电子专业英语part1

EnglishforElectronicsandtheactionofthecellissuchthatitprovidesa“regenerative”pathfortheflowofelectronstobemaintainedthroughthenegativeterminalonceagain.,通路（闭合电路）,开路（断路）,closedcircuit,opencircuit,Aslongasthiselectricalpathwayremainsunbrokenatanypoint,itisaclosedcircuit;andcurrentflows.Butifthepathwaybeeverbroken,itbecomesatonceanopencircuit;andnocurrentcanflow.,电路按连接方式不同，可分为串联电路和并联电路,seriescircuit,parallelcircuit,Seriescircuitsandparallelcircuitsaretwomaintypesofcircuitconnection.,串联电路：当电器元件连接时，电流没有分流，这种连接称为串联。特点：每一处电流都相等。,Seriescircuitsandparallelcircuitsaretwomaintypesofcircuitconnection.Whenelectricaldevicesareconnectedsothatthecurrentisnotdividedatanypoint,theyaresaidtobeconnectedinseries.Thecurrentineverypartofthiskindofcircuitisthesame.,Asamatteroffact,ineverydayelectricworkweveryoftendealwithcircuitwherethecurrentbranchesbetweentwoormorepaths.Inordinaryhouselighting,forinstance,lampsareconnectedinparallel,eachlampfilamentrepresentinganindependentpathfromtheminusmainwiretothepluswire.Inparallelcircuitsthetotalcurrentisequaltothesumofallthecurrentsthatarepassingthroughthebranchesofthatofanother.,forexample,并联电路：含有两个或两个以上支路的电路，这种连接称为并联。特点：总电流量等于各支路电流总和,许多实用电路是串并联的，这种电路能够把串联电路的不同电压与并联电路的不同电流特征结合在一个网路内。当负载对同一个电源要求有不同的电压和电流时，这种电路就特别有用。,Manypracticalcircuitsarearrangedinseries-parallel.Suchcircuitsmakeitpossibletocombinethedifferentvoltagecharacteristicofaseriescircuitwiththedifferentcurrentcharacteristicofaparallelcircuitwithinasinglenetwork.Thisconditionisparticularlyadvantageouswhenitisnecessarytooperateloadsthathavedifferentvoltageandcurrentrequirementsfromthesamesourceofenergy.,Exercise:Trytomatchthefollowingcolumns:,aclosedcircuitnegativebatteryanopencircuitpositiveasamatteroffactconsistof,minuscellbecomposedofacircuitwhichwasbrokeninfactacircuitthatthecurrentcanflowthroughplus,Unit4Amplifier,放大器,放大器,amplifier,Anamplifierincreasesthemagnitudeof,oramplifiers,anelectricsignal.Thesignalmaybederived,forexample,fromaTVantenna.Ofallcomponents,theamplifierisbyfarthemostwidelyusedbuildingblockinelectronicssystems.,放大器能够增强即放大电信号。例如，这种信号可以来自电视天线。在所有的电子元件中，放大器在电子系统中是使用最广泛的部件。,电信号,电视天线,电子系统,electricsignal,TVantenna,electronicssystem,放大器可用框图表示（如图4-1）。图中参数如下：输入信号电压：Es输入信号电流：Is负载电阻：RL，跨接在输出两端,输入信号,输出信号,负载电阻,inputsignal,outputsignal,loadresistor,AnamplifiermayberepresentedbysimpleblockdiagramofFig.4-1.TheinputsignalvoltageisdenotedbyEs,andtheinputsignalcurrentisdenotedbyIs.AcrosstheoutputterminalsisloadresistorRL.,figure,框图,blockdiagram,ResistanceRLmayrepresent,forexample,theresistanceofaloudspeakercoil,amotorwinding,ortheinputofaconnectedamplifierstage.VoltageE0istheoutput(load)voltage,andcurrentI0theoutput(load)current.SymbolsPIandP0aretheinputandoutputsignalpowers,respectively.,输出电压：Eo输出电流：Io输入信号功率：PI输出信号功率：Po电阻RL：可以是扬声器线圈的电阻、电动机的线组或者所连接放大级的输入。,扬声器,电动机,放大级,输入信号功率,loudspeaker,motor,amplifierstage,inputsignalpower,1、电压放大器：,2、电流放大器:,3、功率放大器,Voltageamplifier,放大电压信号,放大电流信号,4、脉冲放大器,5、运算放大器,放大器,currentamplifier,poweramplifier,pulseamplifier,operationalamplifier,Therearedifferentkindsofamplifierssuchasvoltageamplifier,currentamplifier,pulseamplifierandoperationalamplifier,etc.Iftheamplifierisoptimizedtoamplifyvoltagesignals,itiscalledavoltageamplifier.Forcurrentsignals,itisreferredtoasacurrentamplifier,Ifitistodevelopoutputpowerofonewattormore,itisgenerallyclassifiedasapoweramplifier.,信号类型,放大器,信号振幅,1、小信号放大器：,2、大信号放大器:,放大微伏级和毫伏级信号；常用代数学方法分析,放大较大信号；常用图解法分析,Anothermethodofclassificationisbasedontheamplitudeofsignals.Forsmallsignals,intheordertypicallyofmicrovoltsandmillivolts,theamplifiermaybeclassifiedassmall-signal,andforlargersignalsasalarge-signalamplifier.Simplealgebraisallthatisrequiredforcalculatingtheperformanceofsmall-signalamplifiers.Graphicalmethods,however,aregenerallyusedintheanalysisoflarge-signalamplifiers.,amplitude,small-signalamplifier,large-signalamplifier,algebra,graphicalmethods,what,放大器,相移情况,phaseshift,1、甲类放大：负载电流相移360,2、乙类放大：负载电流相移180,3、甲、乙类放大：负载电流180但360,4、丙类放大：负载电流180,classAoperation,classBoperation,classABoperation,classCoperation,负载电流,loadcurrentflow,正弦波：sinewave,Amplifiersarealsoclassifiedintermsofloadcurrentflow.Fig.4-2showstheclassesofamplifieroperation.Fig.4-2ashowsonecycle(360)ofasinewaveinputsignaltoanamplifier.Iftheloadcurrentalsoflowsfor360,asindicatedinFig.4-2b,theamplifierisoperatingasclassA.ClassBoperation,illustratedinFig.4-2c,existswhentheloadcurrentflowsforonly180.Iftheloadcurrentflowsformorethan180butlessthan360,classABoperationisrealized(Fig.4-2d).ClassCoperationisobtainediftheloadcurrentflowsforlessthan180(Fig.4-2e).,ClassAoperationisusedforsmall-signalandsingle-transistor(referredtoassingle-ended)poweramplifiers.AndforclassBorABoperationtheamplifiercontainstwotransistors,referredtoasapush-pullamplifier.ClassCoperationisoftenusedintheamplificationofr-fsignalsinacircuitcontainingatunedload.,各类放大器的功能：,1、甲类用于小信号和单管（或单端）功率放大；2、作乙类放大或甲乙类放大时，放大器有两个晶体管成为推挽放大；3、丙类放大常用在调谐负载的电路中放大射频信号；,single-transistor,single-ended,push-pullamplifier,tunedload,r-fsignalradio-frequencysignal,Amplifiersarealsoclassifiedaccordingtotheirintendedoperation.Examplesincludeaudio,r-f,video,microwave,andpulseamplifiers.,放大器也可按其工作类型来分类。例如：音频放大器射频放大器视频放大器微波放大器脉冲放大器,audioamplifier,r-famplifier,videoamplifier,microwaveamplifier,pulseamplifier,Theperformanceofamplifiersischaracterizedbythefollowingterms:voltagegain,currentgain,powergain,inputresistance,outputresistance,bandwidth,distortion.,放大器性能的术语有：电压增益、电流增益、功率增益、输入电阻、输出电阻、带宽、失真。,voltagegain,currentgain,powergain,inputresistance,outputresistance,bandwidth,distortion,Translate:1、调谐负载2、负载电阻3、负载电流4、电压放大器5、推挽放大器6、脉冲放大器7、功率放大器8、电流放大器,pulseamplifier,loadresistor,loadcurrent,push-pullamplifier,Voltageamplifier,poweramplifier,atunedload,currentamplifier,Unit6PulseDigitalCircuit,数字脉冲电路,Nowadaysallofusarefamiliarwiththecomputer.Theabilityofacomputertosolveaproblemdependsuponitsabilitytomakecertaindecisionasitprogressesthroughthevariousstepsoftheproblem.Forexample,thecomputermustmakedecisions(calledlogicaldecisions)astowhetheranumberispositive,whetheracertainnumberislargerorsmallerthananother,orwhetheraportionoftheproblemisfinishedsothatthecomputermayproceedtothenextportion.,计算机解答问题的能力取决于它对问题的各个步骤进行判断的能力。例如：计算机必须判断一个数是不是正的，某个数比另一个数大还是小，或者问题的某一部分是否已经完成。,取决于：dependupon,正的：positive,部分：portion,Thevariouscircuitsthatenablethecomputertomakeitsdecisionsarecalledlogiccircuits,ordigitalcircuits.,数字电路（逻辑电路）的概念：使计算机能进行判断的各种电路。,digitalcircuits,orlogiccircuits,Thetermdigitalcircuitisusedtodescribethosecircuitsystemswhichprimarilyoperatewiththeuseofonlytwodifferentvoltagelevelsortwootherbinaryconditionsorstates.,数字电路这个术语被用来描述仅用两种不同电压电平，即两种不同二进制状态进行工作的电路系统。,circuitsystems,binary,Thetwodifferentstatesbywhichdigitalcircuitsoperatemaybeofseveralforms.Theycan,inthemostsimpleform,consistoftheopeningandclosingofaswitch.Inthiscase,theclosed-switchconditioncanberepresentedby1andtheopen-switchconditionby0.Likewise,thelightedlampcanbeconsideredasbeinginthe1conditionwhentheswitchisclosed,whiletheunlightedlampcanbeconsideredasbeinginthe0conditionwhentheswitchisopen.,switch,lamp,Averycommonmethodofdigitaloperationisachievedbyusingvoltagepulse.Apulseisdefinedasarapidchangefromonevoltageleveltoanotherandthenarapidreturntotheoriginallevel.Thedurationoftimeatthesecondlevelisusuallyquiteshortcomparedwiththetimeatthefirstlevel.,数字电路工作的最普通的方法是采用电压脉冲进行的。脉冲的定义：从一个电平迅速变化到另一个电平，然后又快速回到初始电平。,脉冲：pulse,电平：voltagelevel,Thepulseismadeupofapositivestepandanegativestep.(Ifthestepisabovethebaseline,itiscalledapositivestep,ifitisbelowthebaselineitiscallednegative.),一个脉冲由一个正阶跃和一个负阶跃组成。（如果阶跃位于基线之上，那么它被称为正阶跃；如果在基线之下，则被称为负阶跃。）,正阶跃：Positivestep,负阶跃：negativestep,基线：baseline,Ifthepositivestepcomesfirstitisapositivepulseandifthenegativestepisfirstitisanegativepulse.Thepresenceofapositivepulsecanberepresentedby1andtheabsenceofapulseby0.,如果正阶跃首先出现，脉冲是正脉冲，相反，如果负阶跃首先出现，脉冲就是负脉冲。有正脉冲存在，用“1”表示，没有正脉冲存在用“0”表示。,正脉冲：Positivepulse,负脉冲：negativepulse,电子仪器中用到的脉冲波形有：方波、锯齿形波、微分波形等。若用方波信号，正脉冲可代表“1”，负脉冲代表“0”。,脉冲波形：Pulsewaveform,方波形：rectangularwaveform,锯齿波形：sawtoothwaveform,微分波形：differentiatedwaveform,Pulsesarevariousinforms.Pulsewaveformsusedinelectronicdevicesare:rectangularwaveform,sawtoothwaveform,differentiatedwaveformandsoon.Withasquare-wavesignal,Thepositivepulsecanrepresent1andthenegativepulsecanrepresent0.,Exercise:Trytomatchthefollowcolumns:,logiccircuitVoltagepulseTheclosed-switchconditionSquare-wavesignalDigitalcircuitsThenegativepulse,数字电路方波信号负脉冲闭合状态逻辑电路电压脉冲,EXERCISE,TranslatingSkills,1、翻译的标准：忠实(faithfulness)、通顺(smoothness)原文：Heknowssomethingaboutelectricity.译文：他知道电的一些东西；他懂得点电。2、翻译的方法：直译（literaltranslation）、意译(freetranslation)catchacold直译：抓住一个冷；意译：感冒bullseye直译：牛眼睛；意译：靶心lookout直译：向外看；意译：当心,3、词义的选择（1）根据词类选择词义Itlookslikegold.(介词)Ilikephysics.(动词)（2）根据不同场合(上下文的内容)选择Smallasatomsare,electronsarestillsmaller.Asheatmakesthingsmove,itisaformofenergy.（3）根据词的搭配关系选择Thefourthpowerofthreeiseighty-one.Frictioncancausealossofpowerineverymachine.,4、名词的翻译（1）词义引申Laserisoneofthemostsensationaldevelopmentsinrecentyears.（2）名词转译为动词Somepowerplantsareunderconstruction.（3）名词转译为形容词Theirexperimentwasasuccess.（4）名词转译为副词Itisourpleasuretoseethat.,5、形容词的翻译（1）固定搭配strongtea浓茶greenhill青山bluesky青天densesmoke浓烟blackcloth青布（2）形容词转译名词Thesocialscientistshaveakeensenseofthenewandtheold.（3）形容词转译动词Whentheswitchisoff,theelectriccircuitisopen.（4）形容词转译副词Withslightrepairstheoldtypeofenginecanbeused.,6、动词的翻译（1）动词的引申Therearethreestepswhichmustbetakenbeforewegraduatefromtheintegratedcircuittechnology.（2）动词转译为名词Itisknowntoallthatlighttravelsmuchmorequicklythansounddoes.,Translating:,1、IntegratedCircuits(ICS)areessentialintheelectronicdigitaleraandtheemergenceanddevelopmentsoftheintegratedcircuitsprintingtechnologyhasresultedinthegrowthoftheinformationindustry.2、Currently,theinformationindustryisdevelopingsteadilyandtheinformationequipmentmarketisalsoimprovingcontinuously.ThiscausestheintegratedalsopavedthewayforRFIDtechnologytofurtherexpanditsapplicationsinth