FORMALANDINFORMAL正式与非正式英文

Formalandinformal,Prequestionsfordiscussions:Asareader,whyyoufindsomeessayseasytoreadwhileothersmaydifficulttoread?Whatisformalandinformalwordsandstyle?Whenshallweusetheseformalandinformalwordsandstyles?AsanEnglishlearner,doyouthinkweshouldbeinclinedtousingmoreformalwordsandstyles?,Formalandinformal,Formalandinformalwordsand/orlanguageofEnglishshouldbothbelearned.Formallanguageisusuallyusedintermpapers,researchpapers,reports,memos,minutesofmeeting,andbusinesslettersetc,inwhichcase,formalstyleoflanguageshouldbeused.Formallanguageissometimescalledwrittenoracademiclanguage.,Formalandinformal,Ontheotherhands,informalwritingassumesapersonalstance.Itsuggestcloseconnectionsamongwriter,reader,andsubject.Informalwritingisusuallyusedindailyconversations,notes,messages,personalletters,postcardsetc.,Formalandinformal,TheEnglishthatyoushouldusewhenwritingapaperorthesisshouldbeformal(likealegaldocument)butalsoclear(unlikealegaldocument).TherearecertainthingsthatcanbedoneinspokenEnglishorinwrittenEnglishinnewspapers,magazines,orlecturenoteswhicharenotappropriateforformalwriting.,Formalandinformal,1.DontstartasentencewithAnd,Also,But,So,Or,Evenso.InsteaduseInaddition,However,Hence,Consequently,Alternatively,Nevertheless.2.DontstartasentencewithTherefore.Insteadwrite,forexample,Wetherefore.3.DontstartasentencewithThenorNowunlessitisacommand.,Formalandinformal,4.Dontusedont,oranyothershortenednegativesuchasisnt,hasnt,wasnt,etc.Usedoesnot,isnot,etc.instead.5.Generallytrytoavoids.E.g.Insteadofthewavefrontscurvatureuseeitherthecurvatureofthewavefrontorthewavefrontcurvature.But,thereareexceptionstothis.e.g.todaysstockmarketpricesisbetterthanthestockmarketpricesoftoday.,Formalandinformal,6.Dontuse!orInstead,writeeitherweusedthreemethods:A,B,andC.orweusedthreemethods,namely,A,B,andC.,Formalandinformal,13.Donotusefirst-personpronouns(I,me,my,we,us,etc.).TrytoavoidIthinkthat,Ibelievethat,orinmyopinion.Simplydeletetheseexpressionsfromsentences,andyouwillbeleftwithstrongersentences.ExampleIthinkthatthischaracterisconfused.Thischaracterisconfused.(Thesecondsentenceislesswordy,soundsmoreformal,andconveysamoreconfidenttone.),Formalandinformal,One,thereader,readers,theviewer,orsimilartermsaresometimeseffectivetoreplace“I,We”ExampleIcansensethecharactersconfusion.Readerscansensethecharactersconfusion.,Formalandinformal,13.Avoidaddressingreadersasyou.Addressingreadersusingsecond-personpronouns(you,your)canmakeanessaysoundinformalandcanbringassumptionsintoanessaythatarenottrue.Example:Ifyouwearatubetop,guysmightthinkthatyouareeasy.IwonderedwhythestudentwouldthinkthatI,amale,wouldwearatubetop.Aswithfirst-personpronouns,second-personpronounscanbereplacedbywordssuchasone,thereader,readers,andtheviewer.,Formalandinformal,14.Avoidtheuseofcontractions.Contractionsareshortenedversionsofwordsthatuseapostrophesinplaceofletters,suchascant,isnt,shes,andwouldnt.Themoreformal,non-contractedversionsarecannot,isnot,sheis,andwouldnot.ExampleThecharacterisntawarethathessurroundedbypeoplehecanttrust.Thecharacterisnotawarethatheissurroundedbypeoplehecannottrust.,Formalandinformal,15.Avoidcolloquialismandslangexpressions.Colloquialdictionisinformallanguageusedineverydayspeechandincludessuchwordsasguys,yeah,stuff,kindof,okay,andbigdeal.Highlyinformaldiction,suchasfreakoutanddissing,fallsintothecategoryofslang.,Formalandinformal,Whileslangwordsoftenarevividandexpressive,slangcomesandgoesquickly,anotherreasonwhyslangshouldbeavoidedinformalwriting.Bothcolloquialismandslangexpressionsconveyaninformaltoneandshouldbeavoidedinformalwriting.ExampleTheguywasnailedforrippingoffaliquorstore.Themanwasconvictedofrobbingaliquorstore.,Formalandinformal,16.Avoidabbreviatedversionsofwords.Forexample,insteadofwritingphoto,phoneandTV,writephotograph,telephone,andtelevision.,Formalandinformal,17.Avoidtheoveruseofshortandsimplesentences.Whilethewritermightuseformaldictioninsuchsentences,toomanyshortandsimplesentencescanmakeanessaysoundinformal,asifthewriterisnotrecognizingthattheaudienceiscapableofreadingandunderstandingmorecomplexandlongersentences.Shortandsimplesentencescanbeusedeffectivelyinformalwriting,butheavyrelianceonsuchsentencesreflectspoorlyonthewriterandgivesthewritinganinformaltone.,Formalandinformal,Inthefollowingpages,youwillfindhowtherulesabovecanbeeffectiveinactualwriting.,Formalandinformal,DictionFormalwords:InformalIndustrialactionstrikeindustrialaccidentaccidentProstitute,sexworkersstreetgirlsrehabilitatebetter/improveEndeavourtryConstructbuildDeemthinkEndconclude,terminate,Formalandinformal,Examples:Theyaregoingtobeonstriketomorrow.Theyarescheduletoundergoanindustrialactiontomorrow.2.Theforecastersaidthatitwasgoingtoraininafternoon.Theforecasterreportedthepossibilityofrainingtomorrow.OrTheforecasterreportedapossibleraintomorrow.3.Theyarenotgoingwellwiththeirresearchbecausetheydonothaveenoughfund.Theycannotcarryontheirresearchduetounavailabilityofsufficientfund.,Formalandinformal,4.Theaccidenthappenedasheknewlittleaboutmanagingthemachine.Theaccidentoccurredasaresultofhisignoranceaboutthemanagementofthemachine.5.AcomputerhasaCPU,amonitor,akeyboard,aCD-ROM,amouseandotherparts.AcomputerconsistsofaCPU,amonitor,akeyboard,aCD-ROM,amouseandotherperipheries.6.TherehasbeengreatchangesinChinaoverthepasttwentyyears.Chinawitnessestremendouschangesoverthepasttwodecades.7.ThemeetingwasendedafterMr.Mayorhadhislastspeech.ThemeetingconcludedwithMr.Mayorsspeech.,Diction-Formalandinformal,Theaboveallbringtoourawarenessofthefollowingskillsinformalwritingwork.Thefollowingmaybesomeusefulguidelineswhenyouneedtowriteformally.Atthisstage,weatleastshouldavoidusingweakwordsandphrasessuchashave/has,be,therebe,do,take,make,lie,begoingto,think,give,put,go,will,woulddo(not)andsoon.Avoidusinghesitationfillerssuchaser,um,well,youseeetc.AvoidpronounI,we,you,hewiththeexceptionofit.Trytousestrongwords(someofthemarequiteformal).Useshortwordsorphraseunlesslongonearemoreappropriate.declare-makeadeclaration,latersubsequently(clickforexamples.SeemoreintheWorddocument),Formalandinformal,EX:Replacetheredcoloredwordswithformalwords(notethatyouneedtodeveloptheawarenessofusingformalwordsinyouracademicwriting).Mr.Hunterwasgenerousenoughtogiveahundredthousanddollarstothefloodaffectedresidents.Tomjustwalkedaroundtheshopswithoutbuyinganything.Wehavegottenbighelpfromthetravelagency.(ref),Formalandinformal,4.IcantspeakwellbecausemyEnglishispoor.IcantcommunicatewellbecauseofmylimitedEnglish.5.Marywouldnotagreewithwhatyouthought.Maryisindisagreementwithyourviews.6.Iwouldliketoaskyoutosendthegoodsintime.Iwouldadvisethatyoudeliver/dispatchthecommoditytimely.orItisadvisedthatyoudeliver/dispatchthecommoditytimely(ref),Formalandinformal,8.Hethinkseverystudentshouldcometoclassintime.9.AccordingtoDr.Davidsonsreport,thereare0.5%percentpeopledyingfromlungcancerthisyear.10.Moreandmorepeoplearesufferingfromthefumesmadebyautomobiles.(ref),Formalandinformal,Useshortwords11.Thefilmshowterminatedat9p.m.12.Thelittlegirlremarkedthatshedidnotlikecandy.13.Lastweek,ourneightbourpurchasedaclock.14.Assoonastheygotoffthevessel,theyhiredacar.15.Thefamiliesmadeadecisiontofabricateanewhousenearby.,Diction-Useshortwordsiflikelyandproper,(Note:morediscussionareinthesectionaboutCONCISENESS.)Heresidesinanelegantmansion.Helivesinaneleganthouse.2.Afterbreakfast,theycommencedtodotheirhomework.Afterbreakfast,theybegantodotheirhomework.3.Thealtitudeofthiscottageis5meters.Theheightofthiscottageis5meters.Onseeingathief,littleMaryconcealedherselfbehindatree.Onseeingathief,littleMaryhidherselfbehindatree.(back),Formalandinformal,Mr.Hunterwasgenerousenoughtodenotedahundredthousanddollarstothefloodaffectedresidents.Tomjuststrolledaroundtheshopswithoutbuyinganything.Wehaveobtainedhelpfromthetravelagency.(Back),Formalandinformal,4.IcantspeakwellbecausemyEnglishispoor.IcantcommunicatewellbecauseofmylimitedEnglish.5.MarywouldnotagreewithwhatyouthoughtMaryisindisagreementwithyourviews.6.Iwouldliketoaskyoutosendthegoodsintime.Iwouldadviseth