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英语基础语法复习,英语五种基本句型,基本句型一:(主谓)基本句型二:(主谓表)基本句型三:(主谓宾)基本句型四:(主谓间宾直宾)基本句型五:(主谓宾宾补),句型1:Subject(主语)Verb(谓语),此句型的句子有一个共同特点,即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思,这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词,动词后不可以直接接宾语,后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。常见的动词如:work,sing,swim,fish,jump,arrive,come,die,disappear,cry,happen等。如:1.Thesunwasshining.太阳在照耀着。2.Themoonrose.月亮升起了。3.Theuniverseremains.宇宙长存。4.Weallbreathe,eat,anddrink.我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。5.Whocares?管它呢?6.Whathesaiddoesnotmatter.他所讲的没有什么关系。7.Theytalkedforhalfanhour.他们谈了半个小时。8.Thepenwritessmoothly.这支笔书写流利。Trytogivemesomeexampleswhicharethesamedrill.,句型2:Subject(主语)Link.V(系动词)Predicate(表语),此句型的句子有一个共同的特点:句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词,这种句型主要用来表示主语的特点、身份等。其系动词一般可分为下列两类:(1)表示状态。这样的词有:be,look,seem,smell,taste,sound,keep等。如:1)Thiskindoffoodtastesdelicious.这种食物吃起来很可口。2)Helookedworriedjustnow.刚才他看上去有些焦急。3)Weshouldremainmodestatanytime.我们在任何时候都应该保持谦虚谨慎。4)Thiskindoffoodtastesterrible.。5)Thepicturelooksmorebeautifulatacertaindistance.,2)表示变化。这类系动词有:become,turn,get,grow,go等。如:,1)Springcomes.Itisgettingwarmerandwarmer.春天到了,天气变得越来越暖和。2)Thetreehasgrownmuchtallerthanbefore.这棵树比以前长得高多了。3)Springcomes.Itisgettingwarmerandwarmer.春天到了,天气变得越来越暖和。4)Donthavethefood.Ithasgonebad.不要吃那种食物,已经变质了。5)Thefactsprovetrue.事实证明是正确的。,Haveatry!,请指出下列各句为哪种结构:(主谓)或(主谓表)Warmupexercises:1.Theytalkedhappilyforalmostanhour.2.Theweatherhereisgettinghotterandhotter.3.Theplayerwassingingintheplaygroundthen.4.Thecityatnightlooksmorebeautiful.5.Thestudentsshouldkeepquietintheroom6.Thebreakfastcookedbymumhasgonebad.,SV,SVP,SV,SVP,SVP,SVP,句型3:Subject(主语)Verb(谓语)Object(宾语),这种句型中的动词一般为及物动词,所谓及物动词,就是这种动词后可以直接接宾语,其宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当。此句型句子的共同特点是:谓语动词都具有实义,都是主语产生的动作,但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整。例:1)Hetookhisbagandleft.(名词)他拿着书包离开了。2)LiLeialwayshelpsmewhenIhavedifficulties.(代词)当我遇到困难时,李雷总能给我帮助。3)SheplanstotravelinthecomingMayDay.(不定式)她打算在即将到来的“五一”外出旅游。4)IdontknowwhatIshoulddonext.(从句)我不知道下一步该干什么5)Shelostthechancetomakeherappearanceonthestage.她失去了在舞台上露面的机会,句型4:Subject(主语)Verb(谓语)Indirectobject(间接宾语)Directobject(直接宾语),此句型的句子有一个共同特点:谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者,另一个是动作的间接承受者。这种句型中,直接宾语为主要宾语,表示动作是对谁做的或为谁做的,在句中不可或缺,常常由表示“物”的名词来充当;间接宾语也被称之为第二宾语,去掉之后,对整个句子的影响不大,多由指“人”的名词或代词承担。引导这类双宾语的常见动词有:buy,pass,lend,give,tell,teach,show,bring,send等。如:1)Herfatherboughtheradictionaryasabirthdaypresent.2)TheoldmanalwaystellsthechildrenstoriesabouttheheroesintheLongMarch.3)Yesterdayherfatherboughtherabicycleasabirthdaypresent.这种句型还可转换为其他两种句型:1)动词宾语forsb.;2)动词宾语tosb.。,(多指人)(多指物),1)Pleaseshowmeyourpicture.=Pleaseshowyourpicturetome.请把你的画给我看一下。2)Illofferyouagoodchanceaslongasyoudontloseheart.=Illofferagoodchanceforyouaslongasyoudontloseheart.又如:Hepassedmethewonderfulgiftyesterday.MyteachertaughtmeEnglishShecookedherhusbandadeliciousdinner.Mybrothertoldmehowtogettothestation.,句型5:Subject(主语)Verb(动词)Object(宾语)Complement(补语),此句型的句子的共同特点是:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。这种句型中的“宾语补语”统称为“复合宾语”。宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充、说明宾语的特点、身份等;或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。常见的动词有:tell,ask,advise,help,want,wouldlike,order,force,allow等。如:1)Youshouldkeeptheroomcleanandtidy.你应该让屋子保持干净整洁。(形容词)2)Wemadehimourmonitor.(名词)我们选他当班长。3)Hisfathertoldhimnottoplayinthestreet.(不定式)4)Myfatherlikestowatchtheboysplayingbasketball.(现在分词),注意:动词have,make,let,see,hear,notice,feel,watch等后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时,主动语态不带to。如:,1)Thebossmadehimdotheworkallday.老板让他整天做那项工作。2)Iheardhersinginthenextroomallthetimelastnight.昨天晚上我听见她在隔壁唱了一个晚上。但是使役动词(make,let)以及感官动词(see,hear,notice,feel,watch)被动语态加上to.1)=Hewasmadetodotheworkbythebossallday.2)=Shewasheardtosinginthenextroomallthetimelastnight.,Goforit,please!,(主谓宾宾补)1)Theykepttheroomclean.2)WeallcalltheboyTom.3)Ourteacheraskedustodomorningexercise.4)Theworkerpaintedthewallwhite.5)Isawhergettingonthebusjustnow.6)Whatmadethelittlegirlangry?,Letsgo,Ex1:(SV)1李明学习很努力。2.事故是昨天下午发生的。3春天就要来了.4我们住在这个城市已有关10年了.5学生们学习很努力。6她再次向我道歉。7事故是昨天晚上发生的。,LiMingworksveryhard.,Theaccidenthappenedyesterdayafternoon,Springiscoming.,Wehavelivedinthecityfortenyears,Thestudentsworkveryhard.,Sheapologizedtomeagain.,Theaccidenthappenedyesterdayevening.,Ex2:(SVP),1.这是本英汉辞典。2.午餐的气味很好。3.他堕入了情网。4.一切看来都不同了。5.他长得又高又壮。6.麻烦的是他们缺少钱。7.我们的井干枯了。8.他的脸红了。,ThisisanEnglish-Chinesedictionary.,Thedinnersmellsgood.,Hefellinlove.,Everythinglooksdifferent.,Heisgrowingtallandstrong.,Thetroubleisthattheyareshortofmoney.,Ourwellhasgonedry.,Hisfaceturnedred.,Ex3(SVO),1.谁知道答案?2.她微笑表示感谢。3.他拒绝帮他们的忙。4.他喜欢看书。5.他们吃了剩饭。6.他说:“早上好!7.我想喝杯茶。8.他承认犯了错误。,Whoknowstheanswer?,Shesmiledherthanks,Heenjoysreading,Theyatewhatwasleftover,Hehasrefusedtohelpthem.。,HesaidGoodmorning.,Iwanttohaveacupoftea,Headmitsthathewasmistaken.,Ex4.(SVoO),1.她给自己定了一套新衣裳。2.她给丈夫煮了一顿美味的饭。3.他给你买了一本字典。4.他对她什么都不拒绝5.我给他看我的照片。6.我洗了我的汽车。7.我告诉他汽车晚点了。8.他教我开机器。,Sheorderedherselfanewdress.。,Shecookedherhusbandadeliciousmeal.,Hebroughtyouadictionary.,Herefusedhernothing.,Ishowedhimmypictures.,Igavemycarawash.,Itoldhimthatthebuswaslate.,Heshowedmehowtorunthemachine.,Ex5(SVOC),1.他们请他当经理。2.他们把门漆成绿色。3.这使得他们要细想一想。4.他们发现那房子空的。5.他怎么会这样想?6.我们送他出去。7他要我早点回来。8.我看见他们上了那辆公共汽车。,Theyakedhimtobemanager,Theypaintedthedoorgreen.,Thismadethemthinkcarefully,Theyfoundthehouseempty,Whatmakeshimthinkso?,Wesaw(showed/sent)himout,Heaskedmetocomebacksoon.。,Isawthemgettingonthebus.,Continue!Therebe句型(特殊倒装句式),此句型是由there+be+主语+状语构成,用以表达存在有,一种无主语的有。它其实是倒装的一种情况,主语位于谓语动词be之后,there仅为引导词,并无实际语。Be与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致,有时态和情态变化。如,现在有thereis/are过去有therewas/were将来有therewillbe/thereis/aregoingtobe.现在已经有therehas/havebeen可能有theremightbe.肯定有theremustbe/theremusthavebeen.过去一直有thereusedtobe似乎有thereseems/seem/seemedtobe碰巧有therehappen/happens/happenedtobe此句型有时不用be动词,而用live,stand,come,go,lie,remain,exist,arrive,等。,Ex6:Therebe,1.今晚没有会。2.这个村子过去只有一口井。3.这个学校有一名音乐老师和一名美术老师4.客人当中有两名美国人和两名法国人。5.天气预报说下午有大风。6.办公室里肯定有人7.恰好那时房里没人。8.在那边的树下可能有蛇。,Thereisntgoingtobeameetingtonight,Therewasonlyawellinthevillage,Thereisateacherofmusicandateacherofartintheschool.,AmongthegueststhereweretwoAmericansandtwoFrenchmen.,Theweathermansaystherellbeastrongwindintheafternoon.,Theremustbesomeoneiontheoffice.,Therehappenedtobenobodyintheroom.,Theremaybeasnakeunderthattree,Letsgo,2不定式作表语1.Herworkis_(look)afterthechildren.2.Myaimis_(go)toTsinghuaUniversity.3.Sheseemed_(think)abouttheproblem.4.Theyappeared_(agree)withwhatwesaid.不定式作表语时可以和主语部分调换。,Continue:,3不定式作宾语:有些及物动词常用不定式作宾语。常见的动词有:want,demand,like,hate,hope,begin,seem,fail,help,offer,manage,pretend,forget,remember,promise,prepare,learn,expect,agree,determine,prefer,intend,etc.,Haveatry:,Theywanted_(get)onthebus,didntthey?Hesaidhewished(be)aprofessor.Iagreed_(go)therewiththedoctor.Mydaughterpreferred_(dance)whenshewasinhertwenties.Hehadpromised_(give)meahand.,Goon,please!,4.不定式作宾语补足语A)1.Ididntwantmyparents_(help)me.2.Wedpreferyou_(take)thejobinsteadofZhang.3.Theschoolorderedalltheclassroom_(clean).4.Myparentsexpectme_(go)toaidealuniversity.5.Joanpromisedthedinner_(cook)beforewereturned.6.Thedoctoradvisedthepatient_(take)twopillseveryfourhours.7.Hedeterminedme_(tell)everything.,Goon,please!,B)Whomflnssbdosth.(watch,have(使)hear,observe,make,feel,listen(to),let,notice,seeetc.+sb+动词原形+sth+done,Testyourself:,Wecantletthis_(go)on.Iwillnotletmychildren_(treat)inthatway.Johnmadehim_(tell)everything.Thetwoboysweresorryindeedtoseehim_(go).Wefeltthehouse_(shake)intheearthquake.Doyoulikelisteningtootherpeople_(talk)?Haveyoueverheardhim_(tell)alie?Whowouldyouliketohave_(go)?Whowouldyouliketohave_(go)with?Whatsongdidyouhear_(sing)?Wesawthehouse_(burn)tothegroundwhenwereachedthere.,Continue:,5.不定式作定语Changethefollowingintoinfinitives.Hewasthefirstpersonthatcametotheclassroomthismorning.TheonlythingthatIwanttogetisthediamondnecklace.Everythingthatisdoneneedspraising.Doyouhaveanythingthatyouwanttosay?Herearesomebooksthatyoucanread.,Goon,please!,6.不定式作状语。状语的形式很多,有目的、结果、原因、条件、让步、比较、方式、伴随等,但目的、结果要用不定式。,Continue:,A)Substitution:Hegotupearlysothathecouldcatchthefirstbustothetown.Hegotupearly_catchthefirstbus.WemustworkhardatEnglishinorderthatwecancontactforeignersfreely.WemustworkhardatEnglish_contactforeignersfreely.Hewassofrightenedthathecouldhardlysayanything.Hewas_frightened_sayanything.Hewas_brave_sayanything.Hewassoyoungthathecouldgotoschool.Hewas_late_gotoschool.Hewasnot_gotoschool.,B)1._(save)thebadlysicklady,thedoctorhadanoperationonher.2.Hehurriedtothestationonly_(find)thetrainleft.,动名词1动名词作主语A)1._(die)forpeopleisagloriousthing.2._(talk)withhimisagreatpleasure.3._(help)othersisourduty.4._(see)istobelieve.5._(seat)atthebackoftheclassroommadethestudentssurprised.,it作形式主语时,可用动词不定式,但下列巨型常用动名词:Itis+nogood(nouse,fun,apleasure,awasteoftime)+doingThereisno+doing.如:Itsnouse_(sit)herewaiting.Thereisno_(say)whatwillhappennext.Isitanygood_(tell)himthetruthrightnow.,不定式与动名词的区别:不定式作主语时经常表示具体动作,而动名词作主语时经常表示抽象动作:Itsnogoodeatingtoomuchfat.Itsnotgoodforyoutoeatsomuchfat.,B)关于逻辑主语的问题1._tothemeetingsurprisedalloftheboards.A.MikecomingB.MikecameC.MikecomingD.Mikescoming2.Itsnouse_thatyoudidntknowtherules.A.youpretendB.youpretendingC.yourpretendingD.yourpretendChangethefollowingintothesimplesentences.ThatPeterdidntattendthemeetingmadeitputoff.,2动名词作表语1.Herworkis_(look)afterthechildren.2.Myaimis_(go)toTsinghuaUniversity.3.Oneofmybadhabitis_(bite)nails(指甲).,3动名词作宾语Mecafps+doing(mind,miss,excuse,enjoy,escapeconsider,admit(承认)advise,appreciate=enjoy,avoid,finish,practise,suggest,stop)delay,imagine,include,keep,quit,resist,risk,understand,beusedto,lookforwardto,objectto,payattentionto,etc.以及介词后接动名词doing,Hewasinlowspiritsandevenconsider_(go)away.Practise_(put)yourhandtotheground.Icanthelp_(have)thetriptoBritain.Donttellmeyoualwaysescape_(fine)becauseyouhaveafastsportscar.Leaveoff_(bite)yournails!Hedidntfeellike_(work),sohesuggested_(spend)thedayinthegarden.Youcertainlymustntmiss_(see)thewonderfulfilm.,Thedoctoradvised_(stay)longerinhospital.Icouldntimaginethat_(be)possible.Weappreciateyour_(want)_(help)usinourdifficulties.Wecantstand_(pooh-pooh)everynewidea.Michaelhasdelayed_(write)tohertilltoday.,Thelawforbids_(sell)liquortochildren.Theyallsuggested_(give)morechances.Canyouimagine_(leave)standingoutsideforawholenight.Theybuiltthebankstopreventtheareafrom_(flood).Womendomind_(smoke)bymen.,动名词与不定式的不同含义:beafraidtodo不敢、害怕、胆怯去做某事beafraidofdoing担心、恐怕出现Shewasafraid_(wake)herhusbandup,forhehadbadtemper.Shewasafraid_(ofwake)herhusband,forhewasill.,2)forgettodosth.忘记去做某事(未做)forgetdoingsth.忘记做过了某事(已做)Thelightintheofficeisoff.Itwasshewhoturneditoff,butsheherselfforgot_(turn)itoff.Thelightintheofficeisstillon.Sheforgot_(turn)itoff.,3)remembertodosth.记着去做某事(未做)rememberdoingsth.记着做了某事(已做)Doyouremember_(meet)meatapartylastyear?Youmustremember_(leave)tomorrow.,4)stoptodosth.stopdoingsth.5)regrettodosth.regretdoingsth.Iregret_(go)tohishometown.Iregret_(tell)youthetruth.,6)trytodosth.trydoingsth.Youmusttry_(do)itagain.Letstry_(do)theworkinsomeotherway.,7)meantodosth.meandoingsth.Ifitmeans_(delay)morethanaweek,Illnotwait.Imean_(go),andnothingcanstopme.8)goontodosth.goondoingsth.,9)like/love/start/begin/hate/continuetodosth.doingsth.10)Sth.wnat/require/needtobedonedoing.Thetempleneeds_(rebuild).Thechildrenrequire_(educate).,动名词复合结构的一般规则是:1.逻辑主语是有生命的名词:作主语时,须用名词或代词所有格;作宾语时,也可用普通格或人称代词宾格。Toms(His)comingiswhatwehaveexpected.ShedidntmindJack/Jacks(him/his)cominghere.,2.逻辑主语是无生命名词时,只用普通格。Isthereanyhopeofourwinningthematch?3.逻辑主语是指示代词或不定代词this,that,somebody,someone,nobody,none,anybody,anyone时,只用普通格。Shewasdisturbedbysomebodyshoutingoutside.,Comparethis:,11)canithelpdoingsth.canthelpdosth.canthelpbutdosth.不能不,忍不住1.Icouldnthelp_(think)ofmychildhoodwhenIsawthepicture.2.ImsorryIcanthelp_(lend)youthemoney,forImshortofitnowadays.3.Icanthelpbut_(cry).,9)permit,allow,advise,consider,admitdoingsth.sb./whtodosth.1.Doyouconsider_(buy)thiskindofbook?2.Isheconsidered_(take)thisposition?3.Isheconsidered_(send)toworkinTibet?,分词分词:分词相当于形容词、副词。作表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语。分词可分为现在分词、过去分词。一般式完成式现在分词doinghavingdonehavingbeendone过去分词done,1)分词与动名词作表语时的区别:1.Ourplanis_(finish)thetaskbeforeMay.2.Tomsjobwas_(guard)thefactory.3.Hislectureis_(interest),whichmadeus_(interest).4.Thesituationis_(encourage).,2)现在分词和过去分词作状语的区别:分词与逻辑主语(即句子主语)关系来决定分词的语态,主语能发出分词的动作用主动doing/havingdone,不能发出分词的动作用被动done/havingbeendong。分词的动作如发生在谓语动词之后doing(用一般式),如发生在谓语动词之前,(用完成式)havingdone。,A)1._(see)thosepicture,hecouldnthelpthinkingofthosedaysinYanan.2._(turn)round,Fannyfoundanambulancedrivingup.3_(water)thevegetables,theybegantopickuptheapples.4._(finish)thework,hewentbackhomeonfoot.5._(inspire)byDr.Chensspeech,theydecidedtostudymathsharder.6._(persuade)byhermother,shegladlywenttherealone.,7.Warmly_(praise)forhiswork,hewastooexcitedtofallasleep.8._(arrive)atthestation,wefoundthetraingone.9._(send)thechildtobed,shebegantocorrectthepupilsexercises.10._(surround),theenemyfoundnowheretohideandhadtogiveup.11.Once_(arm),weareafraidofnothing.12.While_(cross)thestreet,lookoutforcars.,13.When_(walk)inthepark,Mathildemetwithheroldfriend.14.While_(criticize),shecried.15.Shecameearlierthan_(expect).16.Everythinggoeswellas_(plan).17.Shestillmadethesamemistakesthough_(tell)severaltimes.18._(give)moretime,wearesuretodoitbetter.,19.Thedoctordideverythinghecould_(save)thepatient.20._(improve)hisEnglish,WangLingworksmuchharder.,作目的、结果状语的区别:21.LiMingworkshard_(pass)theexams.22.LiMingworkshard_(try)topasstheexams.23.Hereturnedhome_(find)thehousebrokeninto.24.Hisfatherdied,_(leave)himnothingbutdebts.,25.Footballisplayedoveracentury,_(make)itpopular.26.Beessuckhoneyintotheirstomachs,_(get)thickerandthicker.判断下列对或错:1.Seeingfromthehill,thecitylooksmorebeautiful.2.Havinghaddinner,thedisheswerewashed.3.Leavingathome,thelittlegirlfeltmuchafraid.,一些独立结构:1.Generally_(speak),wehavelearntalotinthisschool.2._(judge)fromhisappearance,heissomebody.3._(tell)youthetruth,yourworkisterrible.,将上列1-18句分词部分改成从句:B)伴随状语1.Theboylayinbed,_(listen)tomusic.2.Itsabadhabittotalktoothers,_(look)aside.3.Theprofessorenteredtheroom,_(follow)byhisassistants.4.ThevisitingMinisterexpressedhissatisfactionwiththetalk,_(add)thathehadenjoyedhisstayhere.5.Theboystoodinfrontoftheteacher,_(criticize).,独立主格结构(所谓独立主格结构,分词的逻辑主语不是句子主语,而是有自己的逻辑主语时,叫独立主格结构。)A)1.Today_(be)Sunday,thelibrarydoesntopen.2.There_(be)nobuses,wehadtowalkhome.,3.Thesignal_(give),thebusstarted.4.Weather_(permit),wellvisittheGreatWall.5.AteacherfromEngland_(teach)usEnglish,weresuretolearnitwell.B)6.Withhim_(give)usalead,ourteamistowin.7.Withtheworker_(lead),theYoungPioneerswentthroughtheforestandstartedtowardsthemountainvillage.,8.Manypeoplespokealoudinfrontofourclassroom,withnobody_(

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