the art of public speaking chapter 4ppt课件

Four,SelectingaTopicandPurpose,Learningobjective：,howtoselectanappropriatetopicandlimititsothatyoucancoveritintheallottedtimehowtoselectaspeechpurposehowtodevelopthethesisorcentralideaofyourspeech,KeyTerms：,TopicgeneralpurposeSpecificpurposeCentralideaResidualmessageBrainstorming,ChoosingaTopic,Thefirststepinspeechmakingischoosingatopic.Usuallythespeechtopicisdeterminedbytheoccasion,theaudience,andthespeakerqualifications.Therearetwobroadcategoriesofpotentialtopicsforyourspeeches:1.Subjectsyouknowalotabout2.Subjectsyouwanttoknowmoreabout.,TopicsyouKnowaLotAbout,Mostpeoplespeakbestaboutsubjectswithwhichtheyaremostfamiliar.Thinkaboutspecialknowledgeorexpertiseyoumayhaveacquired.,TopicsYouWanttoKnowMoreAbout,Youmaychooseasubjectaboutwhichyoualreadyhavesomeknowledgeorexpertisebutnotenoughtoprepareaspeechwithoutdoingadditionalresearch.Youmayevenselectatopicthathasnttouchedyouatallbeforebutthatyouwanttoexplore.Thinkaboutsubjectsaboutwhichyouholdstrongopinionsandbeliefs.,GivenTopicOpentopic,BrainstormingforTopics,Amethodofgeneratingideasforspeechtopicsbyfreeassociationofwordsandideas.PersonalInventory(Makeaninventoryofyourexperiences,interests,hobbies,skills,andbeliefs).Clustering(People,places,things,events,processes,concepts,problems,plans/policies)InternetSearch(C),PeopleplacethingsEventprocessesconceptNaturalphenomenaproblem,DeterminingtheGeneralPurpose,Thebroadgoalofaspeech.Thethreemajorkindsofgeneralpurposesaretoinform,topersuade,andtoentertain.Whenyourgeneralpurposeistoinform,youactasateacherorlecturer.Primarygoal:toconveyinformationclearly,accurately,andinterestingly.Whenyougeneralpurposeistopersuade,youactasanadvocateorapartisan.Yougobeyondgivinginformationtosupportingacause.,DeterminingtheSpecificPurpose,Asingleinfinitivephrasethatstatespreciselywhataspeakerhopestoaccomplishinhisorherspeech.Example:Topic:ComputersGeneralPurpose:Toinform.SpecificPurpose:Toinformmyaudienceofthemajorfactorstoconsiderwhenbuyinganotebookcomputer.,DeterminingtheSpecificPurpose(continued),Lookwhathappenswhenthespecificpurposestatementdoesnotincludetheaudience:SpecificPurpose:Toexplainthemajorfactorstoconsiderwhenbuyinganotebookcomputer.Areweexplainingthisideatocomputerprofessionalsorfirsttimebuyers?(twodifferentpresentations),TipsforFormulatingtheSpecificPurposeStatement,WritethePurposeStatementasaFullInfinitivePhrase,notasaFragment.Ineffective:CalendarsMoreEffective:Toinformmyaudienceaboutthefourmajorkindsofcalendarsusedintheworldtoday.,TipsforFormulatingtheSpecificPurposeStatement,Expressyourpurposeasastatementnotaquestion.Ineffective:IstheU.S.spaceprogramnecessary?Moreeffective:TopersuademyaudiencethattheU.S.spaceprogramprovidesmanyimportantbenefitstopeoplehereonearth.,TipsforFormulatingtheSpecificPurposeStatement,Avoidfigurativelanguageinyourpurposestatement.Ineffective:Topersuademyaudiencethatbanningallfraternitiesbecausetherehavebeenhazingabusesatsomecollegeswouldbelikethrowingoutthebabywiththebathwater.Moreeffective:Topersuademyaudiencethatbanningallfraternitiesbecausetherehavebeenhazingabusesatsomecollegeswouldpunishthevastmajorityoffraternitiesfortheactionsofafew.,TipsforFormulatingtheSpecificPurposeStatement,Makesureyourspecificpurposeisnottoovagueorgeneral.Ineffective:ToinformmyaudienceabouttheCivilWar.MoreEffective:ToinformmyaudienceabouttheroleofAfrican-AmericansoldiersintheCivilWar.,PhrasingtheCentralIdea,Whatisthecentralidea?Thecentralideaisaone-sentencestatementthatsumsuporencapsulatesthemajorideasofaspeech.Sometimesitiscalledthethesisstatement,thesubjectsentence,orthemajorthought.ResidualMessageWhataspeakerwantstheaudiencetorememberafterithasforgotteneverythingelseinaspeech.Thecentralideashouldbeexpressedinafullsentence,shouldnotbeintheformofaquestion,shouldavoidfigurativelanguage,andshouldnotbevagueoroverlygeneral.,GuidelinesfortheCentralIdea,ExpressasafullsentenceDonotexpressasaquestionAvoidfigurativelanguageDonotbevagueoroverlygeneral,CentralIdeaExamples,Topic:ComputersGeneralpurpose:ToinformSpecificpurpose:Toinformmyaudienceofthemajorfactorstoconsiderwhenbuyinganotebookcomputer.CentralIdea:Themajorfactorstoconsiderwhenbuyinganotebookcomputerareprice,speed,screen,quality,andspecialfeatures.,CentralIdeaExamples,Topic:CampusparkingGeneralpurpose:Topersuade.Specificpurpose:Topersuademyaudiencetopetitionagainstourschoolsplantoreducethenumberofcampusparkingspacesassignedtostudents.CentralIdea:Ourschoolsplantoreducestudentparkingspacesisaninfringementofstudentrightsandwillresultinwide-spreadillegalparking.,GeneralPurpose:Toinform,SpecificPurpose:Toinformmyaudienceofthethreemajorracesinalpineskiing.,CentralIdea:Thethreemajorracesinalpineskiingarethedownhill,theslalom,andthegiantslalo