【机械类毕业论文中英文对照文献翻译】现代螺杆压缩机设计实例
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编号相关资料题目:圆柱型产品带震动的填充粉末料的 自动机设计 系 专业学 号: 学生姓名: 指导教师: (职称:副教授 ) (职称: )2013年5月25日目 录一、毕业设计(论文)开题报告二、毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译及原文三、学生“毕业论文(论文)计划、进度、检查及落实表”四、实习鉴定表开题报告题目: 圆柱形带震动的填充粉末料的自动 机设计 系 专业学 号: 学生姓名: 指导教师: (职称:副教授 ) (职称: )2012年11月14日 课题来源工厂科学依据(1)课题科学意义 本课题所要研究的是如何将粉末料填充入容器并将粉末料压实。类似此类研究的有胶囊填充机、自动填粉压粉机、粉末成型机等。本次设计主要是为了全自动实现容器的校正与定位、粉末的装填和粉末的压制成型。相比较于其他类似的粉末填充机,本次设计的自动机具有更多种功能。(2)填充粉末料的自动机的国内外研究概况1.国外研究现状 近年来,由于胶囊填充机生产胶囊效率高,质量好,能达到制药行业的标准,胶囊填充机被广泛应用。胶囊填充机在制药企业中逐显其重要地位。现在市场上主要有全自动胶囊填充机和半自动胶囊填充机。随着计算机技术的发展和应用,PLC应用于胶囊填充机系统,使胶囊填充机的技术性能和安全性有了很大的提高。但是胶囊填充机的结构依然很复杂,它的结构复杂化,会使操作复杂化,这样容易出差错,造成不必要的损失,对于操作技术不熟练的操作来说更是如此。为了解决这个问题,国外近年来通过应用各种先进技术,改进显示装置和操作结构,使操作简便化,甚至自动化。九十年代末以来,自动化应用于胶囊充填机,使得胶囊充填机的生产效率大大提高。具体有以下几个方面: 第一:控制模块的改进 增加了自动监控系统由可编程逻辑控制智能模块和人机界面操作系统组成,界面分为手动试运行和正常运转,并采用了智能模块和探测器,对于缺料、缺囊、料道阻塞和机械故障等运行故障实现了自动诊断监控、自动报警停车,同时可实时粒计产量和累计产量的统计。 第二:凸轮的设计 结构上加大了凸轮的尺寸,使充填所需要的运行压力较大,既能适应西药又能适应中药,以保证设备的使用寿命和运行的可靠性。 第三:剔除废囊装置 该装置利用真空装置剔除废胶囊(合格率指标以外的),将废胶囊以外的药品回收重新利用断绝浪费,大大提高经济效益。2.国内研究现状 胶囊剂可以保护药物药性不被破坏,解决了由药物流失和浪费所造成的药效降低问题,防止了药物对消化器官和呼吸道的伤害,便于吞服。受到了广大患者的欢迎。使胶囊充填机在各个制药企业中占了主导地位。由于科技的发展,胶囊机的改进成为至关重要的课题。80年代初,我国才刚引用手动胶囊机,这种胶囊机操作难,生产效率低,废胶囊的比率较大,浪费了大量的人力、物力。90年代的半自动胶囊填充机,虽然大大降低了废胶囊的比率,但是生产效率仍然没有提高。如今全自动胶囊充填机自动完成胶囊的播囊、分囊、充填物料、剔除废囊、锁囊、成品输出以及模具清洁等功能,受到了广大药企业的欢迎。研究内容 研究粉末颗粒中的某一粒子在螺杆下料过程中的运动轨迹,通过数学方程描述其运动轨迹。 建立数学模型,数学模型主要描述粒子在运动过程中的速度变化和加速度变化。 根据螺杆的运动轨迹方程及受力情况,对螺杆充填的效率进行分析,通过效率分布曲线确定出较好的螺旋升角及螺杆转速范围。 将粉末颗粒物料假设为流体,研究螺杆充填的机理。 ./拟采取的研究方法、技术路线、实验方案及可行性分析(1)技术路线首先研究粉末颗粒中的某一粒子在螺杆下料过程中的运动轨迹,通过数学方程描述其运动轨迹,建立数学模型,数学模型主要描述粒子在运动过程中的速度变化和加速度变化。其次根据螺杆的运动轨迹方程及受力情况,对螺杆充填的效率进行分析,通过效率分布曲线确定出较好的螺旋升角及螺杆转速范围。(2)研究方法 根据螺杆的运动轨迹方程及受力情况,对螺杆充填的效率进行分析。 对实验数据进行分析处理,为粉末填充机的工作机构动力学模型、进行仿真与分析作了必要的准备。(3)可行性分析 通过数学方程描述其运动轨迹,建立数学模型的方法运用成熟,因此是可行的。研究计划及预期成果研究计划:2012年11月12日-2012年11月16日:学习并翻译一篇与毕业设计相关的英文材料2012年11月20日-2013年1月20日:按照任务书要求查阅论文相关参考资料,填写毕业设计开题报告书。2013年1月25日-2013年2月10日:填写毕业实习报告。2013年2月20日-2013年3月10日:按照要求修改毕业设计开题报告。2013年3月19日-2013年3月30日:根据开题报告完成任务书。2013年4月1日-2013年4月30日:完成总装图及零件图的绘制。2013年4月30日-2013年5月25日:毕业论文撰写和修改工作。预期成果:我国市场前景广阔,产品质量性能逐渐满足要求,因此产品的发展必须由单纯的追求技术上的完善,转向产品外观质量的提高,放到与技术改进放到同等重要的位置,通过本课题的研究,产品必定以合理的色彩以及人性化的结构方式提高自己的附加值,吸引到更多地客户,加大自己产品的市场占有率,提高在行业中的竞争力。本文中对充填过程分析所使用的另外一个重要方法是流体力学法,因此了解粉末颗粒物料的基本性质对充填过程的分析还是有很大帮助的。 特色或创新之处 能够自动化流水线操作。 容器校正采用滑轮钩带动,通过钩住容器口来校正容器。填粉压粉装置采用支柱带动填粉器。已具备的条件和尚需解决的问题 设计思路已经明确,整体步骤已经确定。 清理泄出粉尘等细节还需改进。指导教师意见 指导教师签名:年 月 日教研室(学科组、研究所)意见 教研室主任签名: 年 月 日系意见 主管领导签名: 年 月 日英文原文104 5 Examples of Modern Screw Compressor DesignsFig. 5.20. Screw compressor rotors optimized for air conditioning and light refrigerationduty, left and rotors designed for heavy refrigeration duty, rightthe motor cooling process is evacuated through the superfeed port. Apart from the inevitable resulting decrease in the plant capacity, the compressor efficiency will be unchanged. A compressor with such a cooling concept is shown in Fig. 5.23.5.4.5 Multirotor Screw CompressorsThe use of multiple main or gate rotors in one screw compressor to increase capacity was proposed almost at the introduction of these machines. In Fig. 5.245.4 Design of Refrigeration Compressors 105Fig. 5.21. Original rotors and compressor optimized for general refrigeration andair conditioning dutyTable 5.1. Experimental Comparison of Compressor Performance with Retrofit andStandard RotorsStandard Rotors Evaporation/Condensation Temp 15/30 35/35 Shaft Speed rpm 2920 2920 Refrig Capacity kW 626 216 Motor Power kW 178 156 COP 3.523 1.383 Optimized Rotors Evaporation/Condensation Temp 15/30 35/35 0/35 Shaft Speed rpm 2920 2920 2920 Refrig Capacity kW 669 243 1187 Motor Power kW 182 168 245 COP 3.671 1.486 4.98 COP Improvement New/Old 104.2% 107.5% -a multirotor screw compressor with two gate rotors is shown, as given in Sakun, 1960. The idea has not yet been fully commercialised. However, several patents, such as those of Shaw, 1999 and Zhong, 2002 have been recently published in that area. It is obvious that the capacity of multirotor compressor will be a multiple the capacity of the corresponding ordinary screw compressor Nonetheless, although it is fairly self evident, it is not yet fully appreciated that the efficiency of a multirotor machine will be no better than that of a number of single rotor pair compressors.Another feature of the multirotor arrangement is the balancing of radial forces on the main rotor. Unfortunately the axial forces on the main rotor106 5 Examples of Modern Screw Compressor DesignsFig. 5.22. Compressor and retrofit rotors optimized for general refrigeration dutycompared with the original rotors (light line)5.4 Design of Refrigeration Compressors 107Fig. 5.23. Semihermetic compressor with motor cooling through superfeed port atthe motor housing, far rightFig. 5.24. Layout of the multirotor screw compressor108 5 Examples of Modern Screw Compressor Designsare simultaneously multiplied. Generally, it is easier to cope with axial than with radial rotor forces by using, for example balancing pistons. Hence this feature can be regarded as an advantage. The gate rotor forces are virtuallyunaffected by this arrangement.5.5 Multifunctional Screw MachinesOne of the potential advantages of screw machines over other types of positivedisplacement machine is their ability to perform both the compression andexpansion functions simultaneously, using only one pair of rotors. A furtherfeature of this is the use of the rotors which seal on both contacting surfaces sothat the same profile may be used both for the expander and the compressor sections. This means the compressor and expander rotors can be machined or ground in a single cutting operation and then separated by machining a parting slot in them on completion of the lobe formation. Moreover, by location of the machine ports, as shown, in Fig. 5.25, the pressure loads can be partially balanced and thereby, mechanical friction losses will be less than if the two functions are performed in separate machines.5.5.1 Simultaneous Compression and Expansionon One Pair of RotorsFields of application of such machines are replacement of the throttle valve in refrigeration and air conditioning plants, high pressure applications, fuel cells, multistage compression or expansion and, really, any other application where simultaneous compression and expansion are required. One example of such an unusual, but convenient application is compressor capacity control by partial expansion of the compressed gas.As is shown in Fig. 5.25 high pressure gas enters the expander port at the top of the casing, near the centre, and is expelled from the low pressure port at the bottom of the casing at one end. The expansion process causes the temperature to drop. However, here the fall in pressure is used to recover power and causes the rotors to turn. Gas enters the low pressure compressor port, at the top of the opposite end of the casing, is compressed within it and expelled from the high pressure discharge port at the bottom of the casing, near the centre. Ideally, there is no internal transfer of fluid within the machine between the expansion and compression sections which each take place in separate chambers.If the same machine presented in Fig. 5.25 is used as a two stage compressor, only the ports of the second stage will exchange their places. The low pressure port of the second stage will be located on the top of the machine and the high pressure discharge will be at the machine bottom. This offers a compact two stage machine which may be used either in the oil flooded or dry operation mode. A similar arrangement is valid for a two stage expander.5.5 Multifunctional Screw Machines 109Fig. 5.25. View of the multifunctional rotors acting simultaneously as compressorand expander5.5.2 Design Characteristics of Multifunctional Screw RotorsSince compression and expansion are carried out separately in multifunctional rotors the compressor and expander profiles could be different. However, this would make manufacture extremely difficult, due to the small clearance space between the two rotor functions. Hence to make it possible for the proposed multifunctional rotors to be utilized, the rotors must form a full sealing line on both contacting surfaces so that the same profile may be used both for the expander and the compressor sections.An example of how the rotor profile will then appear is given in Fig. 5.26.Additionally the expansion section can contain a capacity control such as a slide or lifting valve at suction to alter the volume passing through it at part load, in a manner identical to capacity controls normally used in screw compressors.If the rotors are used for multistage compression, they can retain their profile shape common for screw compressors with a small blow hole on one side and a relatively large one on the opposite side.110 5 Examples of Modern Screw Compressor DesignsFig. 5.26. Compressor-Expander Rotors5.5.3 Balancing Forces on Compressor-Expander RotorsAn important novelty of the compressor expander arrangement on one pair of rotors is in the positioning of the ports. Because the high pressure ports of such machine are in the centre of the unit and arranged so that they are on opposite sides of the casing, the high pressure forces due to compression and expansion are opposed to each other and, more significantly, only displaced axially from each other by a relatively short distance. The radial forces on the bearings are thereby significantly reduced. In addition, since both ends of the rotors are at more or less equal pressure, the axial forces virtually balance out The following example of a combined compressor and expander in the high pressure application indicates the extent of the advantages, which are possible from this arrangement.A refrigerator uses 2.75m3/min CO2 as a working fluid which leaves the evaporator and enters the compressor as dry saturated vapour at a suction pressure of 35 bar to leave the compressor and enter the condenser at a discharge pressure of 100 bar. The compressor rotor required would be 102mm in diameter with a length/diameter ratio of 1.5. The expander required to replace a throttle valve in this system would have a main rotor of the same diameter but with a length/diameter ratio of only 1.1. Force calculations showed what bearing loads must be resisted if the refrigeration system is designed with a conventional screw compressor drive. On the main rotor alone, there is an axial force of 92 kN and radial bearing forces of 132.9 kN at the high pressure end and 45,5 kN at the suction end. A similar calculation was performed for the expander rotors and their corresponding bearing forces. Here, the axial bearing load on the main rotor is 91,9 kN while the corresponding radial loads中文译文104 5现代螺杆压缩机设计实例图 5.20。螺杆压缩机转子为轻型制冷和空调优化责任(左)和转子为重型制冷责任(右)。电机的冷却过程中,抽真空通过补气端口。隔开从必然导致在工厂的生产能力降低,压缩机效率将保持不变。这样的冷却概念的压缩机如图5.23所示。5.4.5 多转子螺杆式空压机在一个螺杆式压缩机的主要的“或”门的多个转子的使用,以增加容量几乎在提出这些机器的引进。如图5.24所示。5.4设计的制冷压缩机105图5.21 。原转子压缩机制冷和优化空调责任表5.1 。压缩机性能实验比较改造和标准转子标准转子蒸发/冷凝温度 -15/30 -35/35轴转速(rpm) 2920 2920制冷容量千瓦 626 216电动机功率kW 178 156COP 3.523 1.383优化的转子蒸发/冷凝温度 -15/30 -35/35 0 / 35轴速度rpm 2920 2920 2920制冷容量千瓦 669 243 1187电动机功率kW 182 168 245COP 3.671 1.486 4.98COP改进新/旧的 104.2 107.5 - 显示两个门转子 multirotor 螺杆压缩机,作为在给定Sakun,1960年。这个想法已不尚未被全面商业化。然而,几个最近一直在专利,如肖,1999年和钟,2002发表在这一领域。很明显,multirotor 压缩机的能力将多个相应的普通丝杠的能力压缩机。尽管如此,虽然它是相当自我的显而易见的它不是尚未充分感谢 multirotor 的机器的效率会比不好那数个单转子双压缩机。Multirotor 安排的另一个特点是平衡径向主要转子上的部队。不幸的是,主要的转子轴向力106现代螺杆压缩机设计实例图5.22 。优化的转子压缩机和改造一般制冷税相比原转子(光线路)5.4设计的制冷压缩机107图5.23 。半封闭压缩机的电机冷却通过补气端口在电机外壳,最右边图5.24 。布局的多转子螺杆压缩机108 5现代螺杆压缩机设计实例同时成倍增加。一般来说,它是轴向配合比转子径向力,通过使用,例如,平衡活塞。因此,这功能可被视为优点。闸转子部队几乎不受这种安排。5.5多功能螺丝机阳性比其他类型的螺杆机的潜在优势位移机是他们有能力执行压缩扩展等功能,同时,只使用一对转子。进一步特点,这是利用两个接触表面上,这样的密封转子相同的配置文件,可以使用扩展器和压缩机部分。这意味着可进行机械加工的压缩机和膨胀机的转子或分离地在一个单一的切割操作,然后通过机械加工在他们临别槽完成后叶形成。此外,通过机端口的位置,如图所示,在图。 5.25,压力负载可以部分的平衡,从而,机械摩擦损失将小于如
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