【机械类毕业论文中英文对照文献翻译】机械设计概论
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机械类毕业论文中英文对照文献翻译
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【机械类毕业论文中英文对照文献翻译】机械设计概论,机械类毕业论文中英文对照文献翻译,机械类,毕业论文,中英文,对照,文献,翻译,机械设计,概论
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附录1译文机械设计概论机械设计是一门通过设计新产品或者改进老产品来满足人类需求的应用技术科学。它是一个广阔的工程技术领域，不仅要研究产品在尺寸、形状和详细结构等方面的基本构思，还要考虑产品在制造、销售和使用等方面的有关问题。进行各种机械设计工作的人员通常被称为设计人员或者设计工程师。机械设计是一项创造性的工作。设计工程师不仅在工作上要有创新性，还必须在机械制图、运动学、动力学、工程材料、材料力学和机械制造工艺等方面具有深厚的基础知识。如前面所述，机械设计的目的是生产能够满足人类需求的产品。发明、发现和科学知识本身并不一定能给人类带来益处，只有当它们被用在产品上才能产生效益。因此，应该认识到在一个特定产品进行设计之前，必须先确定人们是否需要这种产品。应当把机械设计看成是设计人员运用创造性的才能进行产品设计、系统分析和制订产品的制造工艺的一个良机。掌握工程基础知识要比熟记一些数据和公式更为重要。仅仅使用数据和公式是不足以在一个好的设计中做出所需的全部决定。另一方面，应该认真精确地进行所有运算。例如，即时将一个小数点的位置放错，也会使正确的设计变成错误的。一个好的设计人员应该用于提出新的想法，而且愿意承担一定的风险，当新的方法不适用时，就恢复采用原来的方法。因此，设计人员必须要有耐心，因为所花费的时间和努力并不能保证带来成功。一个全新的设计，要求摈弃许多陈旧的，为人们所熟知的方法。由于许多人易于墨守成规，这样做并不是一件容易的事情。一位设计工程师应该不断地探索改进现有产品的办法，在此过程中应该认真选择原有的、经过验证的设计原理，将其与未经验证的新概念结合起来。新设计本身会有许多缺陷和未能预料的问题发生，只有当这些缺陷和问题被解决之后，才能体现出新产品的优越性。因此，一个性能优越的产品诞生的同时，也伴随着较高的风险。应该强调的是，如果设计本身不要求采油全新的方法，就没有必要仅仅为了变革的目的而采用新办法。在设计的初始阶段，应该允许设计人员不受各种约束，充分发挥创造性。即时产生了许多不切合实际的想法，也会在设计的早期，即绘制生产图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样，才不至于堵塞创新的思路。通常要提出几套设计方案，然后加以比较。很有可能在最后选定的方案中，采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。机械设计是一门通过设计新产品或者改进老产品来满足人类需求的应用技术科学。它是一个广阔的工程技术领域，不仅要研究产品在尺寸、形状和详细结构等方面的基本构思，还要考虑产品在制造、销售和使用等方面的有关问题。进行各种机械设计工作的人员通常被称为设计人员或者设计工程师。机械设计是一项创造性的工作。设计工程师不仅在工作上要有创新性，还必须在机械制图、运动学、动力学、工程材料、材料力学和机械制造工艺等方面具有深厚的基础知识。如前面所述，机械设计的目的是生产能够满足人类需求的产品。发明、发现和科学知识本身并不一定能给人类带来益处，只有当它们被用在产品上才能产生效益。因此，应该认识到在一个特定产品进行设计之前，必须先确定人们是否需要这种产品。应当把机械设计看成是设计人员运用创造性的才能进行产品设计、系统分析和制订产品的制造工艺的一个良机。掌握工程基础知识要比熟记一些数据和公式更为重要。仅仅使用数据和公式是不足以在一个好的设计中做出所需的全部决定。另一方面，应该认真精确地进行所有运算。例如，即时将一个小数点的位置放错，也会使正确的设计变成错误的。一个好的设计人员应该用于提出新的想法，而且愿意承担一定的风险，当新的方法不适用时，就恢复采用原来的方法。因此，设计人员必须要有耐心，因为所花费的时间和努力并不能保证带来成功。一个全新的设计，要求摈弃许多陈旧的，为人们所熟知的方法。由于许多人易于墨守成规，这样做并不是一件容易的事情。一位设计工程师应该不断地探索改进现有产品的办法，在此过程中应该认真选择原有的、经过验证的设计原理，将其与未经验证的新概念结合起来。新设计本身会有许多缺陷和未能预料的问题发生，只有当这些缺陷和问题被解决之后，才能体现出新产品的优越性。因此，一个性能优越的产品诞生的同时，也伴随着较高的风险。应该强调的是，如果设计本身不要求采油全新的方法，就没有必要仅仅为了变革的目的而采用新办法。在设计的初始阶段，应该允许设计人员不受各种约束，充分发挥创造性。即时产生了许多不切合实际的想法，也会在设计的早期，即绘制生产图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样，才不至于堵塞创新的思路。通常要提出几套设计方案，然后加以比较。很有可能在最后选定的方案中，采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。心理学家经常谈论如何使人们适合他们所操作的机器。设计人员的基本职责是努力使机器来适应人们。这并不是一项容易的工作，因为实际上并不存在着一个对所有人来说都是最优的操作范围和操作过程。另一个应该被认为到的主要问题是，设计工程师必须能够同其他有关人员进行交流和沟通。在开始阶段，设计人员必须就初步设计同管理人员进行交流和沟通，并得到批准。这一般是通过口头讨论，草图和文字材料进行的。为了有效地进行交流，需要解决下列问题：（1）所要设计的这个产品是否真正为人们所需要？（2）此产品与其他公司的现有同类产品相比有无竞争能力？（3）生产这种产品是否经济？（4）产品的维护是否方便？（5）产品有无销路？是否可以营利？只有时间才能对上述问题给出答案。但是，产品的设计、制造和销售只能。在对上述问题的初步肯定答案的基础上进行。设计工程师还应该通过零件图和装配图，与制造部门一起对最终设计方案进行沟通通常，在制造过程中会出现某个问题。但是，工程上的更改必须要经过设计人员批准，以保证不会损伤产品的功能。有时，在产品的装配时或者装箱外运前的试验中才发现设计中的某些缺陷。这些事例恰好说明了设计是一个动态过程。总是存在着更好的方法来完成设计工作，设计人员应该不断努力，寻找这些更好的方法。根据目前国内外设计学者进行机械产品方案设计所用方法的主要特征，可以将方案的现代设计方法概括为下述四大类型。1、系统化设计方法系统化设计方法的主要特点是：将设计看成由若干个设计要素组成的一个系统，每个设计要素具有独立性，各个要素间存在着有机的联系，并具有层次性，所有的设计要素结合后，即可实现设计系统所需完成的任务。2、结构模块化设计方法从规划产品的角度提出：定义设计任务时以功能化的产品结构为基础，引用已有的产品解(如通用零件部件等)描述设计任务，即分解任务时就考虑每个分任务是否存在对应的产品解，这样，能够在产品规划阶段就消除设计任务中可能存在的矛盾，早期预测生产能力、费用，以及开发设计过程中计划的可调整性，由此提高设计效率和设计的可靠性，同时也降低新产品的成本。Feldmann将描述设计任务的功能化产品结构分为四层，(1)产品(2)功能组成(3)主要功能组件(4)功能元件。并采用面向应用的结构化特征目录，对功能元件进行更为具体的定性和定量描述。同时研制出适合于产品开发早期和设计初期使用的工具软件STRAT。3、基于产品特征知识的设计方法基于产品特征知识设计方法的主要特点是：用计算机能够识别的语言描述产品的特征及其设计领域专家的知识和经验，建立相应的知识库及推理机，再利用已存储的领域知识和建立的推理机制实现计算机辅助产品的方案设计。4、智能化设计方法智能化设计方法的主要特点是：根据设计方法学理论，借助于三维图形软件、智能化设计软件和虚拟现实技术，以及多媒体、超媒体工具进行产品的开发设计、表达产品的构思、描述 产品的结构。附录2英文参考资料Introduction to Machine DesignMachine design is the application of science and technology to devise new or improved products for the purpose of satisfying human needs .It is a vast field of e ing technology which not only concerns itself with the original conception of the product in terms of its size, shape and construction details, but also considers the various factors involved in the manufacture, marketing and use lf the product.People who perform the various functions of machine design are typically called designers, or design e s. Machine design is basically a creative activity. However, in addition to being innovative, a design e must also gave a solid background in the areas lf mechanical drawing, kinematics, dynamics, materials e ing, strength of materials and manufacturing processes.As stated previously, the purpose lf machine design is to produce a product which will serve a need for man. Inventions, discoveries and scientific knowledge by themselves do not necessarily benefit people; only if they are incorporated into a designed product will a benefit be derived. It should be recognized, therefore, that a human need must be identified before a particular product is designed.Machine design should be considered to be an opportunity to use innovative talents to envision a design of a product, to analyze the system and then male sound judgments on how the product is to be manufactured. It is important to understand the fundamentals of e ing rather than memorize mere facts and equations. There are no facts or equations which alone can be used to provide all the correct decisions required to produce a good design. On the other hand, any calculations made must be done with the utmost care and precision. For example, if a decimal point is misplaced, an otherwise acceptable design may not function.Good designs require trying new ideas and being willing to tale a certain amount lf risk, knowing that if the new idea does not work the existing method can be reinstated. Thus a designer must have patience, since there id no assurance of success for the time and effort expended. Creating a completely new design generally requires that many old and well-established methods be thrust and attitudes. A design e should constantly search for ways to improve an exiting product and must decide what old, proven concepts should be used and what new, untried ideas should be incorporated.New designs generally have “bugs” or unforeseen problems which must be worked out before the superior characteristics of the new designs can be enjoyed. Thus there is a chance for a superior product, but only at higher risk. It should be emphasized that, if a design does not warrant radical new methods such methods should not be applied merely for the sake of change.During the beginning staged of design, creativity should be allowed to flourish without a great number of constraints. Eve though many impractical ideas may arise, it is usually easy to eliminate them in the early stages of design before firm details are required by manufacturing. In this way, innovative ideas are not inhibited. Quite often, more than one design is developed, up to the point where they can be compared against each other. It is entirely possible that the design which is ultimately accepted will use ideas existing in one of the rejected designs that did not show as much overall promise.Machine design is the application of science and technology to devise new or improved products for the purpose of satisfying human needs .It is a vast field of e ing technology which not only concerns itself with the original conception of the product in terms of its size, shape and construction details, but also considers the various factors involved in the manufacture, marketing and use lf the product.People who perform the various functions of machine design are typically called designers, or design e s. Machine design is basically a creative activity. However, in addition to being innovative, a design e must also gave a solid background in the areas lf mechanical drawing, kinematics, dynamics, materials e ing, strength of materials and manufacturing processes.As stated previously, the purpose lf machine design is to produce a product which will serve a need for man. Inventions, discoveries and scientific knowledge by themselves do not necessarily benefit people; only if they are incorporated into a designed product will a benefit be derived. It should be recognized, therefore, that a human need must be identified before a particular product is designed.Machine design should be considered to be an opportunity to use innovative talents to envision a design of a product, to analyze the system and then male sound judgments on how the product is to be manufactured. It is important to understand the fundamentals of e ing rather than memorize mere facts and equations. There are no facts or equations which alone can be used to provide all the correct decisions required to produce a good design. On the other hand, any calculations made must be done with the utmost care and precision. For example, if a decimal point is misplaced, an otherwise acceptable design may not function.Good designs require trying new ideas and being willing to tale a certain amount lf risk, knowing that if the new idea does not work the existing method can be reinstated. Thus a designer must have patience, since there id no assurance of success for the time and effort expended. Creating a completely new design generally requires that many old and well-established methods be thrust and attitudes. A design e should constantly search for ways to improve an exiting product and must decide what old, proven concepts should be used and what new, untried ideas should be incorporated.New designs generally have “bugs” or unforeseen problems which must be worked out before the superior characteristics of the new designs can be enjoyed. Thus there is a chance for a superior product, but only at higher risk. It should be emphasized that, if a design does not warrant radical new methods such methods should not be applied merely for the sake of change.During the beginning staged of design, creativity should be allowed to flourish without a great number of constraints. Eve though many impractical ideas may arise, it is usually easy to eliminate them in the early stages of design before firm details are required by manufacturing. In this way, innovative ideas are not inhibited. Quite often, more than one design is developed, up to the point where they can be compared against each other. It is entirely possible that the design which is ultimately accepted will use ideas existing in one of the rejected designs that did not show as much overall promise.Psychologists frequently talk about trying to fit people to the machines they operate. It is essentially the responsibility of the design e to strive to fit machines to people. This is not an easy task, since there is really no average person for which certain operating dimensions and procedures are optimum.Another important point which should be recognized is that a design e must be able to communicate ideas to other people if they are to be incorporated. Initially, the designer must communicate a preliminary design to get management approval. This is usually done by verbal discussions in conjunction with drawing layouts and written material. To communicate effectively, the following questions must be answered:(1) Does the design really serve a human need?(2) Will it be competitive with existing products of rival companied?(3) Is it economical to produce?(4) Can it be readily maintained?(5) Will it sell and make a profit?Only time provide the true answers to the preceding questions, but the product should be designed, manufactured and marketed only with initial affirmative answers. The design e also must communicate the finalized design to manufacturing through the use of detail and assembly drawings.Quite often, a problem will occur during the manufacturing cycle. It may be that a change is required in the dimensioning or tolerancing of a part so that it can be more readily produced. This falls in the category of e ing changes which must be approved by the design e so that the product function will not be adversely affected. In other cases, a deficiency in the design may appear during assembly or testing just prior to shipping. These realities simply bear out the fact that design is a living process. There is always a better way to do it and the designer should constantly strive towards finding that better way.Under the current domestic and foreign scholars for mechanical design product design methodology used by the main feature, The program will be of modern design methods summarized as the following four categories. 1.systematic design method Systematic design of the main features : design as by a number of design elements of a system, Each element is independence between the various elements of an organic link, and is layered, all combining elements of the design, system design can be realized required to2. the modular design structure Products from the planning perspective : Definitions design tasks to the functional structure-based products, use existing product solutions (such as the common parts and components, etc.) to describe the design task that the decomposition of tasks on each task to consider whether
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