《gmat语法教学课件》第8课时-垂悬结构

垂悬修饰,垂悬修饰概念,所谓垂悬结构（TheDanglingConstruction）就是一个句子成分，如分词短语，不定式动词短语等，找不到被修饰的主语或被修饰的对象不合逻辑。句首的短语的逻辑主语和其后句子的主语不一致。比如：DrivingtoFlorida,thedogneededtostopoften.DrivingtoFlorida,weneededtostopoftenbecauseofthedog.,UsingtheFujitaScale,atornadosintensitycanberatedonascaleofzerotosixinordertopredictpossibledamageandwarnpeopleinitspath.UsingtheFujianScale,scientistscanrateatornadosintensityonascaleofzerotosixinordertopredictpossibledamageandwarnpeopleinitspath.,垂悬分词或分词短语,Climbingupthehill,severalboarswereseenbyexplorers.改正方法：(a)确定是逻辑主语，使句子变成“Climbingupthehill,theexplorerssawseveralboars.”(b)把现在分词短语扩大为副词分句（也称状语从句）：“Whentheexplorersclimbedupthehill,theysawseveralboars/severalboarswereseen.”,RivalingthepyramidsofEgyptoreventheancientcitiesoftheMayaasanachievement,thearmyofterra-cottawarriorscreatedtoprotectQinShiHuang,Chinasfirstemperor,inhisafterlifeismorethan2,000yearsoldandtook700,000artisansmorethan36yearstocomplete.(A)thearmyofterra-cottawarriorscreatedtoprotectQinShiHuang,Chinasfirstemperor,inhisafterlifeismorethan2,000yearsoldandtook700,000artisansmorethan36yearstocomplete(B)QinShiHuang,Chinasfirstemperor,wasprotectedinhisafterlifebyanarmyofterracottawarriorsthatwascreatedmorethan2,000yearsagoby700,000artisanswhotookmorethan36yearstocompleteit(C)ittook700,000artisansmorethan36yearstocreateanarmyofterra-cottawarriorsmorethan2,000yearsagothatwouldprotectQinShiHuang,Chinasfirstemperor,inhisafterlife(D)morethan2,000yearsago,700,000artisansworkedmorethan36yearstocreateanarmyofterra-cottawarriorstoprotectQinShiHuang,Chinasfirstemperor,inhisafterlife(E)morethan36yearswereneededtocompletethearmyofterra-cottawarriorsthat700,000artisanscreated2,000yearsagotoprotectQinShiHuang,Chinasfirstemperor,inhisafterlife,RivalingthepyramidsofEgyptoreventheancientcitiesoftheMayaasanachievement,thearmyofterra-cottawarriorscreatedtoprotectQinShiHuang,Chinasfirstemperor,inhisafterlifeismorethan2,000yearsoldandtook700,000artisansmorethan36yearstocomplete.(A)thearmyofterra-cottawarriorscreatedtoprotectQinShiHuang,Chinasfirstemperor,inhisafterlifeismorethan2,000yearsoldandtook700,000artisansmorethan36yearstocomplete(B)QinShiHuang,Chinasfirstemperor,wasprotectedinhisafterlifebyanarmyofterracottawarriorsthatwascreatedmorethan2,000yearsagoby700,000artisanswhotookmorethan36yearstocompleteit(C)ittook700,000artisansmorethan36yearstocreateanarmyofterra-cottawarriorsmorethan2,000yearsagothatwouldprotectQinShiHuang,Chinasfirstemperor,inhisafterlife(D)morethan2,000yearsago,700,000artisansworkedmorethan36yearstocreateanarmyofterra-cottawarriorstoprotectQinShiHuang,Chinasfirstemperor,inhisafterlife(E)morethan36yearswereneededtocompletethearmyofterra-cottawarriorsthat700,000artisanscreated2,000yearsagotoprotectQinShiHuang,Chinasfirstemperor,inhisafterlife,Spanningmorethan50years,FriedrichMullerbeganhiscareerinanunpromisingapprenticeshipasaSanskritscholarandculminatedinvirtuallyeveryhonorthatEuropeangovernmentsandlearnedsocietiescouldbestow.(A)Mullerbeganhiscareerinanunpromisingapprenticeshipas(B)Mullerscareerbeganinanunpromisingapprenticeshipas(C)Mullerscareerbeganwiththeunpromisingapprenticeshipofbeing(D)Mullerhadbegunhiscareerwiththeunpromisingapprenticeshipofbeing(E)thecareerofMullerhasbegunwithanunpromisingapprenticeshipof,Spanningmorethan50years,FriedrichMullerbeganhiscareerinanunpromisingapprenticeshipasaSanskritscholarandculminatedinvirtuallyeveryhonorthatEuropeangovernmentsandlearnedsocietiescouldbestow.(A)Mullerbeganhiscareerinanunpromisingapprenticeshipas(B)Mullerscareerbeganinanunpromisingapprenticeshipas(C)Mullerscareerbeganwiththeunpromisingapprenticeshipofbeing(D)Mullerhadbegunhiscareerwiththeunpromisingapprenticeshipofbeing(E)thecareerofMullerhasbegunwithanunpromisingapprenticeshipof,同位语,AleadingfigureintheScottishEnlightenment,AdamSmithstwomajorbooksaretodemocraticcapitalismwhatMarxsDasKapitalistosocialism.(A)AdamSmithstwomajorbooksaretodemocraticcapitalismwhat(B)AdamSmithstwomajorbooksaretodemocraticcapitalismlike(C)AdamSmithstwomajorbooksaretodemocraticcapitalismjustas(D)AdamSmithwrotetwomajorbooksthataretodemocraticcapitalismsimilarto(E)AdamSmithwrotetwomajorbooksthataretodemocraticcapitalismwhat,同位语,AleadingfigureintheScottishEnlightenment,AdamSmithstwomajorbooksaretodemocraticcapitalismwhatMarxsDasKapitalistosocialism.(A)AdamSmithstwomajorbooksaretodemocraticcapitalismwhat(B)AdamSmithstwomajorbooksaretodemocraticcapitalismlike(C)AdamSmithstwomajorbooksaretodemocraticcapitalismjustas(D)AdamSmithwrotetwomajorbooksthataretodemocraticcapitalismsimilarto(E)AdamSmithwrotetwomajorbooksthataretodemocraticcapitalismwhat,形容词短语,Thoughsubjecttothesamewild-animalcontroleffortsthatkilledoffalmostallthewolvesinNorthAmericaoverthepastcentury,thecoyotesamazingabilityofadaptingtothepresenceofhumanshasenabledittoexpenditsrangeintoAlaskaandCentralAmerica.coyotesamazingabilityofadaptingtothepresenceofhumanshasenabledittoexpenditscoyote,becauseofitsamazingabilityofadaptingtothepresenceofhumans,havebeenabletoexpandtheircoyote,becauseofitsamazingabilitytoadapttothepresenceofhumans,hasbeenabletoexpanditsamazingabilityofthecoyotetoadapttothepresenceofhumanshaveenabledittoexpandtheamazingabilityofthecoyotetoadapttothepresenceofhumanshasenabledittoexpandthe,垂悬介词短语,Afterputtingashrimponthehook,thefishbegantobite.改正:(a)Afterputtingashrimponthehook,thefishermanfoundthatthefishbegantobite.(b)Afterthefishermanhadputashrimponthehook,thefishbegantobite.,介词短语,Asanactressand,moreimportantly,asateacherofacting,StellaAdlerwasoneofthemostinfluentialartistsintheAmericantheater,whotrainedseveralgenerationsofactorsincludingMarlonBrandoandRobertDeNiro.A.StellaAdlerwasoneofthemostinfluentialartistsintheAmericantheater,whotrainedseveralgenerationsofactorsincludingB.StellaAdler,oneofthemostinfluentialartistsintheAmericantheater,trainedseveralgenerationsofactorswhoincludeC.StellaAdlerwasoneofthemostinfluentialartistsintheAmericantheater,trainingseveralgenerationsofactorswhoseranksincludedD.oneofthemostinfluentialartistsintheAmericantheaterwasStellaAdler,whotrainedseveralgenerationsofactorsincludingE.oneofthemostinfluentialartistsintheAmericantheater,StellaAdler,trainedseveralgenerationsofactorswhoseranksincluded,介词短语,Asanactressand,moreimportantly,asateacherofacting,StellaAdlerwasoneofthemostinfluentialartistsintheAmericantheater,whotrainedseveralgenerationsofactorsincludingMarlonBrandoandRobertDeNiro.A.StellaAdlerwasoneofthemostinfluentialartistsintheAmericantheater,whotrainedseveralgenerationsofactorsincludingB.StellaAdler,oneofthemostinfluentialartistsintheAmericantheater,trainedseveralgenerationsofactorswhoincludeC.StellaAdlerwasoneofthemostinfluentialartistsintheAmericantheater,trainingseveralgenerationsofactorswhoseranksincludedD.oneofthemostinfluentialartistsintheAmericantheaterwasStellaAdler,whotrainedseveralgenerationsofactorsincludingE.oneofthemostinfluentialartistsintheAmericantheater,StellaAdler,trainedseveralgenerationsofactorswhoseranksincluded,Inadditiontohavingmoreproteinthanwheatdoes,theproteininriceishigherqualitythanthatinwheat,withmoreoftheaminoacidsessentialtothehumandiet.(A)theproteininriceishigherqualitythanthatin(B)ricehasproteinofhigherqualitythanthatin(C)theproteininriceishigherinqualitythanitisin(D)riceproteinishigherinqualitythanitisin(E)ricehasaproteinhigherinqualitythan,介词短语,Inadditiontohavingmoreproteinthanwheatdoes,theproteininriceishigherqualitythanthatinwheat,withmoreoftheaminoacidsessentialtothehumandiet.(A)theproteininriceishigherqualitythanthatin(B)ricehasproteinofhigherqualitythanthatin(C)theproteininriceishigherinqualitythanitisin(D)riceproteinishigherinqualitythanitisin(E)ricehasaproteinhigherinqualitythan,介词短语,垂悬不定式动词短语,Towritewell,alotofpracticeisneeded.Tobealoyalemployee,asenseofbelongingisamust.改正(a)Towritewell,oneneedsalotofpractice/apersonhastopractisealot.(b)Tobealoyalemployee,heorshemusthaveasenseofbelonging.,不定式短语,Tospreadthewordaboutmortgageservicers,afactsheetthatoutlinesoneslegalrightsifyougetcaughtinamortgageservingmesshasbeenputtogetherbytheFederalTradeCommission.(A)afactsheetthatoutlinesoneslegalrightsifyougetcaughtinamortgageservingmesshasbeenputtogetherbytheFederalTradeCommission(B)anoutlineofoneslegalrightshasbeenputtogetherbytheFederalTradeCommissionifonegetscaughtupinamortgagingmessonafactsheet(C)shouldyougetcaughtinamortgagingmess,afactsheetoutliningyourlegalrightshasbeenputtogetherbytheFederalTradeCommission(D)thereisafactsheetputtogetherbytheFederalTradeCommission,whichoutlinesoneslegalrightsinamortgageservicingmess(E)theFederalTradeCommissionhasputtogetherafactsheetthatoutlinesyourlegalrightsifyougetcaughtinamortgageservicingmess,不定式短语,Tospreadthewordaboutmortgageservicers,afactsheetthatoutlinesoneslegalrightsifyougetcaughtinamortgageservingmesshasbeenputtogetherbytheFederalTradeCommission.(A)afactsheetthatoutlinesoneslegalrightsifyougetcaughtinamortgageservingmesshasbeenputtogetherbytheFederalTradeCommission(B)anoutlineofoneslegalrightshasbeenputtogetherbytheFederalTradeCommissionifonegetscaughtupinamortgagingmessonafactsheet(C)shouldyougetcaughtinamortgagingmess,afactsheetoutliningyourlegalrightshasbeenputtogetherbytheFederalTradeCommission(D)thereisafactsheetputtogetherbytheFederalTradeCommission,whichoutlinesoneslegalrightsinamortgageservicingmess(E)theFederalTradeCommissionhasputtogetherafactsheetthatoutlinesyourlegalrightsifyougetcaughtinamortgageservicingmess,倍数表达法,i.xtimes(twice)+the+n.(twice还能做determiner)ii.xtimesadj.(比较形式)thaniii.xtimesasadj.as注意里面的adj.要和前面的名词匹配Adoxtimesasadj.xasBdoiv.xtimes+what分句(名词性从句相当于名词)v.x-foldvi.double,triple,quadruple,quintuple,sextupleVii.Xtimesmorethan,关于twice用法,1.twice做副词，后面接形容词和副词：twiceasmanyas;twiceasmuchas;Thefarmhasmorethantwiceasmanycowsasithaspigs.:农场有多于猪两倍多的牛的数量（农场牛的数量比猪的两倍还要多）。（很多人会误读为猪比牛多。）解读方法：可以类比一下AhasBtwiceasmanyasC这个比较句型也可以写为AhastwiceasmanyBasC.所以句子的核心是AhasB，即：Thefarmhascows.#1.Today,becauseofimprovementsinagriculturaltechnology,thesameamountofacreageproducestwiceasmanyapplesasitdidin1910.#2.如AdoesB,twiceas.as，因为as.as.是形容词就近修饰B，即as.as.本身是同位语修饰词，所以twiceas.as.就是同位修饰语(appositivemodifier);,2.twice做限定词,后面接名词性成分：twice+n.(可以是代词，比如that);twice+what从句;#1.Inthe1980stherateofincreaseoftheminoritypopulationoftheUnitedStateswasnearlytwicewhatitwasinthe1970s.#2.In1914atotalof469,000carsand