学术英语社科(英文课件)

学术英语社科,AcademicEnglishforSocialSciences,1,2,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,Lead-inTextATextBListeningSpeakingWriting,UnitContents,3,Lead-inReadingcritically:questionsfordiscussion,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,4,Lead-in,Readingcritically:questionsfordiscussion,Readingcritically:,Everytextiswrittenonapurpose,somearesupposedtomakeyoubelieve.Itisimportanttolearntoreadcriticallytogetthepoint.Onewayoftrainingcriticalreadingistoaskyourselfthefollowingquestions:,Doyouagreewiththeauthor?,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,WhatistheauthorassumingIwillagreewith?,Whatistheauthortryingtoprove?,5,Lead-in,Readingcritically:questionsfordiscussion,Doestheauthoradequatelydefendtheirargument?,Whatkindofproofdotheyuse?,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,Istheresomethingtheyleaveoutthatyouwouldputin?,Doesputtingitinhurttheirargument?,6,Lead-in,Readingcritically:questionsfordiscussion,Discussthefollowingquestions:,Howdoyoumakethedecisionthatyoutakethiscourse?,Whatdoyouconsiderwhenyoumakethisdecision?,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,7,TextA,KeytermsCriticalreadingandthinkingDifficultsentencesEnglishlanguageforacademicpurpose,SpecializedvocabularyCollocationsFormalandinformalEnglishSignpostlanguage,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,8,TextA,Keyterms,rationalpeople:理性人Thosepeoplewhosystematicallyandpurposefullydothebesttheycantoachievetheirobjectives,giventheavailableopportunities.,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,marginalchange:边际变化smallincrementaladjustmentstoaplanofaction,marginalbenefit:边际效益theadditionalbenefitfromanincreaseinanactivity,9,TextA,Keyterms,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,marginalcost:边际成本theadditionalcostfromanincreaseinanactivity,marginaldecision-making:边际决策theadditionalcostfromanincreaseinanactivity,incentive:激励somethingthatinducesapersontoact,10,HowPeopleMakeDecisions,Economistsexplanationaboutdecisionmaking:Therearerulesbehindpeoplesdecision-makingbehaviors.,TextA,Criticalreadingandthinking,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,11,Rationalpeoplethinkatthemargin.,TextA,Criticalreadingandthinking,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,Example1:standbyticketsWhatarationalairlinecando?Situation:Flyinga200-seatplaneacrosstheU.S.coststheairline$100,000.Costofeachseat:$500(Thatstosay,neversellaticketforlessthan$500.)Suppose:Aplaneisabouttotakeoffwith10emptyseats.Astandbypassengerwillpay$300foraseat.Question:shouldtheairlineselltheticket?,12,Answer:Yes.Reason:Iftheplanehasemptyseat,thecostofaddingonemorepassengeristiny.Herethemarginalcostismerelythecostofsomethingtoeat,likepeanuts,coco,etc.Conclusion:Aslongasthestandbypassengerpaysmorethanthemarginalcost,sellingtheticketisprofitable.,TextA,Criticalreadingandthinking,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,13,Example2:watervs.diamondWhyiswatersocheap,whilediamondsaresoexpensive?,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,TextA,Criticalreadingandthinking,14,TextA,Criticalreadingandthinking,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,Conclusion:Rationalpeoplethinkatthemargin.(Theymakedecisionsbycomparingcostsandbenefits.)Areyouarationalperson?,15,Example1:thepriceofanappleHowpeoplerespondtoincentives?Whenthepricerises:Itprovidesanincentiveforbuyerstoconsumeless;Itprovidesanincentiveforsellerstoproducemore.,TextA,Criticalreadingandthinking,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,Rationalpeoplerespondtoincentives.,16,Example2:ataxongasolineHowpeoplerespondtoincentives?Encouragepeopletodrivesmall,morefuel-efficientcars;carpooltakepublictransportation;liveclosertowheretheywork;drivehybridcars;driveelectriccars.,TextA,Criticalreadingandthinking,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,17,Example3:aseatbeltlawAmericanlawsrequireseatbeltsasstandardequipmentonnewcars.Howaseatbeltlawaltersadriverscost-benefitcalculation(Peltzmansanalysis):Seatbeltsreducethelikelihoodofinjuryordeathmakeaccidentslesscostlydrivefasterandlesscarefullyalargenumberofaccidents,TextA,Criticalreadingandthinking,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,18,Result:Theselawsproducebothfewerdeathsperaccidentandmoreaccidents.Conclusion1:Thenetresultislittlechangeinthenumberofdriverdeathsandanincreaseinthenumberofpedestriandeaths.Conclusion2:Whenanalyzinganypolicy,considerboththedirecteffectsandlessobviousindirecteffects.Ifthepolicychangesincentives,itwillcausepeopletoaltertheirbehavior.,TextA,Criticalreadingandthinking,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,19,Rationalpeopleknowthatwhentheymakeadecision,itisoftennotayes-or-nochoice,butrequiresdeliberateconsiderationoftheprosandcons.,TextA,Difficultsentences,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,Rationalpeopleknowthatdecisionsinlifearerarelyblackandwhitebutusuallyinvolveshadesofgray.(Para.2),20,Themostimportanttheoryineconomicstudyconcernsitselfwithincentives.Othertheoriesarenotasimportant.“Therestiscommentary”isaphraseusedinAmericanEnglishtomean“therestistrivialorlessimportant”.,TextA,Difficultsentences,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,“Peoplerespondtoincentives.Therestiscommentary.”(Para.6),21,Atfirst,thisdiscussionofincentivesandseatbeltsmightseemlikerandomtalknotsupportedbyevidence.,TextA,Difficultsentences,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,Atfirst,thisdiscussionofincentivesandseatbeltsmightseemlikeidlespeculation.(Para.12),22,Specializedvocabulary,rationalpeoplemarginaldecision-makingmarginalchangemarginalbenefitmarginalcostnetresult,TextA,Englishlanguageforacademicpurpose,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,23,Collocations,TextA,Englishlanguageforacademicpurpose,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,achievethehighlevelofsatisfactionmaximizeprofitsachieveobjectivesbeblackandwhiterollroundblowoffflystandbypuzzlingeconomicphenomenatakeanactionallocatescarceresourcesendupwithunintendedconsequencesidlespeculation,24,FormalandinformalEnglish,SeePage9,anddoTask3.,TextA,Englishlanguageforacademicpurpose,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,25,Signpostlanguage,Showconnectionsbetweensentencesandparagraphs.SeePage9,anddoTask2,TextA,Englishlanguageforacademicpurpose,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,26,Signpostlanguage,TextA,Englishlanguageforacademicpurpose,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,Signalimportantpartsofacademicwriting,suchasstructure,writersposition,arguments,conclusion,Reportingsomeonesview:Somepeople/researcher(s)maintain(s)/argue(s)/assert(s)/claim(s)/point(s)out,27,Signpostlanguage,Disagreeingwithsomeonesview:IdisagreewiththatTheviewisopentodoubt/notnecessarilytrue/highlydebatableOneofthemainargumentagainstisthat,TextA,Englishlanguageforacademicpurpose,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,28,Signpostlanguage,Pointingoutagapinresearch:HoweverlittleinformationThesestudieshaveemphasized,asopposedtoAlthoughconsiderableresearchhasfocusedon,lessattentionhasbeengivento,TextA,Englishlanguageforacademicpurpose,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,29,Signpostlanguage,Agreeingwithsomeonesview:IagreewithwhenhewritesthatXiscertainlycorrectinsayingthatAnotherpointinfavourofisAfurtherargumentsupportingisNB:Inthefollowingunitsofstudy,moreexampleswillbegiven.,TextA,Englishlanguageforacademicpurpose,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,30,Task1Thetreediagrambelowillustratesthemainpointsofthetext.Fillintheblanksaccordingtothetext.,TextA,Suggestedanswers,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,Decision-makingbehaviorsineconomicactivities,Thinkingatthemargincomparingmarginal_andmarginal_,Respondingto_,Example1standbytickets,Criticalreadingandthinking,Example2_vs._,Example1thepriceofanapple,Example2ataxon_,Example3_,cost,benefits,water,diamonds,incentives,gasoline,seatbeltslaw,31,Task2Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F).,TextA,Suggestedanswers,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,Criticalreadingandthinking,F,_1Whenrationalpeoplemakedecisionsinlife,theyareverycertainofthechoice._2Atthetimeofexamination,studentshavetodecidehowtousealltheirtimestudying._3Marginalchangesaresmallgradualchangesofthepresentplanofaction._4Theexampleofthestandbyflyistoldtoshowhowcostcanbeignored._5Diamondsaremoreexpensivethanwaterbecausepeoplearemoreattractedtothem.,F,F,F,T,32,Task2Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F).,TextA,Suggestedanswers,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,Criticalreadingandthinking,T,_6Thequotationofoneeconomist“Peoplerespondtoincentives.Therestiscommentary.”isgiventoshowtheimportanceofincentives._7Theexampleoftheappleshowshowfoodpricesvaryaccordingtomarketneeds._8Thegasolinetaxhasaneffectonpeopleschoiceofcars._9Whentheseatbeltismadecompulsory,peopledrivemorecarefully._10Policymakersneedtotakeintoconsiderationthelessobviousindirecteffectsofapolicy.,F,F,F,T,33,Task1Specializedvocabulary,TextA,Suggestedanswers,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,Languagebuilding-up,MatchthewordsinColumnAwiththoseinColumnBandthentranslatethephrasesyouhavegotintoChinese.,34,Task1Specializedvocabulary,TextA,Suggestedanswers,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,Languagebuilding-up,MatchthewordsinColumnAwiththoseinColumnBandthentranslatethephrasesyouhavegotintoChinese.,1_2_3_4_5_6_,marginalchange,边际变化,scarceresources,稀缺资源,maximizeprofits,最大化利润,netresult,净结果,levelofsatisfaction,满意度,rationalpeople,理性人,35,Task1Specializedvocabulary,TextA,Suggestedanswers,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,Languagebuilding-up,TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish,usingsomeofthephrasesabove.,1我们明年的目标是获得利润最大化。_2时间是一种稀缺资源，因此如果工人失业，他们的时间就浪费了。_,Weaimtomaximizeprofitsoverthenextyear.,Timeisascarceresource,soifworkersareunemployedtheirtimeiswasted.,36,Task1Specializedvocabulary,TextA,Suggestedanswers,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,Languagebuilding-up,TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish,usingsomeofthephrasesabove.,3理性人有非理性的想法吗？_4满意度调查结果表明游客对某些服务不满意。_,Dorationalpeoplehaveirrationalthoughts?,Researchintosatisfactionlevelhasfoundthattouristsarenotsatisfiedwithsomeoftheservices.,37,Task2Signpostlanguage,TextA,Suggestedanswers,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,Languagebuilding-up,MatchthesignpostlanguagefromTextAwiththepurposeeachofthemserves.,1_2_3_4_5_6_,e,b,d,c,a,e,38,Task2Signpostlanguage,TextA,Suggestedanswers,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,Languagebuilding-up,Completethefollowingsentencesusingthesignpostlanguagelistedabove.,1Heisnotwell-knownforhisrespectforfactualaccuracy,_,hewaslying.2Officescaneasilybecomemoreenvironmentally-friendlyby,_,usingrecycledpaper.3Wedontlikethesituation.But_,wehavetodealwiththisproblem.,inotherwords,forexample,atthesametime,39,Task2Signpostlanguage,TextA,Suggestedanswers,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,Languagebuilding-up,Completethefollowingsentencesusingthesignpostlanguagelistedabove.,4Theireconomyhasexpandedenormously,whileours,_,hasdeclined.5_,inthischapterthereisnogeneralformulaforthesolutiontothisquestion.6Thewholeteamdontwanttolosehim._,heneedstorealizethatcompanyregulationsmustbeobeyed.,bycontrast,Aswewillsee,Inthiscase,40,Task3FormalEnglish,TextA,Suggestedanswers,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,Languagebuilding-up,ReplacetheunderlinedwordsinthefollowingsentenceswiththemoreformalonesfromTextA.,1Asyoustudyeconomics,youwillcomeacrossfirmsthatdecidehowmanyworkerstohireandhowmuchoftheirproducttomanufactureandselltomaximizeprofits.Key:_2Thereasonisthatapersonswillingnesstopayforanygoodisbasedonthemarginalbenefitthatanextraunitofthegoodwouldproduce.Key:_,encounter,yield,41,Task3FormalEnglish,TextA,Suggestedanswers,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,Languagebuilding-up,ReplacetheunderlinedwordsinthefollowingsentenceswiththemoreformalonesfromTextA.,3Anincentiveissomethingthatpersuadesapersontoact,suchastheprospectofapunishmentorareward.Key:_4Manypolicieschangethecostsorbenefitsthatpeoplefaceand,therefore,changetheirbehavior.Key:_5Forexample,considerpublicpolicyaboutautosafety.Key:_,induces,alter,regarding,42,Task3FormalEnglish,TextA,Suggestedanswers,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,Languagebuilding-up,ReplacetheunderlinedwordsinthefollowingsentenceswiththemoreformalonesfromTextA.,6Thedeclineinsafedrivinghasaclear,badimpactonpedestrians.Key:_7Atfirst,thisdiscussionofincentivesandseatbeltsmightseemlikeanidleguess.Key:_8Whenapersonwearsaseatbelt,thelikelihoodofsurvivinganautoaccidentrises.Key:_,adverse,speculation,probability,43,Task3FormalEnglish,TextA,Suggestedanswers,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,Languagebuilding-up,Completethesentenceswithsomeoftheanswersyouhavegotintheaboveexercise.,1Stresscanhavea(n)_effectonpeopleshealth.2Thisdoesnt_thefactthatwhatyoudidwaswrong.3Hewarnedusthatwemight_alotofoppositionattheverybeginning.4Somebelievethatsurgerycould_aheartattack.5Hehasverylittletosay_thenewEUregulations.6Knowingaboutthepastdoesntnecessarily_solutionstocurrentproblems.,adverse,alter,encounter,induce,regarding,yield,44,TextB,CriticalreadingDifficultsentencesEnglishlanguageforacademicpurpose,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,45,NewAirportLandingFeesDelayed,SeePage14,anddoTask1andTask2,TextB,Criticalreading,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,Anewfederalpolicy:allowingairportstochargehigherlandingfeesduringpeakperiodsReasonforformulatingthispolicy:encourageairlinestoarrangeflightsmoreevenlythroughouttheday,thusreducingflightdelays,46,TextB,Criticalreading,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,47,TextB,Criticalreading,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,Yourreflectionsonthispolicy:Itwillwork:Itwontwork:,48,whichlastmonthcalledtheproposal“congestionpricingdisguisedasanairportfee”.(Para.13),TextB,Difficultsentences,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,whichclaimedthattheproposalwasactuallychargingfeeforcongestionratherthanfortheairport.,49,“Becausethecentralpolicyissueatstakehereinfluencingairlinemarketdecisionsthroughairportpricingisinherentlycomplexandhistoricallyhasbeencontroversial,webelievethatitmeritsadditionaltimetofullydevelopcommentsreflectingtheviewsofindustrystakeholders,”(Para.14),TextB,Difficultsentences,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,“Thecentralpolicyissuewhichishowtoinfluenceairlinemarketdecisionsthroughairportpricinghasalwaysbeencomplexandcontroversial.Henceitisnecessarytoallowmoretimeforthepartiesinvolvedintheindustrytophrasetheiropinionsthatmostclearlyexpresstheirviews.”,50,Collocations,reduce/addresscongestionchargehigherlandingfeespeakperiodsreducedelaystakeeffectimplementmeasures,TextB,Englishlanguageforacademicpurpose,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,51,Collocations,trafficvolumeon-timearrivalratebesupportiveofaccommodaterequestsclearupambiguitygointoeffect,TextB,Englishlanguageforacademicpurpose,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,52,Listening,PredictionstrategiesListeningtasks,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,53,Predictionstrategies,PredictionInsteadofrelyingontheactualwordsorsounds,youusebackgroundinformationandcommonworldknowledgetodevelopexpectationsaboutwhatyouwillhearandthenconfirmorrejectthemasyoulisten.,Listening,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,54,Predictionstrategies,Listening,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,Predictionstrategies,Usevisualinformationincludingtitlesontheboard,onslides,orinaPowerPointpresentation.Thinkaboutwhatyoualreadyknowaboutthetopic.Askyourselfquestionsthatyouthinkthespeakermightanswer.Listenforspecificphrases.,55,Task1Beforelistening,lookatthefirstsentenceofthelectureyouaregoingtohearandpredictwhatwillfollow.Writedownyourexpectation.,Listening,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,Businessesarestructuredindifferentwaystomeetdifferentneeds.,Thesimplestformofbusinessiscalledanindividualorsoleproprietorship.Theproprietorownsallofthepropertyofthebusinessandisresponsibleforeverything.,Listeningtasks,56,Task2Listentothelectureagainandcompletethefollowingtableaccordingtowhatyouhaveheard.,Listening,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,Listeningtasks,Individual/sole,Corporation,soleowner,limitedliabilitypartnership,sharesofownershipbystockholders,partlyresponsible,shareholdersnotresponsible,existonlyforaslongastheownersremainalive,existonlyforaslongasthepartnersremainalive,57,Task3Listentothelectureathirdtimeandchoosethecorrectanswertoeachofthefollowingquestions.,Listening,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,1Whichofthefollowingdescriptionsfitsanindividualproprietorship?ATheownerhastopayanydebtsalone.BThecompanygoesbankruptwhentheownerdies.CTheownerkeepsalltheprofitswithhisfamily.DTheownercannotborrowmoney.Key:_,Listeningtasks,A,58,Task3Listentothelectureathirdtimeandchoosethecorrectanswertoeachofthefollowingquestions.,Listening,Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities,2Wh