英汉对比翻译绪论与第一章

英汉对比研究与翻译,延安大学外国语学院李艳教授,AContrastiveStudyofEnglishandChineseandTheirTranslationInstructor(Professor)：LiYan,Autumn2014AContrastiveStudyofEnglishandChineseandTheirTranslationCourseDescription,IntroductoryRemarksabouttheCourse,.Aboutthecourse1.MakingcontrastMakingcontrastisaveryimportantmethodtoknowandunderstandtheworldandalsooneofthebasicapproachestoconductlanguageresearchandstudy.Mr.ZhaoYuanren,thewellknownChineselinguistoncesaid,“Whatso-calledlinguistictheory,infact,ismakingcontrastbetweendifferentlanguages,ascientificresearchfindingbyasyntheticallycontrastiveanalysisoflanguagesofvariousnationalitiesintheworld.”,2.ContrastivestudyInChina,contrastivestudyisacomparativelynewbranchoflinguistics.However,recentyearshavewitnesseditsrapiddevelopmentandtremendousachievementsastheresultsoftheeffortsoftheresearchers.Contrastivestudyrevealssimilaritiesanddissimilaritiesbetweenthetwolanguagesandsuggeststhedialecticapproachestolanguagestudy.,3.AcontrastivestudyofEnglishandChineseAcontrastivestudyofEnglishandChinesenotonlyhelpstoformanewmethod,whichcanbeappliedinlanguageteachingandtranslationbutalsobenefitsthecommunication.Bycontrastivestudy,languagelearnerscangainabetterinsightofpeculiaritiesoftheirmotherlanguageandtheforeignlanguage.Intheprocessofcommunication,itispossibleforthemtobeconsciousofthesimilaritiesanddissimilaritiesbetweenthetwolanguagesinordertoavoidcommittingmistakes,thusmakingcommunicationpossible.,4.AboutthiscourseThiscourseoffersanintroductiontocontrastivestudyonEnglishandChinese.ItisquitenecessaryforalanguagelearnertolearnthiscourseandtheChinesescholarLianShunenghasgivenusanexcellentcontrastivestudyonEnglishandChinese.Afewexampleswillbelistedheretoillustratethispoint.,Inthedoorwaylayatleasttwelveumbrellasofallsizesandcolours.Anideasuddenlystruckme.Hehadsurfacedwithlessvisibilityinthepolicydecisions.,FourkindsofnounsmaybetransformedintoChineseverbs(英语下列四类名词与汉语动词的转换)1)Hegaveadescription(describe)ofthetrafficaccident2）Thesightandsoundofourjetplanefilledmewithspeciallonging.3)IamafraidIcantteachyouswimming.IthinkmylittlebrotherisabetterteacherthanI.4)havearest,havealookat,(1)英语动词派生的名词与汉语动词的转换e.g.Liberation,application,insistence,settlement,description,abolition,exploitation（.eksplitein开发，开采）,refusal,acknowledgement,withdrawal.1)Hegaveadescription(describe)ofthetrafficaccident他描述了交通事故的情况。(2)英语含有动作意味的名词,在记叙、描写文体中出现了较多,往往可以与汉语动词转换,e.g.sight,sound,close,glance,wave,effusion,walk,view,thought,etc.1）Thesightandsoundofourjetplanefilledmewithspeciallonging.看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的机声，令我特别神往。,(3)英语中有些加后缀-er/-or的名词，有时并不表示职业和身份，而是含有较强的动作意味，在汉语中没有恰当的对应名词，往往可以译成汉语的动词,e.g.teacher,forgiver,briefer(作的概述；（向）简单介绍),advocator.IamafraidIcantteachyouswimming.IthinkmylittlebrotherisabetterteacherthanI.我未必会教你游泳。我想我的小弟弟比我教的好。,比较：Sheisawell-knownsinger.她是一位著名的歌唱家。Someofmyclassmatesaregoodsingers.我同班同学中有些人唱歌唱得很好。(4)英语作为习语主体的名词往往可以与汉语动词转换。如：havearest,havealookat,takecareof,makementionof/makenomentionof等,花园里面是人间乐园，有的是吃不完的大米白面，穿不完的绫罗绸缎和花不完的金银财宝。Thegardenwasaparadiseonearth,withmorefoodandclothesthancouldbeconsumedandmoremoneythancouldbespent.汉语“他能吃能睡”，英语该怎么说？,.Requiredtextbooksandreferencebooks1.LianShu-nengContrastiveStudiesofEnglishandChinese.Beijing:HigherEducationPress,19932.陈定安，英汉比较与翻译中国对外翻译出版公司，19983.SunZhili,ANewCoursebookonEnglish-ChineseTranslation.Shanghai:ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress,20034.ShaoZhihongC-ETranslationStudies:AContrastiveApproach.Shanghai:EastChinaUniversityofScienceandTechnologyPress,2005,.CourseRequirementsStudentsareexpectedtoattendallclasssessions.(thetimeduringwhichaschoolholdsclasses)Ifyouareabsent,anote(awrittenexplanation)mustbepresentedtoexplainthereasonfortheabsence.Whenyoumissclasses,rememberitisyourresponsibilitytofindoutwhatyoumissed.Ifyouareabsentthreetimes,pleasecometoseemeimmediately.Assignmentsaredueonthedayannouncedinclass.AllassignmentsmustbesubmittedONTIME.Lateassignmentswillnotbeaccepted.Soprepareyourassignmentsinadvance.Allclassassignmentswillbewrittenonthepaperarrangedbyourdepartment.,.GradingAttendance,participation,classassignments,translationability30%FinalExam70%,.Tentativesyllabus:Thiscoursecanbedividedintotenchapters,namely,GeneralIntroductionChapter1Syntheticvs.AnalyticChapter2Rigidvs.Supple/Compactvs.DiffusiveChapter3Hypotacticvs.ParatacticChapter4Complexvs.SimplexChapter5Impersonalvs.PersonalChapter6Passivevs.ActiveChapter7Stativevs.DynamicChapter8Abstractvs.ConcreteChapter9Indirectvs.DirectChapter10Substitutivevs.Reiterative,Chapter1Syntheticvs.Analytic,.Syntheticlanguagevs.AnalyticlanguageSyntheticlanguage：anylanguageinwhichsyntacticrelationswithinsentencesareexpressedbyinflection(thechangeintheformofawordthatindicatesdistinctionsoftense,person,gender,number,mood,voice,andcase)(Latin,German,oldEnglish),InWebstersNinthNewCollegiateDictionary,Syntheticlanguageis“characterizedbyfrequentandsystematicuseofinflectedformstoexpressgrammaticalrelationships”.Latin,GermanandOldEnglishbelongtotypicalSyntheticlanguage,Analyticlanguageis“characterizedbyarelativelyfrequentuseoffunctionwords,auxiliaryverbs,andchangesinwordordertoexpresssyntacticrelations,ratherthanofinflectedforms”.(Chinese),WhataboutmodernEnglish?ModernEnglishcomesfromtheOldEnglish.Itpreservesthecharacteristicsofthesyntheticlanguage,butpossessesthecharacteristicsoftheanalyticlanguage.ModernEnglishis“characterizedbyarelativelyfrequentuseofhereditaryinflections,formwords,andarelativelyfixedwordordertoexpresssyntacticrelations.SoModernEnglishbelongstosynthetic-analyticlanguage.,.AContrastivestudyofSynthetic-analyticEnglishandAnalyticChinese4aspects:inflectedforms(thechangeintheformsofthewords)wordorderformwordsphonetics1.InflectedformsinEnglish(thechangeintheformsofwords)(Chinesehasnothekindofchange)(1)AffixationPrefixesandsuffixesareaddedtorootstoformnewwords.Generallyspeaking,prefixescanaddnewmeaningtothenewlyformedwordsandsuffixesindicatenewmeaningsandnewpartsofspeech,suchaslike,dislike,likely.,(2)Additiveformsreferstoenclitics(inklitik,en-附属字)thatareaddedtothewordstoindicatethefunctionofthewordsinsentences.Thisincludes:noun+s/es;pronoun+s/es,eg,yourselves;verb+s/es;verb+ed;verb+ing;adjective/adverb+er/est,andsoon.,(3)ExternalformsInEnglish,thecombinationofverbs,auxiliaryverbsandmodalverbscanbeusedtoindicatesdifferenttenses,voicesandmoodoftheverbs,(4)ThefunctionofParticlesinChinese助词particle(grammatical)结构助词structuralparticle比较级虚助词comparativeparticle动态助词aspectparticle虚词emptywordformwordfunctionalwordfunctionword,2.RelativelyfreewordorderinEnglishvs.relativelyfixedwordorderinChinese(1)Differencesoninversion(2)Differentpositionsofattributes(3)Differentlogicalthoughtpatterns,3.AContrastivestudyofEnglishformwordsandChineseemptywords(1)EnglishformwordsEnglishformwords（虚词）arealsocalledfunctionwordsorstructuralwords.Theyinclude:articles,prepositions,auxiliary,co-ordinators,subordinators.,(2)ChineseemptywordsChineseemptywords（虚词）include:prepositions,particles(助词),conjunctions.,(3)AContrastivestudyofthema.articles(onlyusedinEnglish)b.particles(onlyusedinChinese)c.WideuseofprepositionsinEnglishsentences,ComparedwithChinese,prepositionsarewidelyusedinEnglish.Thereareabout286prepositionsinEnglish(about30prepositionsinChinese).ComparedwithEnglishsentences,therearefewerkindsoffunctionwordsorconnectingdevicesinChinesesentences.Chinesesentencesemphasizecovertcoherence.Theystresslogicalsequence,functionandmeaning.Thereareabout30prepositionsinChineseandmostofthemareborrowedfromverbs.,Forexample,“在，到，朝”canbeusedasbothverbsandprepositions:(a)车在外面。（Thecarisoutside.）(b)车停在外面。（Parkthecaroutside.）(c)不要在外面停车。（Donotpark