【机械类毕业论文中英文对照文献翻译】汽车电器
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机械类毕业论文中英文对照文献翻译
机械类
毕业论文
中英文
对照
文献
翻译
汽车电器
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【机械类毕业论文中英文对照文献翻译】汽车电器,机械类毕业论文中英文对照文献翻译,机械类,毕业论文,中英文,对照,文献,翻译,汽车电器
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附 录附录A:英文文献AUTO ELECTRIC APPLIANCES1、Starting SystemAutomobile engines are not self-starts. In order to start them, the engine crankshaft must be turned over. To do this, the starter motor receives electrical power form the storage battery. The starter motor then converts this energy into mechanical energy, which it transmits through the drive mechanism to the engines fly wheel.The starter motor draws a great deal of electrical current from the battery. A large starter motor might require 300 to 400 amperes of current. This current flows through the heavy gauge cables that connect the battery to the starter.The drive controls the flow of this current using the starting switch. However, if the cables were routed from the battery to the starting switch and then on to the starter motor, the voltage drop caused b resistance in the cables would be too great. To avoid this problem, the system is designed with two connected circuits: the starter circuit and the control circuit.1.1 The starting safety switchThe starting safety switch is also called a neutral start switch. It is a normally open switch that prevents the starting system from opening when the automobiles transmission is in gear. If the car has no starting safety switch, it is possible to spin the engine with the transmission in gear. This will make the car lurch forward or backward which could be dangerous. Safety switches or interlock devices are used with all automatic transmissions and on many late-model cars with manual transmissions. The safety switch can be an electrical switch that opens the control circuit if the car is in gear. It can also be a mechanical interlock device that will not let the ignition switch turn to start if the car is in the gear.1.2 Magnetic Switch (Relays and Solenoids)A magnetic switch in the starting system allows the control circuit to open and close the starter circuit. The switch can be a:（）Relay which uses the electromagnetic field of a coil to attract an armature and close the contact points.（） Solenoid which uses the electromagnetic field of a coil to pull a plunger into the coil and close the contact points. The plungers movement can also be used to do a mechanical job, such as shifting the starter motor gear in a solenoid-actuated drive.1.3 Starter MotorThe starter motor converts electrical energy from the battery into mechanical energy to turn the engine. It does this through the interaction of magnetic fields. When current flows through a conductor, a magnetic field is formed around the conductor. If the conductor is placed in another magnetic field, the two fields will be weakened at one side and strengthened at the other side. An automotive starter motor has many conductors and uses a lot of current to create enough rotational force to crank the engine.The armature is the collection of conductors that will spin to crank the engine. The starter drive gear is mounted on the armature shaft. The pole pieces are the stationary magnetic fields. The motor housing encloses the armature and pole pieces, holds the bearings that support the armature shaft, and provides the terminals for connecting the motor to the rest of the staring system.2.I gniting SystemThe ignition system on an internal combustion engine provides the spark that ignites the combustible air/fuel mixture in the combustion chamber. The spark consists of an electric are produced by applying a high voltage across the electrodes of a spark plug. This spark must occur near the end of the compression stroke, as the position approaches top dead center (TDC). The cylinders must fire in the proper order and at a precise instant, depending on engine speed, load and temperature conditions.A spark plug consists of a pair of electrodes called the center and ground electrodes, separated by a gap. A spark is produced by applying a high voltage (from approximately 6 KV to 40 KV) between the center electrode and ground. Once the arc is started, a much lower voltage is required to sustain the arc to ignite the air/fuel mixture.The ignition system is divided into two circuits: the primary and the secondary. The primary circuit is the low-voltage side of the system and controls the secondary circuit, which is the high-voltage side of the system.The following are the basic parts of the primary ignition circuit:（）Battery and/or alternator. Supplies the low voltage (12V) used to operate the primary circuit.（） Ignition switch. Key-operated switch used to feed battery voltage to the primary circuit.（） Primary wires. Low voltage wires used to connect the electrical components of the primary circuit.（） Ignition coil primary winding. Current flow through the coil produces an electromagnetic field, which is used to induce a high voltage in the secondary coil.（） Electronic control unit. Contains a switching transistor controlled by a speed sensor and is used to open and close the primary circuit.（）Speed sensor, or pickup. Produces a pulsating voltage that signals the generation of an ignition spark.The following are the basic parts of a secondary ignition circuit:（）Ignition coil secondary winding. Has a high voltage (40,000 V or more) induced in it each time the primary magnetic field collapses.（）Coil wire. Heavily insulated wire that feeds high voltage from the ignition coil to distributor cap.（） Distributor rotor. Operates in conjunction with the distributor cap to distribute the high voltage from the ignition coil to the individual spark plug wires in the firing order.（） Distributor cap. Insulated cap that transfers high voltage from the distributor rotor to spark plug wires.（） Spark plug wire. Heavily insulated wire that carries high voltage from the distributor to the spark plugs.（）Spark plug. Provides the air gap within the combustion chamber for the high voltage to arc across, thus igniting the air/fuel mixture.、Lighting CircuitThe lighting system in a typical automobile includes the headlight, parking lights, direction-signal lights, side marker, stoplights, tail lights, and interior lights.3.1 Main Lighting SwitchThe main lighting switch (sometimes called the headlight switch) is the heart of the lighting systems. It controls the headlights, parking lights, side marker lights, taillights, license plate light, instrument panel lights, and interior lights.Individual switches are provided for special purpose lights such as directional signals, hazard warning flashers, back up lights, and courtesy lights. The main lighting switch may be of either the “push-pull” or “push-pull with rotary contact” types. A typical switch will have three positions: off, parking, and headlamps. Some switches also contain a rheostat to control the brightness of the instrument panel lights. The rheostat is operated by rotating the control knob, separating it from the push-pull action of the main lighting switch.When the main lighting switch completes the circuit to the headlamps, the low beam lights the way for city driving and for use when meeting oncoming traffic on the highway. When the dimmer switch is actuated, the single filament headlamps go “on”, along with the high beam of the two filament headlamps. The next actuation of the dimmer switch returns the headlight system to low beams only on the two filament lamps. Some cars are equipped with and electronic headlight dimming device, which automatically switches the headlights from high beam to low in response to light from an approaching vehicle or light from the taillight of a vehicle being overtaken. The dimmer switch in the automatic headlamp dimming system is a special override type. It is located in the steering column as part of a combination dimmer, horn, and turn signal switch. The override action occurs when a slight pull toward the driver on the switch lever providers high beam headlights regardless of the amount of light on the sensor-amplifier.For some years there has been discussion about the advantages of a polarized headlight system. Such a system comprises headlights which produce polarized light in a particular plane. The windscreens of all cars would be fitted with polarizing glass, which would be oriented so that glare from an approaching vehicle would be essentially eliminated, while the forward vision would still be kept at the present levels. The advantages the system appear attractive, but the practical problems of making the transition are very great, since it would not be practical to convert all existing vehicles to this type of lighting. Also, any benefits would only be marginal because glare itself is not a frequent cause of accidents. However, many cars now have refracting or colored glass to cut down on glare.3.2 Directional Signal SwitchThe directional signal switch is installed just below the hub of the steering wheel. A manually controlled lever projecting from the switch permits the driver to signal the direction in which he wants to turn. Moving the switch handle down will light the “turn signal” lamps on the left front and left rear of the car, signaling a left turn. Moving the switch upward will light the turn signal lamps on the right (front and rear), signaling a right turn. With the switch in a position to signal a turn, lights are alternately turned “on” and “off” by a turn signal flasher. Incorporated in the directional signal switch is a “lane change switch mechanism”. This feature provides the driver the opportunity to signal a lane change by holding the turn lever against a dent, then releasing it so cancel the signal immediately after the maneuver is completed.3.3 Stoplight SwitchIn order to signal a stop, a brake pedal operated “stoplight switch” is provided to operate the vehicles stop lamps. In addition to lighting the conventional rear lights, the switch also operates the center high-mounted stop lamp, which became mandatory on later models. Cruise control equipped vehicles may also utilize a vacuum release valve. In this case, both the vacuum release valve and the stoplight switch are actuated by movement of the brake pedal.附录B:中文文献汽车电器 1、启动系统汽车发动机是不能自动启动的。为了启动发动机，曲轴必须先运转起来。为此，启动机必须从蓄电池得到足够的电能。接着启动机将这部分电能转化成机械能，通过驱动机构传到发动机曲轴飞轮上。启动机需要蓄电池提供大量的电流。一个大型的启动机需要大约300400安培的电流。电流通过重型电缆从蓄电池连接到启动机上。驾驶员通过启动开关来控制这个电流。如果导线从蓄电池经过启动开关连接到启动机上，在导线上会产生大量的电压降。为了避免这个问题，启动系统设计有两套电路：启动机电路和控制电路。1.1安全启动开关启动安全开关又称为空档启动开关。它是一个常开开关，用来防止在汽车挂挡后启动系统工作。如果没有安全启动开关，启动系统很可能在挂挡后工作。这种情况是非常危险的，将会使汽车前进或后退。安全开关或者互锁装置在所有的自动排挡或手动排挡的汽车上都有应用。安全开关可以是一种电子开关，当汽车挂挡后，它断开控制电路。同样，安全开关也可以是机械互锁装置，当汽车挂挡后不允许点火开关转到启动位置。1.2电磁开关启动系统的电磁开关用于控制控制电路断开或接通启动机电路。开关形式如下：（）继电器： 利用吸引线圈产生磁场，吸引衔铁并闭合触点。（）电磁线圈：利用吸引线圈产生磁场，推动柱塞进入线圈并闭合触点。柱塞通常是机械运动，就如使启动机挂挡的电磁驱动装置一样。1.3启动机启动机将蓄电池的电能转化为驱动发动机启动的机械能。它是利用电磁互感的原理制成的。通有电流的导体在其周围会产生磁场。当这样的导体被放置到另一个磁场中时，两个磁场将有一侧被加强而另一侧被减弱。当大电流流过汽车启动机的线圈时，可以产生足以让发动机曲轴转动的力矩。电枢由线圈组成用以使发动机曲轴转动。启动机驱动安装在电枢转轴上的齿轮。磁极产生稳定磁场。启动机外壳内装入电枢与磁极，外壳两端的轴承支撑电枢转轴，并将启动机与启动系统支架相连。2、点火系统内燃机的点火系统产生电火花，点燃燃烧室的可燃混合气体。火花由电弧产生，是由经过火花塞电极的高电压形成的。火花应该在接近压缩行程终了的时候产生，即活塞位于接近上止点（TDC）。各缸的点火应该有合适的顺序和精确的时间，这取决于发动机的转速、负荷和温度。火花塞由一对电极组成，称为中心电极和塔铁（旁）电极由一个间隙分开。火花由在中心电极和旁电极之间的高电压（大约6千伏到40千伏）产生。一旦电弧产生，必须有一个较低的电压来维持电弧点燃混合气。 点火系统分为两条回路：初级和次级。初级回路是系统的低压端，并控制这次级回路，而次级回路是系统的高压端。初级回路由以下基本部分组成：（）蓄电池和发电机。提供低压电（12伏）让低压电路正常工作。（）点火开关。通过点火开关的控制，把蓄电池电压提供给初级电路。（）初级导线。低压导线用来连接初级回路的各个部件。（）点火线圈初级绕组。电流通过线圈，产生一个电磁场，用来在次级线圈中产生高电压。（）电子控制单元。包括由转速传感器控制的开关晶体管，用来断开或接通初级电路。（）转速传感器或者感应线圈。产生一组脉冲电压，给点火火花的产生提供信号。次级回路由以下基本部分组成：（）点火线圈次级绕组。当初级回路的电磁场每一次消失的时候，会产生一个高电压（40 000伏或更高）。（）（线圈）高压导线（中央高压线）。导线必须确保绝缘，以保证高电压从点火线圈传输到分电器盖。（）分电器的分火头。作用是与分电器盖相连，把高电压从点火线圈
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