MKS1632A数控高速端面外圆磨床及其砂轮架设计
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MKS1632A数控高速端面外圆磨床及其砂轮架设计
MKS1632A
数控
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磨床
及其
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专业英语翻译专业英语翻译资料Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) is the term used to describe the most modern approach to manufacturing. Although CIM encompasses many of the other advanced manufacturing technologies, it is more than a new technology or new concept. CIM is actually an entirely new approach to manufacturing a new way of doing way of doing business.计算机集成制造（CIM）是用来描述最先进的技术的术语，尽管CIM包括了很多其他先进的制造技术，但它却是一种更新的新技术或新概念。CIM实际上对经营提出了一条全新的道路。The term “computer-integrated manufacturing” was developed in 1974 by Joseph Harrington as the title of a book he wrote tying islands of automation together through the used of computers. It has taken many years for CIM to develop as a concept, but integrated manufacturing is not really new. In fact integration is where manufacturing actually began. Manufacturing has developed through four distinct stages: manual manufacturing, mechanization/specialization, automation and integration.“计算机集成制造”这一术语是由Joseph Harringoton 在1974年提出的，作为他当时写的一本关于用计算机把自动岛连接起来的书的名称。CIM变成一种概念用了好多年，但集成制造并不是新近提出的。实际上集成是伴随着制造产生的。制造业经历了四个明显的阶段；手工制造，机械化/专业化，自动化和集成化。With the advent of the computer age, manufacturing has developed full circle. It began as a totally integrated concept and, with CIM, has once again become one. However, there are major differences in the manufacturing integration of today and that of the manual era of the past. First, the instrument of integration in the manual era was the human mind. The instrument of integration modern manufacturing is the computer. Second, processes in the modern manufacturing setting are still specialized and automated.随着计算机时代的降临，制造业的发展变成一个循环，它一开始就是集成的概念，最终还是这一概念。但是，今天的制造集成和手工时代的集成已有了本质的不同。首先，手工时代的集成设备是人脑，现代制造业的集成设备是电脑。其次，现代制造设备上进行的工艺仍是专业化和自动化。Another way to view the historical development of CIM is by examining the ways in which some of the individual components of CIM have developed over the years. Such components as design, planning and production used to accomplish the processes.回顾CIM发展历史的另一方法是检验CIM中一些组成环节的发展过程。这些环节，如设计，计划和生产，无论在过程本身还是在完成这些过程所使用的工具，设备方面都发生了重大改进。Design has evolved from a manual process using such tools as slide rules, triangles, pencils, scales, and erasers into an automated process known as computer-aided design (CAD). Process planning has evolved from a manual process known as computer-aided process planning (CAPP). Production has evolved from a manual process involving manually controlled machines into an automated process known as computer-aided manufacturing (CAM).设计已从计算尺，三角板，铅笔，比例尺和橡皮的手工操作中解放出来，变成了使用计算机辅助设计（CAD）的自动过程，工艺规划已丛使用计划表的手工过程变成了计算机辅助工艺规划（CAPP）。产生已丛使用人工操纵机床的手工过程解放出来变成了计算机辅助制造（CAM）。These individual components of manufacturing evolved over the years into separate islands of automation. However, communication among these islands was still handled manually. This limited the level of improvement in productivity that could be accomplished in the overall manufacturing process . When these islands and other automated components of manufacturing are linked together through computer networks, these limitations can be overcome. Computer-integrated manufacturing has enormous potential for improving productivity in manufacturing, but it is not without problems.这些制造的组成环节经过多年的发展已变成了一个个的自动岛。但是，这些岛之间的通信仍是手工的。这限制了依靠整个加工系统才能实现的生产力水平的提高。当这些岛和制造的其他一些自动化环节通过计算机网连起来时，这个限制被克服了。计算机集成制造在发展制造生产力方面有巨大潜能，但它也不是没有问题。As with any new philosophy that requires major changes to the status quo, CIM is not without problems. The problems associated with CIM fall into three major categories;正如任何一种要求对现状作较大改变的新观念一样，CIM也不会是没有问题的。CIM的主要问题有三个方面：technical problems;技术问题cultural problem;文化问题business-related problem;和经营之间的问题These types of problems have hindered the development of CIM over the years and will have to be overcome for CIM to achieve widespread implementation.这些问题多年来阻碍了CIM的发展，CIM要想得到广泛的推广，就必须克服这些障碍。If mechanical engineering is regarded as the process of design, development and manufacture, then one can identify a fast growing aspect known as computer aided engineering (CAE), this includes computer aided design (CAD) and computer aided manufacture (CAM). It is important to note the word “aided” in all these titles, as the engineer is till the key person.如果认为机械工程是一个由设计，开发和制造组成的过程的话，那么很容易和能看到其中一个快速发展的方面；计算机辅助工程（CAE），它包括了计算机辅助设计（CAD）和计算机辅助制造（CAM）。需要特别指出的是，虽然这些名称中都有辅助一词，但工程师仍是关键人物。Other aspects of CAE important to the mechanical engineer include the testing and proving of a design, often using computer-controlled test rigs with automatic data logging and processing, i.e., reading of instrument transducers, producing analogue voltage signals which are passed through an A to D interface to produce a digital signal to be stored and processed in the computer and then graphically displayed. Process simulation is also achieved in a computer to guide design, an example being the combustion process in a petrol engine, computers are also used for control purposes, such as the engine management system in a modern motor car.对于机械工程师来说，CAE的其他重要方面；实验和验证。这可以通过使用带有自动数据记录和处理装置的计算机控制的检验设备来实现。既采用读入通信设备产生模拟电压信号，再通过AD转换接口产生数字信号，计算机通过对这些信号的存储和处理生动地把结果显示出来。计算机同时还可以对过程进行模拟指导设计工作，如汽油机中的燃烧过程。计算机还可以用于控制，如现代化汽车中的发动机控制系统。All computing systems need databases, which are akin to filing systems. Thus a database is a collection of information stored is a computer memory which may be accessed and used in the programs being exercised. Simple examples would include section module of standard beams, the properties of a refrigerant or head loss factors for various pipe fittings.所有的计算机系统都需要数据库，这跟需要文件系统相类似。这种数据库收集了存在 存储器中的信息，这种信息可以在执行的程序中运用。一些简单的例子如标准梁的截面模量，制冷剂的特性或各种管子安装时端部损失系数。Before considering the mechanical technology aspects of CAD, it is necessary for the designer to take account of the use of CAM methods. Such systems use computer numerically controlled machines (CNC) and these may well be operated by the CAE system postprocessor which shapes the drawing date into cutter paths, etc.在探讨CAD的机械技术方面之前，设计者必须考虑CAM方法的使用。这种系统使用计算机数控机床，这些机床是由可把图纸数据转换成刀具路径的CAE后期信息处理控制的。CNC machines are available for a variety of processes, including turning, milling, flame-cutting, grinding and bending. Inspection and measurement may also be computer controlled and parts may be handled and moved around by robot or automated guided vehicle (AGV), which is programmed to follow a metallic conductor on or in the factory floor. A combination of CNC, robots and AGV can be linked to from a flexible manufacturing system (FMS), controlled by one man from a single computer work station. The group name for these manufacturing methods is advanced manufacturing technology (AMT) and the design engineer must be aware of the constraints such methods place on his work.多种加工工艺都有对应的CAM机床，包括车，铣火焰切割，磨和折弯。监控，测量也可以用计算机控制的。零件可由机器人或自动导向车（AGV）来夹持和移动，自动导向车可编程控制，并沿着埋在工厂地板里或地板上的金属导体移动。把CNC，机器人和AGV连接在一块就形成了柔性制造系统（FMS）。它可由使用单个的计算机工作站的一个人来控制。这些制造可统称先进制造技术（AMT），设计工程师应尽可能地在工作中加以应用。All the new technology will be for naught if we are not able to create a more dedicated and motivated work force to operate, maintain, This process will require a change in the way we have produced goods over hundreds of years, For as long as man has relied on the factory concept, he has always worked to reduce the cost of human labor and the support systems that keep it going. Clearly, there will be a tremendous impact as our work force, undergoes the wrenching changes that will be required to restructure our production and product base. We have seen many smaller technological revolutions and their impact on the work force which then impacts the overall fabric of the society it supports.如果我们不能创造出一支充满奉献精神和活力的劳动大军去操作，运行和维修，所以新技术都没有任何意义。这将会要求我们改变已沿用了几百年的商品生产方法。自从人们从事工厂生产以来总是努力减少劳动力及保持工厂运行的支持系统的费用。明显地，当目前的工人处于这种突然的改变之下时会有较大的冲击，因为这种改变会使我们的生产和产品的基础都发生重组。关于一些小的技术改革对于劳动力及支撑的社会结构的冲击我们已经看到了。NUMERICAL CONTROL APPLICATIONS数控应用As with other expanding technologies, these is a tendency to consider numerical control as a final solution to a broad range of manufacturing problems; however, NC application in certain manufacturing situations would be highly undesirable.与其他扩展技术一样，考虑利用数控作为最终解决广泛的机械制造问题的一种方法，是一个趋势。但是，在某些机械制造中数控应用状况却很不理想。An NC machine is most be efficiently used in an environment that takes advantage of the inherent flexibility of NC. The precise level of control attributed to a numerically controlled capability of a human operator. For these reasons, numerical control is best suited to relatively low volume runs of complex and varied components. However, NC can also be used to produce large numbers of complex components and/or small number of simple ones.在利用数控固有的适应的环境下，数控机床能高效运行。由数控装置产生的精确控制，能完成复杂的操作，超过了人工操作的能力。因此，数控最适合复杂且变化多的零件的相对少批量的生产。但是，数控也可用于复杂零件的大批量生产或简单零件的小批量生产。Specific application areas for numerical range from the manufacture of knitted fabrics to the fabrication of structural members for jet aircraft. In the following sections we present a brief overview of some specific applications in which NC has been utilized.数控特定的应用领域的范围，从编制的结构的制造开始，一直到喷气式飞机结构件的制造。下面，简单看一下数控的一些应用。Metal-Cutting Machine Tools金属切削机Numerical control was introduced and developed in the metalworking industry, and the largest concentration of NC equipment remains in metalworking shops. NC has been successfully implemented for milling, drilling, grinding, boring, punching, turning, sawing, and routing machines. It is interesting to note that NC has made possible the development of machines with basic capabilities that far surpass their conventional counterparts. For example, sophisticated NC milling machines maintain control over five axes of motion. Such devices can literally sculpt complex undulating surfaces which would be impossible to machine manually.数控以在金属加工工业的到应用和发展，数控设备大量集中在金属加工车间。数控已经成功运用于铣床，钻床，磨床，镗床，冲床，车床，锯床以及特型铣床上。值得注意的是，运用了数控机床，其工作能力得到提高，超过了传统的机床。例如，复杂的失控铣床包括对五个以上轴的运动控制，该装置能样地加工成型复杂波浪表面，而这对于普通机床不可能完成的。New breed of NC machine tool, called the machining center, incorporates the functions of many machines into a single device, thereby reducing work handling. It can access multiple tools to perform such operations as milling, drilling, boring, and tapping.一种新型的被称做为加工中心的数控机床，其使许多机床的功能合并为一个独立的装置，从而减少了工作传递。这种机床能装配多个刀具去完成诸如铣，钻，镗及攻丝等操作。Automated Drafting自动绘图Automated drafting equipment is generally part of a larger computer-aided design (CAD) network. CAD system, making use of both large-scale and minicomputers, are proliferating in the industry. Numerical control is used to translate a blueprint, drawing, or graph, which has been converted to digital format, to pen motions on an automatic drafting machine.自动绘图设备是大型计算机辅助设计(CAD)网络系统的一部分。借助于大型和微型计算机，CAD系统在工业中得到广泛推广。数控用于把已转化为数字格式的设计图，图纸或图形变成自动绘图机上的笔运动。Effectively, an NC drafting machine is a two-axis contouring device which controls a pen or stylus as it move over drawing paper or film. Data is supplied to the drafting machine control unit through a variety of communication media. Computer generated punched or magnetic tape is the most common mode of communication.实际上自动绘图机是一种二轴等高线装置，它控制着绘图笔或笔尖在绘图纸或胶片上的移动。通过一些交流媒介，数据被传输到绘图机控制单元，计算机生成的穿孔纸带或磁带是最通用的通信方式。Although the size, accuracy, and configuration of NC drafting equipment varies among manufacturers, it is not uncommon to find machines capable of producing drawings 1.5mm*2m in size with an accuracy of 0.02mm. Many sophisticated system incorporate a digitizing feature which enables a machine operator to generate computer-compatible from existing drawings.虽然在制造厂商之间，数控绘图设备的尺寸，精度和结果是变化的，但找到能生产1.5m*2m尺寸的图纸，具有0.02 mm精确度的机器是很平常的。许多复杂的系统包含着数字化功能，它能使机器操作者从现存的图纸产生计算机兼容的数据。Other Numerical Control Applications数据的其他应用The following paragraphs discuss some of the less familiar (although not lea important) NC application areas. As the field of programmable automation continues to evolve, NC will be used increasingly in all phases of the manufacturing process.下面的段落将讨论一些不太熟悉（但不是不重要）的数据应用领域。随着可编程自动化领域的不断发展，数据将在机械制造过程中得到更多方面的应用。NC welding equipment is used to provide uniformity and accuracy in a process that is affected by many external variables. By maintaining proper electrode to material distances, feed angles, feed rates, and position accuracy, the NC welder can maintain critical fabrication requirements. High energy welding techniques that are capable of concentrating an electron beam or laser can be precisely controlled using numerical control.对于那些受外部变化影响的过程，数据焊机能给其提供均匀性和正确性。通过保持适当的电焊条到材料的距离，送进角度，送进速度和位置精度，数控电焊机能保持严格的制造要求。高效的焊接技术应能集中电子束或激光，或可通过数控精确控制。The NC welding machine makes use of the same control principles as multiple-axis metal cutting machines tools. Five-axis welding machines have been used in the aerospace industry to the injection molding process and obtained an increase in production-rates and a decrease in rejects.数控焊机使用的是和多轴金属切削机床相同的控制原理。五轴焊机以被运用于在航空工业中沿弯曲表面边界的焊接。像造船类的重工业，数控用于如火焰切割，铆接及弯管的多样化的操作。近来也应用数控到注塑工艺中，并且提高了生产率，降低了次品的产出率。Flexible Machining System柔性制造系统FMS stands for flexible manufacturing system or flexible machining system. It is used to describe a wide range of flexible automation technologies stretching from simple cells to market demands. They are the third stage in the development toward more flexibility. The first stage is NC machine tools, and the second stage is flexible manufacturing cells(FMCs).FMS是柔性制造系统的缩写，用来描述从单个的制造单元到复杂的系统在内的一系列的柔性自动化技术。柔性制造系统不是满足市场需求的唯一方案，它是不断发展着的柔性制造的第三阶段。第一阶段是数控机床，第二阶段是柔性制造单元(FMCS)。An FMS consists of a CNC machine tool, a work piece storage, devices for handling and changing work pieces and tools, and automatic control and supervision subsystems. Hence, the machine tool is capable of performing more than one operation automatically on more than two work pieces. Further devices may be integrated. Such manufacturing cells have experienced rapid growth in both number of suppliers and users. Their appearance and frequent application closed an important gap between the individual machine tool and interlinked systems. 柔性制造系统由计算机数控机床、工件存储装置、工件与刀具的夹持和更换装置以及自动控制和监控系统组成。所以机床可对两个以上的工件进行多工艺的自动加工。该系统上也可集成更多的装置。这种制造单元无论在生产厂家方面还是用户方面其数量都得到了校快的发展。它们的出现和广泛使用填补了单个机床和互联系之间的空白。An FMS contains several automated machine tools of the universal or special type as well as flexible manufacturing cells. Further manual or automated workstations may by included. These elements are interlinked by an automated work piece flow system in away that enables the simultaneous machining of different routes. Thus multi step and multi product manufacturing is possible in an FMS. 柔性制造系统是由若干个通用的或专用的自动机床组成的，比如柔性制造单元。它也可能包括一些手动的或自动的工作站。这些组成部分之间通过自动工件输送系统连接起来，这使得不同的工艺路线可同时得到加工。所以，多阶段、多产品式的制造是可以在FMS上进行的。A flexible transfer line contains several automated universal or special-purpose machine tools and further automated work stations. They are interlinked by an automated work piece flow system according to the line principle. A flexible transfer line is capable lf simultaneously or sequentially machining different work pieces that run through the system along the same path. In order to balance differences in cycle time, setup times, and short breakdowns, buffers are allocated between the stations. 柔性输送线包括了若干个通用的或专用的机床以及更多的自动工作站。它们由自动工件输送系统按线性原则连接而成。柔性输送线可对从同一路径通过该系统的不同产品进行同时的或连续的加工。为了平衡各部分之间不同的加工周期、安装时间和短期故障时间，需要在不同的站点之间安装缓冲装置。The cornerstone of FMS is the automatic machine tool. Machine tool design has shown a significant change within the last decade. Integration of different manufacturing processes into one machine tool allows for a reduction lf lead times. Perhaps of more importance, however, is the reduction of organizational effort. Fewer manufacturing devices also means less effort to control the whole production process. FMS的基础是自动机床。机床的设计在最近的十年里发生了重大变化。把不同的加工工艺集中在一台机床上可减少准备工时。但更重要的也许是减轻了组织生产的难度：用的加工设备越少，意昧着控制整个生产过程所付出的精力越少。Meanwhile the idea of combined processes has been extended to machining centers. They allow for complex turning, milling, and boring operations without setup changes. Some machine has a movable round table. Automatic change of work pieces is carried out by movable pallets. The spindle can be changed from vertical to horizontal position, and therefore allows for five-sided machining. Turning and milling tools are equipped with identical adapters. Therefore only one magazine is needed to store all tools. 同时，把工艺联合起来的想法导致了加工中心的产生。这将使一次安装就可进行复杂的车、铣、镗工艺成为可能。一些机器装备了可移动的回转工作台。工作的自动更换是靠可移动的输送台完成的。主轴可从立式变为卧式，这样就可进行五面体的加工。车刀和镗刀都配备了各自的刀座，所以只要一个刀库就能存储所有的刀具。The concept of bringing processes to the work piece can be expected to influence the future development of machine tools. More and more processes are integrated into a single machine, like grinding, laser treatment, or hardening. 对工件进行（连续的）多工艺加工这一概念将会影响未来机床的发展方向。越来越多的工艺，如磨削、激光处理或淬火都可以集成在一台机器上。System Integration In The Manufacturing Industry制造工业中的系统集成This is precisely the case study we will follow in this section particularly emphasizing the integration of discrete islands of operations in manufacturing. In a manufacturing industry, such discrete islands of implementation fall into five classes:这一部分我们将详细地进行实例研究，重点是制造过程中的“孤岛集成”问题。在一个制造厂中这些“孤岛”分为五类：1. Computer aided design (CAD) systems typically run on specialized graphics-oriented engines. They are mot tied to the rest of the manufacturing system, though such a connection is becoming very critical.2. 计算机辅助设计（CAD）系统，一般在具有专门图形功能的机器上运行。CAD系统不与制造系统连在一起，尽管这种连接越来越重要。3. Manufacturing requirements planning (MRP) tracks orders, supplies, suppliers, and the production floor. The problem is that there are few, if any, automated links between CAD and MRP. 4. 制造需求计划（MRP）跟踪定货，供货和产品库房。问题在于CAD与MRP之间即使有自动连接的话也很少。5. The automated shop floor ( ASF) has computer-controlled tools and robots-which cannot communicate. To overcome such limitations, General Motors requires vendors to enforce its Manufacturing Automation Protocol. An internal study demonstrated that about 40 percent of investment pays for interfaces in sprawling, incompatible environments. 6. 自动化车间（ASF）有计算机控制的工具和机器人，但它们不能进行通信。为克服这种限制，通用汽车公司（GM）要求制造厂商加强对制造自动化协议的研究。内部研究表明，大约40%的研究经费用于繁多和互不兼容环境下的接口研究。7. Word processing at HQ, factories, sales offices. In manufacturing, an estimated 75 percent of all paper-based information is for internal consumption. In some industries, like banking and insurance, this reaches 90 percent.8. 公司本部、工厂和销售办公室的文字处理。在制造行业中估计75%的文字的信息是供内部使用的。在某些行业，如银行和保险公司，该值可达90%。9. Integrated mainframe support. Every organization has a variety of incompatible mainframes and/or operating systems. 10. 集成化的主机支持。每一部门都有各种不兼容的主机和操作系统。 The proper system architecture will look at these live areas not as discrete islands but ad parts of a global integrated system. Neither should be considered as a technology that stands alone. Both between areas and within each area we must integrate hardware and software within the network with databases and applications. This will permit extending current applications and embedding future applications, and also controlling costs by eliminating redundant actions and extensive interfacing.设计优良的系统结构都应把这五个方面作为一个全局性整体系统而不是作为一个个孤岛来考虑，也不能仅仅作为孤立的技术来考虑。我们必须在上述五个方面之间及内部将网络的硬件和软件与数据库和应用程序集成在一起。这样既可以扩充现有的应用程序，也可以在以后加入新的应用程序，同时也可通过省去重复性的工作和庞大的接口程序而控制价格。The system integration effort undertaken at General Motors by EDS runs along these lines. The stated goal is to save money by overhauling a fragmented computers and communications system. According to published information, in 1986 there have been 95 communications networks, and 106 data centers at GM. The aim of system integration is to assure one digital communications network and 18 data centers.在通用汽车公司，由EDS领导的系统集成化工作正沿着这些方向在进行。所宣布的目标是通过对分散的计算机和通信系统的彻底改造，节省经费。根据公布的信息，1986年在GM已建成95个通信网络和106个数据中心，系统集成化的目标是实现一个数字通信网和18个数据中心。System integration and rationalization is not simply a technological matter, as the CIM theorists suggest. To integrate dispeace and incompatible systems we must change traditional procedure, not just throw in more money and equipment. Whenever we try to change procedures we find resistance. The larger the company and the more independent the network (as GMs dealer network is ), the more difficult it is to turn policies and procedures around. Yet, as Figure17.1suggests, a condition for successful system integration is that it extends along functional and support lines ( hardware, software ), in the global sense of the distributed environment.按照CIM理论家的说法，系统集成化和合理化不是一个简单的技术方法问题。为了把分散的不兼容的系统集成起来，不能只是投稿更多的经费，购买设备，而必须改变传统的生产过程。但只要试图改变生产过程，阻力不可避免。公司越大，网络（如GM的销售网）越独立，改变生产策略和过程越困难。正如图17.1所建议的那样，成功的系统集成的条件之一是必须在分布式环境全局上，沿功能轴和支持轴（硬件和软件）发展。The integration effort should include both front-line operations and the back office. EDS has also taken over the back office data processing functions at GM. It consolidated the computer facilities, resulting in significant cost savings, and in better overall matching of benefits to competitive policies. 集成化工作应包括前台操作室和后台办公室两方面的工作。EDS已经接管过GM的后台办公室数据处理功能。它加强计算机设备，从而节省大量经费，并且总的来说较好地满足了竞争策略的要求。Methods Of Simulation模拟法The impact of the computer on the technological aspects of manufacturing has been discussed in preceding sections. In this section the use of the computer as a means of investigating the manufacturing function itself will be considered, not as a component of the system but as a tool for discovery. This approach views the manufacturing process as a system, and attempts to achieve productivity and efficiency improvements through a better understanding of the manner in which these components are selected and controlled and of their interactions.前面的章节已经讨论了计算机对制造工艺的影响，这一节将探讨利用计算机作为研究制造系统技能的工具，计算机不是系统的组成部分，而是研究的工具。该方法以制造过程为一系统，通过充分了解系统组成部分的选择，控制以及各部分的相互影响，试图提高生产率和效率。This section is restricted to discrete event simulation with the emphasis on computer-aided manufacturing, also known as flexible automation, With fixed automation the operations to be performed on a work piece are set and the same sequence of operations occurs for every work-piece. In flexible automation, the sequence of operations depends upon the work piece being processed. The system must have information identifying the individual work piece to invoke the proper operations and sequences. 这一节仅限于着重介绍离散事件模拟法在计算机辅助制造中的应用，也就是常说的可调（灵活）自动化。在非柔性自动化系统中，对工件的操纵是事先安排好的，每个工件都有相同的加工结果。而在柔性自动系统中，操纵结果取决于每个被生产的工件。系统必须辨识每个工件的特点，以便选用相应的操纵方法得出合理的结果。Simulation depends upon the concept of a model which is an abstraction of the system under study, in the same sense that a play is an abstraction of real life. The objective is to capture the essence without the detail. There can be many different abstractions of a given system, both by level of abstraction and by content, the correct choice depending upon the modelers objectives. . 离散事件模拟法以模型作为研究思想，该模型是对研究系统的抽象，就像电影是现实生活的抽象化，目的在于本质而不是细节。对于一个给定的系统，根据抽象化的程度以及抽象的内容，可有许多不同的抽象法，其中正确的方法取决于模型制造者的目的。In discrete event simulation one develops a model by describing the elements, or components, of the system, i. e. the things of which the system is the aggregate, and the manner in which these elements interact. These elements are generally known as entities. In a job shop the entities
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