow head knife and knife of the planer pack on the slippery Zhen and carry on slicing to pare to process to the work piece while make headway.The adjustable work set which take one T type slot can use to clip to hold a work piece, can also used to set pincer pilers and other tongs to clip to hold a work piece.The cow head planer have a drive slippery Zhen to use of put a pole and regulate the organization of route of travel length, the slippery Zhen can use to accept a knife.On the knife take to have always bottom enter to give of organization, ability or so deflect to slice by carrying on angle to pare to process, general all for move into give.Cow head the work set of the planer is the box that a coping and on the side all open to have one T type slot body in order to pack to clip a work piece.The horizontal beam use stud bolt direct tight solid arrive cow head machine or bed of the planer.Auto enter to give or mobile enter to give to pass with Ji round mutually the Nie match of Ji claw to realization.The main parts of Dragon gate planer has a bed body, can in front and back move of work set, sign pillar, in signing pillar can top and bottom move of horizontal beam and tight solid knife in horizontal beam.Grinding machineThe grinding machine is the tool machine that a kind of usage emery wheel come to precision but availably carry on cylinder, cone or flat surface to whet to pare to attain shape, size and clean degree request.Pass a work piece opposite revolve of the emery wheel enter give or make revolve of the emery wheel opposite work piece enter give come to carry out metals to slice to pare to process.The grinding machine contain variety type.The in common use grinding machine has tool grinding machine, flat surface grinding machine, not intentional grinding machine, outside circle grinding machine with inside circle grinding machine etc.Common outside circle the main parts of the grinding machine have:(1)The bed body is common outside circle the main Zhu piece of the grinding machine be the bed body which put on one ground.(2)The work set pack a crest an in front department to lead a track at the bed body up of can the back and forth move work set hand to move or mobile enter give, make work piece the opposite emery wheel noodles make lengthways enter give.(3)head and tail of the head which is drive by the electric motor of and tail pack at the or so side of work pedestal that can deflect respectively in order to at top clip to hold a work piece.Grinding machine head of top is also a dead top, namely 2 all is top for dead, so can assurance is whetted stalk line of pare the work piece with it outside circle of together stalk degree.(4)Whet a head to take to have emery wheel and it drive whet of electrical engineering a head to pack after the bed body crest noodles a department of slippery up, whetting a head can move or mobile and opposite work the pedestal lead a track to make perpendicular move, make thus emery wheel to the work piece make into give sport.The tool machine experiment, accuracy examination and maintainThe tool machine experiment with accuracy examinationEach set tool machine at manufacturing and check fix behind should attain technique specification request.According to the normal regulations, the tool machine acceptance experiment should include:The air freight turn to experiment:Tool machine sport examination, examination certificate data of verification;Carry the lotus experiment to experiment with yield(to appropriation tool machine;)Several accuracy and is processed a work piece a degree with rough surface of accuracy examination;Tool machine the degree just experimented;Slice to pare an opportune moment bed to defend to flap function to experiment.Tool machine of these experiment should press above-mentioned in proper order carry on.Being process accuracy and its surface of work piece a rough degree examination can carry a lotus in the tool machine experiment in the meantime or at several accuracy examination go forward line.The accuracy examination include tool machine several accuracy, have already processed a work piece accuracy and its surface rough degree of examination.Tool machine several accuracy experiment to include:The examination lead the straight and even degree of track:The flat surface degree of work pedestal;Sign pillar and scaleboard to the deviation of the perpendicular noodles and the horizontal plane:Principal axis fixed position accuracy and revolve accuracy;Parallelism and perpendicular degree of stalk and the surface opposite position:Silk Gang and turn round to equip of error margin etc.The rightness some concrete model number tool machine all should carry on examination according to the GOST.List is several the accuracy experiment shortage with discretion tool machine of function.Because this kind of experiment cant test to find out a tool machine component rigid, manufacturing and assemble quality of variety, especially tool machine one tongs a knife a system be rigid to process accuracy of influence.as a result nation standard compulsive sex provision include to process a work piece a kind piece accuracy, surface rough degree examination etc. tool machine accuracy examination standard.These experiment should after the tool machine first transport turn by air or load experiment, the tool machine main parts have a stability work temperature juniors line.To every variety tool machine work piece kind piece category, material and process characteristic all establishment correspond of standard.The tool machine maintainMaintain system(namely PMS) to carry on maintain to the tool machine according to the plan.This system can maintain equipments, check and check fix to carry on comprehensive measure, can preventfrom a wear away of equipments thus, contribute to an equipments of normal circulate.The method of implement PMS(1)After the check check fix this kind of method actually is periodical check but is not periodical check fix.Two check of partition time from easy the most short life span of the Sun piece but settle.If think after the check unnecessary carry on check to fix, tool machine continuous work far into next time check hour again check fix.This kind of method can preventfrom an equipments of abrupt break down.(2)Periodical check fix to include after attaining provision movement time carry on of check fix.(3)Standardize check what to fix be that the equipments is in the plan the provision of partition time necessity of check fix.(to the equipments of each category type is standard of)PMS contents(1)Daily maintain to everyday normal circulate of the tool machine carry on small check fix.Can equip the list of the tool machine when its necessary and the parts carry on adjust.(2)Periodical check press schedule to plan to carry on.Involve an external appearance check, clean and accuracy examination.(3)Periodical check still include part dismantle external appearance after pack check, all organization at in operation of check and adjust, tight firmware of check fix or replace, to the whole set tool machine or list the condition of the parts and wear away an authenticate of circumstance, and check result record condition at the tool machine organization report list up.according to report list decision next time check fix of date.The accuracy of the tool machine examination press approve of standard carry on.(4)Schedule to the check fix to is divided into small fix, medium fix, big fix 3 types.Daily the check fix tool machine not whole dismantle to unload can check fix or replace list component or equip.Medium fix to include daily check fix of havings component, main parts opposite position of repair and to basic component of part check fix.Big fix of is all basic component complete set to replace or check fix, main parts position of overall repair and tool machine repair empress attain the accuracy request.译文机床结构及工艺普通车床的尺寸、床身及尾架尺寸车床的尺寸（主要规格）根据回转直径和床身长度而定,所谓回转直径就是指主轴活顶尖到床身顶部距离的二倍，或在车床导轨上能进行车削的最大直径。例如一台10英寸的车床，在导轨上能车削10英寸直径的工件，但这并不是指床鞍横进给刀架所能加工的直径。有时用两个数字来表示回转直径。床身的长度包括安装其上的主轴箱部分，以及顶尖距。典型的床身尺寸是三英尺，加上顶尖距28英寸。车床床身可设计成对每种回转直径有许多不同的长度。床身的回转能力和顶尖距至少应比可能需加工的任何工件所需的大10%。车床有多种不同的设计和型号回转直径范围从9英寸到53英寸它们一般分为小，中、重三类。床身床身是车床的基座，是一大刚性整体铸件。它是车床的“脊骨”，可用来安装或支撑所有的其它部件。位于床身顶部的是导轨。一般较贵的车床由V型和平导轨组合而成，而较便宜的车床只有平导轨。导轨的结构随制造不同而异。有些制造商采用需要时可更换的淬火钢导轨，而其它一些制造商则采用与床身一体的火焰淬火导轨导轨的精度如何将决定车床的性能。导轨必须准确而精密，以便使主轴箱、尾架及床鞍始终准确定位。直接位于床身前导轨下的为一齿条。一小齿轮与这齿条啮合，使在转动手轮时能够移动床鞍。尾架尾架可沿床身导轨移动并在位置上夹紧。它由两个铸件即主要部件组成。下部件直接靠在导轨上，上部件靠在下部件上，调节螺钉将两部件连在一起。上部件可前后转动以调整尾架进行锥度车削，或重新调整尾架中心进行直线车削。转动尾架手轮时，尾架套筒即滑体可在上部件内外移动。尾架套筒有一个可装顶尖或其它刀具（如钻头和铰刀）的锥孔。只有和尾架套筒具有相同锥度的刀具才能装在套筒孔内。要从套筒内卸下刀具只要倒退手轮就可使套筒退回上部件内。可移动套筒的螺杆端松开锥柄，这样就可卸下刀具。必须小心避免使用不适配的锥体。若出现锥体不适配时，就不能使用手轮螺杆来卸下刀具。要既不损坏心轴又可卸下刀具，可使用下面两种方法之一：(1)将尾架套筒即滑体转出一短距离，张开三爪卡盘上的卡盘爪，向前滑动尾架使卡住的锥体夹紧在卡盘爪内，紧固尾架夹紧板，倒退手轮就可从套筒内卸下刀具。(2)在尾架套筒内卡住的零件端部加一车床卡爪，用一小锤轻叩此卡爪，就可卸下刀具。倒退尾架手轮时须合心。若用很大的力退到螺杆末端就会轧住，这样就会使内部螺纹变形甚至损坏。螺杆卡住时一般不能用手向前移动手轮。发生这种情况时，防止进一步损坏的最好办法是在手轮上放一个大活扳手，向前移动手轮。决不能用锤子敲手轮的手柄。普通车床的主轴箱主轴箱组件紧固在车床左端。它由主轴箱主轴组成，经齿轮或齿轮组和皮带轮使主轴旋转。主轴装有可装夹并转动工件的附件。主轴有多级转速。主轴箱由3-5个支座支承。由于车床上工件的加工精度取决于夹持工件的主轴旋转轴的精度，故必须十分仔细地制造和安装主轴及其所有附件。主轴本身有一通孔，这个孔的前端是一锥孔，可用来安装带锥柄的刀具。安装主轴箱活顶尖时，用一锥套配入主轴锥孔内。主轴箱顶尖可随工件旋转故称活顶尖。它是一个带尖端的锥金属件。工件旋转时可用来支承工件，所有车床顶尖均为60度角。在主轴上安装附件，常使用三种通用的主轴头：1.螺纹主轴头车床上最常用的是螺纹主轴头。将安装的附件拧到主轴上，直到与主轴法兰盘紧密相配。螺纹主轴头的主要缺点是不能进行反向车削，因有些附件（例如卡盘）反向时会松开。2凸轮锁紧主轴头凸轮锁紧主轴头有一个非常短的锥体，它可以配入花盘或卡盘背面的锥槽内。从花盘或卡盘背面伸出许多凸轮锁紧短轴，这些短轴可配入主轴头的孔内。转动这些凸轮就可将它们锁紧在规定位置。3长锥键传动主轴头它有一个很长的锥体。锥体带附加键和一内螺纹套爪。花盘或卡盘必须与其锥度相同并带有外螺纹键槽。这种正向锁紧型主轴在中型车床中最普遍。它允许主轴在正向或反向旋转时均能切削。驱动主轴的动力由一电动机供给，从电动机将动力传递给主轴有四种常用的方法：1.平皮带传动在大多数皮带传动的车床中，直接驱动动力通过皮带传递给附在主轴的塔轮上。把皮带移动到塔轮的不同位置，就可改变主轴速度。为获得较低速和较大动力，可使用背轮。2三角皮带传动每个皮带轮的圆周上都开有一个V型槽。三角皮带将精确地嵌人槽内。三角皮带不能碰到皮带轮的底部。这种传动方式也有一个与平皮带传动相似的背轮装置。3无级变速传动这种装置不用停车就可以改变主动轮和从动轮间的速度。实际上只有在机床运行时才需变速。无级变速传动的传动皮带轮由二个V型侧面的半轮组成。皮带轮的一侧可以是打开的，即与另一侧脱开。在脱开时皮带就向里移动到较小直径，使从动轮产生较低速度。当皮带轮两侧合在起时，就迫使皮带向外移动到较大直径，使从动轮速度增大。可以用手动或液压进行变速。采用液压方式时，床头箱顶部的控制盘可使液压系统精确动作。电动机停止时，不要转此控制盘。直接传动的转速范围为300-1600转分。为获得较低转速，必须先停车，转动背轮摇手。低速范围为43-230转分。4齿轮传动变速箱这种床头箱包括齿轮和变速机构，可获得许多不同的转速。操作者可使用附在床头箱上的速度分度盘来选择所需的速度。移动两个或三个手柄或摇手就可调节速度。普通车床的床鞍、进给和车螺纹机构.床鞍床鞍用来控制和支承切削刀具，它由五个主要部件组成。1鞍座是一个装在床身上方并沿导轨滑动的H形铸件。鞍座上的床鞍锁紧螺钉将床鞍锁紧到床身上以便进行车端面和切断。2溜板箱固定在鞍座上，并悬挂在床身的前面。它包括齿轮、离合器及手动和自动进给床鞍用的手柄。溜扳箱上有一个小齿轮。而小齿轮又与床身前下面的齿条相啮合，可用手转动溜扳箱手轮，可使床鞍纵向移动。溜板箱包括自动进给用的摩擦离合器和开合螺母,开合螺母停靠在丝杠螺纹的上方，仅在车螺纹时使用。3横刀架装在鞍座上。鞍座横向加工为燕尾型导轨，即支承导轨能精确地与车床本身的中心线垂直。横刀架也有与鞍座燕尾相配的燕尾导轨。转动横拖板手柄可使刀架横向移动。4复合刀架（转盘）装在横刀架上面，可旋转360度，并在任意位置上夹紧。复合刀架（转盘）底部对半圈即180度进行分度。转盘上也有一燕尾导轨。可用一短丝杠移动上面部分，横刀架和复合刀架（转盘）丝杠均配有分度值为l/1000英寸的刻度环，用于车削工件至接近最终尺寸时和车螺纹时作精密调整。5小刀架配有刻度环和摇柄。可在复合刀架（转盘）顶部的T型槽内滑动。可用来夹紧和定位刀夹。进给和车螺纹机构进给及车螺纹机构由进给箱、丝杠、光杠和溜板箱内的齿轮和离合器组成。进给箱直接位于主轴箱组件下方。经齿轮将主轴左端的动力传递给进给箱。进给箱包括许多不同尺寸的齿轮，可提供下面两种变换：(1)改变进给量；(2)改变车螺纹时主轴箱主轴转速与床鞍行程间之比。通常必须移动两到三个手柄才可能获得精确的进给量和正确的螺纹数英寸。齿轮箱前面附有一指示图，指明获得所需进给量或螺纹数英寸的手柄位置。丝杠和光杠把动力传递给床鞍以进行自动进给和螺纹切削。在小型车床上只使用一个光杠，而在大型车床上才有两个单独的杠。床鞍的纵横向运动均可有机动进给。纵向进给方向由床头箱上的反向手柄控制，使用不同的控制手柄就可以用不同方式获得机动进给。(1)在较早的车床上，纵向进给时将溜板箱上的进给变换手柄移到上面位置然后将自动进给摇手转向右面就可移动床鞍。为了获得横向自动进给，将进给变换手柄移到下面位置，并将同一自动进给摇手转向右边就可。横进给方向由床头箱上的反向手柄控制。(2)第二类车床有一进给选择手柄移向上面为纵向进给，向下为横向进给。然后，移动一离合器就可实现机动进给。(3)第三类车床有一个纵向机动进给手柄（或离合器）
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