管理学]管理信息系统英文版课程及答案PPT课件

-,1,1,Chapter,BusinessInformationSystemsinYourCareer,-,2,OBJECTIVES,Explainwhyinformationsystemsaresoessentialinbusinesstoday.Defineaninformationsystemfrombothatechnicalandabusinessperspective,anddistinguishbetweencomputerliteracyandinformationsystemsliteracy.从技术和企业角度定义信息系统，区分计算机文化和信息系统文化。Applyafour-stepmethodforbusinessproblemsolvingtosolveinformationsystem-relatedproblems.,-,3,Assesshowinformationsystemswillaffectbusinesscareersinaccounting,finance,management,marketing,operationsmanagement,andinformationsystemsandidentifytheinformationsystemsskillsandknowledgeessentialforallbusinesscareers.评估信息系统对财务会计、市场影响、管理、运营管理等职业的影响以及各职业需要的信息系统的相关知识和技能。,OBJECTIVES(Continued),-,4,MajorLeagueBaseballHitsaHomeRunwithInformationSystems,Problem:Decliningrevenuefromtraditionalsaleschannels,decliningcustomerbase,increasingcosts.传统销售渠道的收益降低，客户群减少，成本升高Solutions:MLBWebsitesandcellphoneticketingenableelectronicticketinganddeliveryofonlineinformationandgames,whichincreasesales.,-,5,MajorLeagueBaseballHitsaHomeRunwithInformationSystems（continue）,SAScustomeranalysissoftwareandWebsitetrackingtoolshelpidentifygoodsalesprospects（潜在顾客）.DemonstratesITsroleinreducingcost,openingnewsaleschannels,andbuildingcommunitywithcustomers.Illustratestheemergingdigitalfirmlandscapewherebusinessescanusetoolstoanalyzecriticaldata.,-,6,(杰西.潘尼）顾客在杰西.潘尼的门店购买衬衫后，其销售记录会传递到香港的TAL服装公司（通过收集其衬衫POS数据）之后TAL公司运行其计算机模型决策生产衬衫尺寸、型号及颜色。TAL的销售预测系统决定每种衬衫的理想库存量并指导其台湾的制造商生产杰西.潘尼每个门店需要的数量。制造商直接将衬衫发往杰西.潘尼的各个门店，不需经过杰西.潘尼的仓库。,CaseJ.C.PENNEYSINVISIALESUPPLIER,-,7,J.C.PENNEYSTORE(USA),TAL(HK),MANUFATURER(TAIWAN),POS数据,订单,产品,-,8,通过条码等技术杰西.潘尼可以进入TAL的系统查询生产和运输信息以得到库存信息。发送精确率达到100%TAL是世界上最大的衬衫生产商。大牌零售商倾向于将其关键的生产和库存功能移交给像TAL这样的外包商因为他们会做的更好。之前杰西.潘尼要使其仓库保持6个月的库存量，门店要保持3个月的库存量。其销售预测系统基于过时的信息和数据。交给TAL生产其衬衫后，其库存量为零。杰西.潘尼的仓库工人要花29美分/衬衫的成本处理订单，而TAL减少到14美分/衬衫。,-,9,TAL运用其强大的信息系统进行新款衬衫的产品设计和市场测试。TAL可以将衬衫从市场测试到产品上架的周期减少到4个月。TAL的系统在目前产品价格竞争激烈、制造成本上升和利润率不断降低的情况下，保持了令人惊讶高效率和低成本。,-,10,TheRoleofInformationSystemsinBusinessToday,In2005,morewirelessphoneaccountswereopenedthantelephonelandlinesinstalledMorethan35millionpeoplereceivetheirnewsonline;32millionAmericansreadblogsInternetadvertisingcontinuestogrowatmorethan30percentperyearNewlawsrequirebusinessestostoremoredataforlongerperiodsChangesinbusinessresultinchangesinjobsandcareers,HowInformationSystemsAreTransformingBusiness,-,11,Operationalexcellence卓越的运营Newproducts,services,andbusinessmodelsCustomerandsupplierintimacy密切客户和供应商的联系ImproveddecisionmakingCompetitiveadvantageSurvival,BusinessObjectivesofInformationSystems,TheRoleofInformationSystemsinBusinessToday,-,12,OperationalExcellence:,ImprovedefficiencyresultsinhigherprofitabilityInformationsystemsandtechnologieshelptoimprovehigherlevelsofefficiencyandproductivityWal-Mart(沃尔玛）isthechampionofcombininginformationsystemsandbestbusinesspracticestoachieveoperationalefficiencyand$285billioninsalesin2005Wal-Martisthemostefficientstoreintheworldasaresultofdigitallinksbetweenitssuppliersandstores,TheRoleofInformationSystemsinBusinessToday,-,13,WalMart是近20年来美国发展最快的零售商。70年代公司年销售额只有4000万美元。1995年销售额已达936亿美元，列美国最大企业排名第四位，2000年市值2567亿美元，列世界第7位，2002年世界500强名列第一。,-,14,理念：创始人沃尔顿先生倡导的尽量降低经营成本，实行低价销售。宗旨：帮顾客节省每一分钱。口号：天天平价，始终如一。1995年经营成本占销售额的15.8%（世界上大多数零售商的经营成本在40%以上）手段：拥有世界上最大的私有卫星系统，与3800家供货商实现计算机联网。总部的计算机系统与16个发货中心以及1000多家商店连接，做到即时销售，大大压缩产品时间成本，减少库存风险，加速资金周转。,-,15,通讯支持(COMMUNICATIONSSUPPORT),配销中心,供应商,供应商支付,WAL-MAT总部,财务(FINANCING),卫星通讯,零售商店,POS数据(Point-of-saledata),组织学习(OrganizationalLearning),视讯联接（VIDEOLINK）,POS数据(Point-of-saledata),WAL-MAT供应链,Partner,-,16,Informationsystemsandtechnologiesenablefirmstocreatenewproducts,services,andbusinessmodelsAbusinessmodelincludeshowacompanyproduces,delivers,andsellsitsproductsandservicesThemusicindustryhasseendrasticchangesinbusinessmodelsinrecentyearsApplehasbeenverysuccessfulatintroducingnewproductsandadoptinganewbusinessmodel,Newproducts,services,andbusinessmodels:,TheRoleofInformationSystemsinBusinessToday,-,17,CustomerswhoareservedwellbecomerepeatcustomerswhopurchasemoreCloserelationshipswithsuppliersresultinlowercostsTheMandarinOriental（文华东方酒店）inManhattanusesinformationsystemsandtechnologiestofoster（培养）anintimaterelationshipwithitscustomersincludingkeepingtrackoftheirpreferencesJCPenneyusesinformationsystemstoenhanceitsrelationshipwithitssupplierinHongKong,Customerandsupplierintimacy:,TheRoleofInformationSystemsinBusinessToday,-,18,Acompanysbottomlinecanbehurtbymanagersbeingswampedwithdatathatareneithertimelynorhelpful,forcingthemtouseguessworkReal-timedatahaveimprovedtheabilityofmanagerstomakedecisionsVerizonusesaWeb-baseddigitaldashboardtoupdatemanagerswithreal-timedataoncustomercomplaints,networkperformance,andlineoutages,Improveddecisionmaking:,TheRoleofInformationSystemsinBusinessToday,-,19,AchievingthepreviouslymentionedbusinessobjectivesoftenleadstocompetitiveadvantageAdvantagesovercompetitorsincludecharginglessforsuperiorproducts,betterperformance,andbetterresponsetosuppliersandcustomersDellComputerisoneofthebestexamplesofestablishingcompetitiveadvantageasthecompanyhascontinuedtobeprofitableduringatimewhenPCpriceshavebeenfallingsteadily,Competitiveadvantage:,TheRoleofInformationSystemsinBusinessToday,-,20,戴尔计算机公司：直销与个性化服务的典范向企业销售:5,000家美国公司服务的“首页”计划。当戴尔公司赢得一家有400人以上的企业客户时，它就为那家客户建立首页。首页只不过是一套比较小的网页，常常同客户的内联网联接(销售和租赁），让获准的雇员在线配置个人计算机、付款、跟踪交付的情况每天约有500万元的戴尔个人计算机以这种方式定货。首页让客户能即刻得到技术支持（再也不用在电话里等待！），与销售人员联系。向个人销售：网上订购、网上跟踪、网上支付,-,21,BusinessesmayneedtoinvestininformationsystemsoutofnecessityNecessityarisesfromkeepingupwithcompetitors,suchaswhenCitibankintroducedATMsNecessityalsoarisesfromfederalandstateregulations,suchastheToxicSubstancesControlActandtheSarbanes-OxleyAct,Survival:,TheRoleofInformationSystemsinBusinessToday,-,22,萨班奥西利法案（SOX）是2002年，为响应大型企业Enron以及WorldCom的财务丑闻，保护股东以及普通民众免于企业统计错误和欺骗行为而制定的。这个法案由美国证券交易委员会（SEC）执行，SEC设置服从的底线并发布要求规则。萨班奥西利法案不是商业行为，也不规定企业保存记录的方法，而是规定哪个记录该保存多长时间。这一立法不仅影响了公司的财务部分，还影响了其工作为存储公司电子记录的IT部门。萨班奥西利法案指出所有商业纪录，包括电子记录以及电子消息，都必须保存“至少五年”，不遵循法案则会得到罚款、监禁或两者。IT部门逐渐面临一个挑战-高效创建并维护公司记录档案以满足法案提出的要求。,-,23,InteractiveSession:BusinessObjectivesInyourexperience,whatfirmshaveachieved:,OperationalexcellenceNewproducts,services,andbusinessmodelsCustomerandsupplierintimacyImproveddecisionmakingCompetitiveadvantageSurvival,Didinformationsystemsandtechnologiesplayaroleintheseachievements?,-,24,PerspectivesonInformationSystemsandInformationTechnology,Informationtechnologyisthehardwareandsoftwareabusinessusestoachieveitsobjectives,WhatIsanInformationSystem?,-,25,InformationSystems,Asetofinterrelatedcomponentsthatcollect(orretrieve),process,store,anddistributeinformationtosupportdecisionmakingandcontrolinanorganization在组织中进行信息的收集、处理、存储和传播，以支持决策制定、协调、控制、分析和实现的共同联系和相互作用的要素,-,26,Informationreferstodatashapedintoameaningfulandusefulformtohumanbeings.信息是数据所形成的对人类有意义和有用的形式Dataarestreamsofrawfactsrepresentingeventsandoccurringinorganizationsorthephysicalenvironment数据指的是被组织和安排成人们能理解的形式之前，发生在组织中或组织所处环境中的原始事实流。,-,27,WhyInformationSystems?,Dataandinformation,-,28,PerspectivesonInformationSystemsandInformationTechnology,WhatIsanInformationSystem?,Activitiesinaninformationsystemthatproduceinformation:Input输入Processing处理Output输出Feedback反馈,Thinkofaninformationsystemyouhaveexperiencedrecently.Describetheinputs,processing,outputs,andfeedbackinthesystem.,-,29,WhyInformationSystems?,Functionsofaninformationsystem,-,30,ItIsntSimplyTechnology:TheRoleofPeopleandOrganizations,Informationsystemsliteracy（信息系统文化）:Broad-basedunderstandingofinformationsystemsthatincludesbehavioralknowledgeaboutorganizationsandindividualsusinginformationsystemsandtechnicalknowledgeaboutcomputers对信息系统知识的广泛了解，它不仅包括对计算机技术知识的理解而且包括对使用信息系统的组织和个人行为知识的了解。,DimensionsofInformationSystems,-,31,Computerliteracy（计算机文化）:Knowledgeaboutinformationtechnology,focusingonunderstandinghowcomputer-basedtechnologieswork关于信息技术的知识，重点在于理解基于计算机的技术如何工作,-,32,OrganizationsPeopleTechnology：hardware,software,datamanagementtechnology,networkandtelecommunicationstechnology,-,33,WhyInformationSystems?,Informationsystemsaremorethancomputers,-,34,KeyElementsofanOrganizationStructure结构Businessprocesses业务流程:logicallyrelatedtasksandbehaviorsforaccomplishingworkPolitics政治Culture文化,WhyInformationSystems?,-,35,UPSCompetesGloballywithInformationTechnology,ReadtheFocusonTechnologyandthendiscussthefollowingquestions:Whataretheinputs,processing,andoutputsofUPSspackagetrackingsystem?Whattechnologiesareused?HowarethesetechnologiesrelatedtoUPSsbusinessstrategy?Whatproblemsdothesetechnologiessolve?Whatwouldhappenifthesetechnologieswerenotavailable?,-,36,UnderstandingInformationSystems:ABusinessProblem-SolvingApproach,Fewbusinessproblemsaresimpleorstraightforward很少组织的问题是简单而直接的。Mostbusinessproblemsinvolveanumberofmajorfactorsthatcanbecategorizedasorganization,technology,andpeople,TheProblem-SolvingApproach解决问题的观点,-,37,UnderstandingInformationSystems:ABusinessProblem-SolvingApproach,Problemidentification问题识别Solutiondesign方案设计Choice选择Implementation实施Problemsolvingisaprocess,notanevent,AModeloftheProblem-SolvingProcess,-,38,ProblemSolvingIsaContinuousFour-StepProcess,EssentialsofBusinessInformationSystemsChapter1BusinessInformationSystemsinYourCareer,Duringimplementationandthereafter,theoutcomemustbecontinuallymeasuredandtheinformationabouthowwellthesolutionisworkingisfedbacktotheproblemsolvers.Inthisway,theidentificationoftheproblemcanchangeovertime,solutionscanbechanged,andnewchoicesmade,allbasedonexperience.,UnderstandingInformationSystems:ABusinessProblem-SolvingApproach,-,39,UnderstandingInformationSystems:ABusinessProblem-SolvingApproach,Fourelementsofcriticalthinking:Maintainingdoubtandsuspendingjudgment保持怀疑并暂时中止实施Beingawareofdifferentperspectives能够从不同角度考虑问题Testingalternativesandlettingexperienceguide测试方案并借鉴前人经验Beingawareoforganizationalandpersonallimitation