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The authors are solely responsible for the content of this technical presentation. The technical presentation does not necessarily reflect the official position of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE), and its printing and distribution does not constitute an endorsement of views which may be expressed. Technical presentations are not subject to the formal peer review process by ASAE editorial committees; therefore, they are not to be presented as refereed publications. Citation of this work should state that it is from an ASAE meeting paper. EXAMPLE: Authors Last Name, Initials. Title of Presentation. ASAE Meeting Paper No. xx-xxxx. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASAE. For information about securing permission to reprint or reproduce a technical presentation, please contact ASAE at or 616.429.0300 (2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, MI 49085-9659 USA). This is not a peer-reviewed article. Paper Number: 01-1127 An ASAE Meeting PresentationDevelopment of A Rice-Seed Pelleting Machine Soo Nam Yoo, Professor Chonnam National University Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Institute of Agricultural Science & Technology, 300 Youngbong-Dong Kwangju Korea, snyoochonnam.chonnam.ac.kr Yeong Soo Choi, Associate Professor Chonnam National University Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Institute of Agricultural Science & Technology, 300 Youngbong-Dong Kwangju Korea, y-choichonnam.chonnam.ac.kr Written for presentation at the 2001 ASAE Annual International Meeting Sponsored by ASAE Sacramento Convention Center Sacramento, California, USA July 30-August 1, 2001 Abstract. Design, construction and performance evaluation of an experimental rice-seed pelleting machine for mass production of rice-seed pellets, and features and planting characteristics of the seed pellets made by the machine are reported. Mixture of rice seed, soil, and binder solution was used as pellet materials and was formed to ball shaped pellets by the machine. Capacity, pelleting ratio, and seed loss of the machine were investigated as the mixing ratio of soil to rice seed, and the feeding rate of pellet material. Dimensions, weight, number of seeds per pellet, compression strength, germination, establishment and yield of the seed pellets were also analyzed. The results showed the designed pelleting machine can be extended for mass production of the rice-seed pellets and precision planting of the rice-seed pellets can be effective for stabilization of growth, improvement of productivity, labor saving in rice cultivation. Keywords. Rice Cultivation, Rice-Seed Pellet, Pelleting Machine 2 Introduction Pelleting technology has been applied to change size and shape of tiny, rough and uneven surface seeds for improving machine seeding and the plant establishment. Pelleting a seed includes four important elements: a seed, pellet materials (weight and size increases, additives), binding agent and a pelleting machine. Pelleting is available for many vegetable, agronomic and flower seeds: cabbage, carrot, endive, grass, lettuce, onion, sugar beet, tobacco, tomato, etc. Limestone, chalk, sawcut, sand, clay, cellite, montmorillonite clay, vermiculite krilium, bentonite clay, calcium carbonate, zeolite, cork, peat etc. as the pellet materials and methyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, starch, polyvinyl etc. as the binder have been applied. Many researchers have studied the effects of pellet materials and binder on the germination, emergence and early growth of the seed (Bulan 1991; Dadiani at al. 1992; Estrade at al. 1993; Longden 1975; Miller at al. 1974; Olsen 1978; Rhodes at al. 1979; Sooter at al. 1978; Hlavacek 1981; Robinson at al. 1983; Konstantinov 1983; Roos at al. 1979; Sachs at al. 1981). Pelleting methods by machines are divided into stamping or tabletting, slurry coating, spray coating, and extruding (Londen 1975; Naito 1963; Miller at al. 1967; Garret at al. 1991,1994; Clarke at al. 1993; Singh 1966). Direct seeding of rice seeds instead of conventional transplanting of rice seedlings for saving labor and cost in rice cultivation has many problems such as lodging, unstable seedling, difficulty of field management, seed loss by birds and rats, seed shifting and concentration by irrigation, and over seeding. Conventional drilling and broadcasting should be turned to precision planting for stabilizing plant growth, and improving productivity. Precision planting enables uniform, rapid, and complete germination and establishment of seeds required by present-day highly mechanized plant cultivation systems. To solve the problems occurred in direct seeding of rice seeds and establish precision planting in rice cultivation, coated or pelleted rice seeds has been tried by the researchers and growers. Simultaneous with development of seed priming technique, coating or pelleting formulation to improve the germination, emergence and establishment of the plant has been the main topics (Chuong at al. 1992; Helms at al. 1991; Yamacuchi at al. 1995; Hagiwara at al.1991; Decker at al. 1990; Soytong at al. 1989; Lee at al. 1996; Kim 2000; Back at al. 1999; Lee at al. 1998,1999). Though these trials have showed useful results, those are only partial successes against the problems for practical application. A ball shaped rice-seed pellet, which is made of clay loam soil. 3 to 5 seeds, and binding agent may solve the most of problems occurred in direct seeding of rice seeds and enables precision machine planting in rice cultivation. But, mass production of uniform rice-seed pellets by a pelleting machine, as well as development of a rice-seed pellets for stable plant growth and precision planting is necessary for practical application. Therefore, Design, construction and performance evaluation of an experimental rice-seed pelleting machine which can be extended for mass production of rice-seed pellets were carried out, and features and planting characteristics of the rice-seed pellets made by the machine were also investigated to prove its effectiveness. 3 Constructional Details Mixer The mixer shown in Figure 1 was designed and constructed to prepare for the pellet material made of rice seeds, soil, and binding solution. The main components include a hopper, twin feeding blades, a mixing and kneading auger, vacuum elements for eliminating the air in pellet material, a driving motor, a power transmission, and frames. By passing through three times at 40 rpm, uniformly mixed and kneaded pellet material was obtained. Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the mixer Pelleting Machine A schematic diagram of the pelleting machine showing functional components is shown in Figure 2. The machine was consisting of a hopper, feeding augers, a feeding block, twin forming rolls with discharging pins, springs for pressing rolls, driving motors, chain and gear transmissions, and frames. Kneaded pellet materials from the hopper are entered by the twin blades to the feeding augers. Pellet materials then are fed into the forming rolls by the augers. The rotating forming rolls form pellet materials to ball shaped pellets, and pellets are discharged from the holes by the pins. Cross-section views of the forming rolls showing forming and discharging operations are shown in Figure 3. Each roll has three rows of 35 semi-spherical perforated holes on the periphery and the diameter of a hole is 12 mm. Two shafts of the rolls are tightened together by tension springs to eliminate the gap between the rolls (not shown in the Figure). The fixed eccentric cams and the pins with compression spring in the rolls discharge formed seed pellets. Surplus pellet materials detached to forming rolls are eliminated by scratching bar. 4 Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the pelleting machine 5 Figure 3. Cross-section views of the forming rolls 6 Materials and Method Materials for pelleting A japonica rice cultivar Dongan adaptable to dry and wet direct seeding cultivations in southern area of Korea was prepared for the rice species. Seed was treated with prochloraz 25% for disinfection. Yeongog Series Clay Loam soil for increasing the weight and size of pellet was gathered and passed through a #35 mesh sieve. The fine soil under particle diameter of 500 m was used for pelleting. Chemical properties of the soil are shown in Table 1. A 10 percent solution of Arabic gum was used as the binding agent. Table 1. Chemical properties of the soil Ex.cat (cmol+/kg) PH (1:5H2O) EC (dS/m) O.M (g/kg) Av.P2O5 (mg/kg) SiO2 (mg/kg) C.E.C (cmol+/kg) K Ca Mg 5.0 0.04 48 1 109 9.9 0.37 2.18 0.93 Performance test Performance test and analysis were carried out as the mixing ratio of soil to rice seed of the pellet materials, and the feeding rate of pellet materials with 3 replications. Pellet materials, whose mixing ratios of soil to rice seed are 6:1, 7:1, and 9:1 (weight base), were fed into the pelleting machine at the feeding rates of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 kg/min. Pelleting ratio which indicates the weight ratio of rice seed pellets made perfectly to pellet materials supplied, seed loss ratio which indicates the weight ratio of damaged seeds and seeds included in imperfect rice seed pellets to seeds included in pellet materials supplied, and production capacity of the machine were analyzed. Pellet properties For evaluating the quality of the rice seed pellets made, dimensions, weight, damaged and perfect seeds per a pellet, moisture content, drying time, compression strength of 50 rice-seed pellets selected randomly, and characteristics of plant growth in the field were analyzed. A dryer used in the experiment was made by Hansung Co. (O-D93, 1800W). Compression strength of the pellets dried by dryer and in shady room was measured by the texture analyzer (Stable Micro Systems, TA-XT2). Compression strength means maximum breaking force when the probe is down at the velocity of 2 mm/s. Field test for pellet Field test was carried out to evaluate the plant growth and yield of the pelleted seed compare with that of conventional pregerminated seed at the farm of Chonnam Agriculturall Technology Institute. The test was laid out as a randomised complete block experiment with 3 replications. Pelleted seeds were sown at a seeding depth of under 0.5 cm and a seed spacing of 30 x 10 cm in wet land and conventional pregerminated seeds were drilled on the wet soil surface at a row spacing of 30 cm, a sowing rate of 40 kg/ha. Flooding depths of were 0 cm and 3 cm. Seeding operation was conducted on the 10th of May, 2000. Germination, emergence, and 7 establishment characteristics, and yield were evaluated. Germination was assessed using AOSA method. Resuts and Discussion Performace of the pelleting machine Production capacity of the machine Production capacity of the machine was approximately proportional to feeding rate and was about 61.4 kg/hr at the feeding rate of 1.5 kg/min. and the mixing of 7:1 shown in Figure 4. But, the capacity was decreased as decrease of mixing ratio at the feeding rate of 1.5 kg/min. because of increasing of the imperfect pellets including more than 6 seeds. 0102030405060700.511.5Feeding rate of pellet materials (kg/m i n )Pelleting rate (kg/hr)6 t o 17 t o 18 t o 1Mixing ratio Figure 3. Production capacities according to mixing rate and feeding rate of pellet materials Pelleting ratio and seed loss Pelleting ratios shown in Figure 4 were in the range of 61% to 71%. Pelleting ratios were not different at the feeding rates of 0.5 kg/min. and1.0 kg/min., but at the feeding rate of 1.5 kg/min., pelleting ratio were decreased owing to increase of the imperfect pellets which are not formed to uniform ball shape. Generally, pelleting ratios were low values because of increase of the imperfect pellet and loss of pellet materials. Improvement of feeding mechanism fit for the operation condition of the forming rolls and elimination of clearance between the forming rolls were required to increase pelleting ratio. Seed losses at the mixing of 6:1.7:1,and 8:1 were in 8 the ranges of 36% to 48%, 36 % ? 44 %, and 17 % ? 28 %, respectively and seed loss was increased as decrease of the mixing ratio shown in Figure 5. 0204060801000.511.5Feeding rate of pellet materials (kg/min)Pelleting ratio (%)6 t o 17 t o 18 t o 1Mi xi ng r at i o Figure 4. Pelleting ratios according to mixing ratio and feeding rate of pellet materials 0204060801000.51.01.5Feeding rate of pellet materials (kg/min)Seed loss (%)6 t o 17 t o 18 t o 1M ixing ratio Figure 5. Seed loss according to mixing ratio and feeding rate of pellet materials 9 Properties of the pellet Size, weight and moisture content Average diameter of the pellet was 12.0 mm (S.D.=0.1mm) just after manufacturing and was decreased to 11.2 mm (S.D.=0.3mm) after drying. Average weight of the pellet was 1.66 g (S.D.=0.05g) and was decreased to 1.26 g (S.D.=0.04g) after drying. Average moisture content of the pellet was 24.4 % (S.D.= 1.8%). About 6 hours was required to dry it completely by the dryer at the temperature of 43 ? and About 48 hours was required to reach equilibrium moisture content in shady room at the temperature range of 18 ? 20? and the relative humidity of 30 ? 45 %. Compression strength Compression strength of the pellets dried by dryer and in shady room was measured by the texture analyzer. Compression strength of the pellet dried by the dryer was in the range of 118 N ? 137 N and that dried in shady room was in the range of 88 N ? 108 N. There was no significant difference in compression strength as the change of mixing ratio and the feeding rate. But, compression strength decreased abruptly for the pellet includes more than 6 seeds. Number of seeds per pellet Number of seeds per pellet except damaged seeds according to the mixing ratio and the feeding rate was shown in Figure 6. Average numbers of seeds per pellet at the mixing ratio of 6:1, 7:1, and 8:1 were 4.1(S.D.=1.4), 3.6(S.D.=1.2), and 3.1(S.D.=1.3), respectively. Number of Seeds per pellet was increased as the mixing ratio decreases and was not different as the change of feeding rate. Table 2 shows the distribution of the pellets according to number of seeds per pellet. The ratios of pellet includes 3 to 5 seeds at the mixing ratio of 6:1, 7:1, and 8:1 were in the ranges of 76 % ? 80 %, 75 % ? 79 %, and 21 % ? 65 %, respectively. Increase of the pellets includes less than 2 seeds was due to increasing of damaged seeds. To increase the ratio of pellet includes 3 to 5 seeds, improvement of the pelleting machine for reducing the damaged seed is needed. Table 2. Distribution of the pellets according to number of seeds per pellet. Number of rice seeds Mixing ratio Feeding rate (kg/min) Less than 2 3 ? 5 More than 6 0.5 16.0 76.0 8.0 1.0 3.0 80.0 17.0 6 to 1 1.5 3.0 76.0 21.0 0.5 14.0 79.0 7.0 1.0 19.0 77.0 4.0 7 to 1 1.5 18.0 75.0 7.0 0.5 28.0 65.0 7.0 1.0 36.0 60.0 4.0 8 to 1 1.5 66.0 21.0 13.0 10 024680.51.01.5Feeding rate of pellet materialsNumber of rice seeds6 t o 17 t o 18 t o 1Mi x i n g r a t i o Figure 6. Number of seeds per pellet according to mixing ratio and feeding rate of pellet materials Planting characteristics Highly mechanized plant cultivation systems require uniform, rapid, and complete germination and establishment of seeds. The germination and the establishment performances are shown in Table 3. Germination and establishment rates of the pelleted seeds were higher than those of the conventional pregerminated seeds and both seeds required 5 days for 50 % germination. Seed shifting distance of the pelleted seeds was shorter than that of the pregerminated seeds and floating and lodging ratios of seedling of the pelleted seeds were lower than those of the pregerminated seeds shown in Table 4. These results were due to differences of the seed weight and the seeding depth, and indicate that the pelleted seeds are effective for stabilization of planting. Table 5 shows the yield and its components of the pelleted seeds and the pregerminated seeds. Since spikelet number per panicle, ripened grain rate, 1000 grain weight of brown rice, brown rice ration except number of panicle per m2 of the pelleted seed showed better results than those of the conventional pregerminated seeds, yield of the pelleted seed was slightly higher than that of the pregerminated seed. Field test results showed that the pelletized seeds are available on solving the problems such as lodging, unstable seedling, seed loss by birds and rats, seed shifting and concentration by irrigation, and over seeding, and enable the seeding machine precision planting for stabilization of plant growth, improvement of productivity, labor saving in rice cultivation. 11 Table 3. Germination and establishment Germination (%) Establishment (%) Treatment 8 days after seeding 14 days after seeding Flooding depth of 0 cm Flooding depth of 3 cm Pregerminated seed 72 73 69 65 Pelleted seed 82 85 82 77 Table 4. Establishment characteristics Treatment Seed shifting (cm) Floating seedling (%) Lodging of seedling (%) Pregerminated seed 3.3 14 20 Pelleted seed 1.5 2 5 Table 5. Yield and its components Treatment No. of panicle per m2 No. of spikelet per Panicle Ripened grain rate (%) 1000 grain weight of brown rice (g) Brown rice ration (%) Yield (kg/10a) Pregerminated seed 384 88 87.7 21.8 83.2 451 Pelleted seed 376 95 93.6 22.6 83.9 473 Conclusion Design, construction and performance evaluation of an experimental rice-seed pelleting machine for mass production of rice-seed pellets, and investigation of features and planting characteristics of the seed pellets made by the machine are conducted. Capacity of the pelleting machine was about 61.4 kg/hr and it can be extended by increasing the number of holes grooved on the forming rolls for mass production of the seed pellets. But, pelleting ratio and seed loss results showed that removing clearance between the forming rolls and improvement of the feeding mechanism for reducing damaged seeds and loss of pellet materials are needed. the most of pellets were made uniformly and had about 3 to 4 undamaged seeds. Compression strength of the seed pellets was in the range of 88 N ? 137 N. The field test results showed that pelleted seeds have better planting performance than the conventional pregerminated seeds. Therefore, precision planting of pelleted seeds can be effective for stabilization of growth, improvement of productivity, labor saving in rice cultivation. 12 Acknowledgments The authors wish to acknowledge Korean Agricultural Research & Development Promotion Center for Support of this project. References Back, N. H., S. S. Kim, S. Y. Kang, M. G. Choi, H. T. Shin, and T. O. Kwan. 1999. Seedling stand influenced by water management after seeding and seed soaking with plant growth regulators in direct wet seeding rice. Korea J. Crop Sci. 44(3):225-229. Bulan, P. 1991. Some effect of seed coating and aging treatments on soybean germination and emergence. Mississippi State Univ. Ph. D. Thesis. Chuong, P. V., and M. Yamaguchi. 1992. Crop establishment of wet direct-seeded rice with the use of resistant variety for anaerobic seeding and oxygen release seed coating chemical calper. Philippine Journal of Crop Sci. 17(1):53. Clarke B., and S. Greenwood Jr. 1993. A viscometric approach to the design of a seed dressing mixer. JAER 56(4):275-283. Dadiani, M., V. V. Shenoy, and D. V. Seshu. 1992. Seed coating to improve stand establishment in rice. Seed Sci. & Technol. 20:307-313. Decker. D. G., M. L. Avery, and M. O. Way. 1990. Reducing black bird damage to newly planted rice with a nontoxic clay-based seed coating. Proceedings. Vertebrate Pest Conference. Vol.14:327-331. Estrade M., malandain M., and Grelu J. 1993. Technique for seed coating with pesticide. Pesticide Sci. 37(2):211-212. Garrett R. E., Mehlschaw J. J., Smith N. E., and M. K. Redenbaugh. 1991. Gel Encapsulation of tomato seeds. ASAE Applied Engineering in Agriculture 7(1):25-. Hagiwara, M., and M. Imura. 1991. Promotion of seedling emergence of paddy rice from flooded soil by coating seed with potassium nitrate. Japanese Journal of Crop Science. 60(3):441-446. Helms, R. S., R. H. Dilday, and R. D. Carlson. 1991. Using GA3 seed treatment in direct seeded rice in southern U.S.A. p.113-114. In direct seeded flooded rice in the tropics. Int. Rice Res. Conf. Seoul, Korea. Hlavacek, J. 1981. The effect of coating material on the