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中型轿车前置后驱式机械式手动五挡中间轴式变速器 锁环式同步器的换挡方式 福克斯 2.0 轿车 变速器 设计 中型 前置 后驱式 机械式 手动 中间 锁环式 同步器 换挡 方式

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附 录Research on Self-Adaptive Shift Schedule in Automated Mechanical Transmission of Heavy-Duty Commercial VehicleIn our country, commercial vehicles include heavy-duty commercial vehicles, middle-duty commercial vehicles, light-duty commercial vehicles and mini commercial vehicles. Heavy-duty commercial vehicles market in china has been growing up rapidly in these years. With the increase of the fuel price, heavier emissions regulations, continued pressure on operating costs, increasing traffic congestion, and a shortage of skilled drivers, these changes will take place in the engine , the exhaust gas treatment system, and the transmission on vehicles, especially middle-duty and heavy-duty commercial vehicles.At the aspect of the transmission, we look at automated Mechanical transmission (AMT) attentively, which is low produce cost, high efficient, can shift and operate clutches automatically. Till now, the vehicle factories in our country have no ability to manufacture the automatic gearbox. In recent years, many manufacturers have been trying to seek automatic products, which suit our country situation and can be developed independently. In respect that we have many Mechanical transmission plants, for its high efficiency, low cost, and easier manufacture, AMT is considered to be the right product, which is the most suitable for us and has greatest potential in the development of industry.A new technology for AMT is non-clutch operation, and this technology bases on customary AMT. In the process of gear-shifting torque,the clutch does not separate from the engine and we need to adjust the running speed and the torque of the engine only. Eaton Company already uses this new technology in one transmission. If we put the new technology in commercial vehicles, there will be great meaning in automatic transmission of the commercial vehicles.Shift schedule decides the time to shift and it is the soul of the automatic transmission. When the AMT is working, by comparing the states of the vehicle with the optimal shift schedule, the AMT decides the optimal shift time and achieves the shift automatically. This will lessen the tiredness of the driver and improve the safety. Consequently, how to establish the best shift schedule is a crucial research aspect of AMT.The shift schedule of the automatic transmission comes from 1-parameter、2-parameter to 3-parameter operation. In recent years, more and more researchers pay attention to intelligent control theory, and they want put this theory in shift schedule to make the shift.Combined with the national 863 project, Research and Development of AMT, this paper aims at the shift schedule of the AMT in heavy-duty commercial vehicles. According as the characteristic of the engine and the parameter of the vehicle, this paper established the traditional shift schedule and the self-adaptive shift schedule and according to this regulation simulates actual situation of the vehicle. When the AMT is working, by comparing the states of the vehicle with the optimal shift schedule, the AMT decides the optimal shift time and achieves the shift automatically. This will lessen the tiredness of the driver and improve the safety. The outcome shows these regulations are feasible. This paper has researched on these aspects as follows:1.At first the development history and the present conditions of automatic transmission are introduced in detail. At the same time, this paper analyses the makeup, the principium and the technique of AMT. At last the excellence and principium of the technique (non-clutch operated AMT) are discussed.2.Research on shift schedule of automatic transmissionThis paper analyses the characteristics of some kinds of shift schedules. Shift schedule is realized by electronic shift system.3.The establishment of the shift scheduleShift schedule is the basic part of automatic transmission. In this paper, dynamic capability and fuel consumption are considered. According as torque and fuel consumption characteristics of the engine, 2-parameter traditional shift schedule for the commercial vehicle is obtained. This regulation can be used in electronic control unit (TCU) directly and there are certain significance and actual value.Then this paper designs the self-adaptive shift schedule.4.Modeling of gear-shift regulation and vehicleFor qualitatively researching on the effectiveness of the shift schedule control system designed, and proceeding the simplification to the very complicated vehicle system, and putting forward the some assumption conditions of the simplification. At the same time keeps its general dynamic characteristics. And according to the construction parameter and technique data of one commercial vehicle, making use of the language of MATLAB with the tool of SIMULINK, for engine, transmission, shift schedule, whole vehicle dynamic model to proceed to set up models in SIMULINK.5.The simulation of shift schedule and the analysisFor the sake of verifying the rationality and possibilities of the shift schedule, this paper makes use of the models above. On the whole vehicle model this paper set up the simulation to test the regulation in some simulative situation. By the simulation analysis, the simulation result indicates that the simulation model and the shift schedule designed in the article are reasonable.In conclusion, this paper studied the shift schedule of the automated mechanical transmission systematically on the basis of former research. In the paper, only the above work is completed because of limited time and the difficulty of AMT system. Further research should be continued in order to improve the properties of the AMT system and vehicle in the future.Shifting performance is defined as the extent of swiftness and softness during the procedure of non-power shifting and to extend the life of the power train. The index is comfort of passenger, time duration and shock, nine factors maybe influence the shifting performance, and two experimental methods can be used to investigate the nature of this performance: one is collecting real-time data during road experiment and analyzing them, the other is the simulation of the operation conditions of the vehicle.The core of the AMT system is the control strategy, the principle of the clutch engagement, shifting procedure, the choice of control method and the CAN communication between TCU and ECU can influence the shifting performance.Shifting schedule is the schedule of auto shifting time between two shifts with controlling parameters. It includes economical and dynamical shifting schedule. At present, shifting schedule of two controlling parameters (vehicle speed and opening on throttle) is mainly used. If shifting schedule is not good, shifting will not happen at right time and the working condition of engine will be severe. It will make the sound of engine abnormally and stability badly through the whole shifting procession. Sometimes even flame out Schedule of clutch engagement is determined by releasing journey of clutch, opening of throttle, shifting, vehicle speed and loading. The mainControlling goals are engaging quantity and engaging speed. The engaging control of clutch is mainly referred to the control of engaging speed. It is divided into three stages: fast, slow, fast. Shifting quality is directly influenced by the second stage. If engaging harder, it will make shifting concussion, even flame out; if engaging more slowly, it will make the friction time longer and reduce its longevity. The main controlling parameters are difference between initiative and passive and torques on both sides. When torques being approximately equal, it is proved by experiments that it can guarantee shifting time and not make concussion through the procession of engagement at the time of difference of rotating speed below some value. Meanwhile, the abrasion of clutch is not severe.Shifting procedure is the procedure through working harmoniously among engine, clutch and transmission. Their cooperation will affect shifting time heavily. In order to decrease the shifting time, the time that is spent on the friction of the clutch should be decreased first. If we intend to increase the time of non-load stage, which helps to minimize the difference of the rotary speed between the driving disc and the driven disc. If we intend to shorten the time of the non-load stage, engage the clutch immediately after the gear change. The clutch can engage in a satisfying period if the new method of controlling the engaging speed of the clutch is realizable. And the time that is spent on synchronizing the gears should also be shortened. It can be realized in the following two ways. The first is to decrease the difference of the driving gear and the driven gear. The second is to increase the shifting force. If realizing the union control between ECU and TCU by CAN bus, AMT has the best control and the best shifting performance by use of communication strategy between TCU and ECU.Influence on shifting performance by hardwareThe elements in hardware system are the basis of proper functions of AMT. Executors, sensors, electronic components, hydraulic systems have influences on shifting performance, the choice of hardware parameters is of vital important to improvement of shifting performance. With the development of the theory and technology of vehicle, the technical increasingly mature of microprocessor and the extensive application of electronic technique on the car, people have no limit at satisfying the automotive means of transportation only, facing gradually from the request of the car power, economy and easily manipulating, flexibility, safety, an d the intelligent type of car becomes the focus in the vision of people increasingly. Companys publicity slogan of person, car, life, make people the center etc. On the side exhibit the expectation of people to the automotive individuation, humanity. In the development direction of the car intelligence, the intelligence of the automatic gearbox has important effect. But the intelligence of the automatic gearbox embodies at the establishment of the shift regulation. For the fashion, for satisfying people to the new automotive request, for competitive advantage of the car type, at present, each big factory in world worked very much in shift regulation of new car type. Among those, the most arresting is AL4 automatic gearbox developed by PEUGEOT/CITROEN and RENAULT in that there unexpectedly are the 10 kinds of so many shift regulations. In the big system of person car road, the good and bad of the car control, reflect primarily in the coordination of the vehicle and environment (road), the coordination of the vehicle and person. And so, the electronic automatic control system can save various regulations to provide the driver to choose to use, not only having the economic regulation, motive (call to sport the type again) regulation, but also still having the general (usual) regulation, environment temperature and regulation with the outsider condition variety etc. Namely, the point of shifting can be freely enacted for every kind of regulation. In the intelligence direction of the shift regulation, everyone has made much work up to now, parts of the results has been applied on the car. But the work that developing this intelligent shift regulation still is hard, this is mainly because of:1. The intelligence degree of the current intelligent gearbox needs to be increased, and it expresses at that accurate degree to identify environment is not high and to identify the drivers driving cant give satisfaction.2. The intelligence function is still not perfect. The intelligent automatically shift system is an open system; it must be continuously perfect and plentiful on the current foundation. Only this way, it can adapt to the driving request of the different drivers, reducing the drivers labor strength, increasing the performance of the whole vehicle.Conventional design method which used in the structure parameters design of automobile gear box and synchronizer is a time-wasting job and hard work, and it is difficult to get idea design parameters and no good to the enhancement of products qualities. The optimum design of automobile gearbox and synchronizer which take the advantage of computers seeking the best structure parameters within constrains is a perfect and high-quality design method. The main target of this article is to set up a optimum mathematical model of structure parameters of the trucks gearbox and synchronizer, the auth or use a optimum method based on K-T equation to improve the design level of automobile gearbox and synchronizer. Gear box is a important part of transmission, so the optimization of automobile gearbox is very important because the transmission is a main part of automobile. According to the design request and character sofa sort of truck, the optimum mathematical model of trucks gearbox is analyzed and set up in this article to decrease its weight and volume when the strength, stiffness, and lifetime of parts are permitted. And we can receive a satisfaction result through optimizing its parameter for instance.重型商用车电控机械式自动变速器换挡规律的研究 机械式自动变速器AMT(Automated Mechanical Transmission),是在原有齿轮式机械变速器的基础上加装电脑控制系统,对供油调节装置、离合器、变速箱的控制采用了电机驱动或液压驱动的执行机构,实现起步、选挡、换挡的自动化控制,使汽车成为自动变速的汽车。本文结合“十一五”国家863计划现代交通技术领域“汽车开发先进技术”重点项目课题“重型商用车的机械自动变速器(AMT)开发”项目,针对重型商用车AMT的换挡规律进行相关研究。通过重型商用车AMT的结构与工作特点的分析,结合发动机特性与重型商用车的使用要求,对换挡规律进行深入分析与研究,设计了两参数组合型换挡规律;在此基础上,为最大限度地降低油耗,使发动机工作在最经济工作区,提出了基于功率与车速的两参数控制的自适应换挡规律;MATLAB/SIMULINK工具建立起重型商用车的整车动力学模型,对重型商用车的两参数组合型换挡规律与自适应换挡规律分别进行了仿真分析与研究,验证了所提出方案的有效性和可行性。本文的研究成果对于开发重型商用车AMT系统具有重要价值和现意义。 车辆自动变速器通常分为液力机械式自动变速器（简称AT）、电控机械式自动变速器（简称AMT）和机械式无级变速器（简称CVT）。AMT以其传动效率高、成本低和易于制造等优点成为一种具有极具发展潜力的自动变速器。AMT 换档品质的研究则是AMT技术体系研究中关键的一环，换档品质的好坏真接影响到AMT产业化进程及在市场上的竞争能力。AMT有很好的市场前景，但由于AMT 的换档过程必需切断动力，所以其换档品质较AT和CVT要差一些。只有提高AMT的换档品质，使之接近或超过AT、CVT的换档品质，方能在市场上形成竞争力。所以对AMT换档品质的研究就成为AMT 技术体系研究中关键的一环。AMT发展分为三个阶段：半自动的SAMT阶段、全自动阶段和智能阶段。AMT 结构分为硬件和软件两部分，硬件系统包括被控对象、执行机构、传感器、TCU等；软件系统由实现控制策略的软件组成。自动变速器(AT)的换档性能的优劣对整车性能有很大的影响。自动变速器换档品质问题研究是自动变速箱研究领域中的一个重要研究课题。换档品质的控制通过电液系统来完成。控制器根据实时的油门开度、车速等信号，发出操纵指令控制换档结合元件的油压变化规律，实现平稳换档。本文对自动变速器的换档品质控制系统、换档过程结合元件油压变化规律进行了较深入的分析和研究。文中首先对换档品质的现有评价方法和指标进行了分析和总结，并对现有AT换档品质的控制方式进行了较为全面的介绍和分析。提出了一种自动变速器换档过程分析的等效力学模型和发动机一变矩器动力学简化模型，以适应车辆起步、换档实时控制研究的需要。应用所建立的数学模型，对自动变速器的换档过程进行了详细的分析。制定了适当的换档过渡过程结合元件的油压变化规律，可改变自动变速器的换档品质。对AG4自动变速箱的油压控制给出了具体的计算方法。可改善自动变速器的换档品以AG4自动变速箱2H档到3H档为例进行了模拟仿真，仿真的结果对所建立的简化模型和提出的期望油压规律进行了验证。详细分析了AG4液压操纵系统的供油调压和换档品质控制工作原理。并对换档品质控制的框图设计做了初步的探讨。利用自动变速器电液控制试验台对AG4自动变速箱的控制系统和液压系统进行了测试。通过试验验证了本文所建立的数学模型及其分析结论。电控机械式自动变速器(Automated Mechanical Transmission, AMT)是一种新型的自动变速系统，其通过对手动固定轴式变速器和干式摩擦离合器的自动化改造从而实现了选档、换档以及离合器和油门的自动操纵。AMT技术适合我国国情，有着广泛的市场和发展前途。换档规律是电控机械式自动变速器的灵魂，它是判断换档时机的依据。在应用中，通过将采集的车辆行驶状态与换档规律相对比，从而判断是否达到最佳的换档点并自动执行换档操作，这样大大减轻了驾驶员的疲劳，提高行驶安全，同时使整车具有较好的动力性及燃油经济性。本论文选择电控机械式自动变速器换档规律这一关键性问题作为研究对象，研究目的是为AMT制定最佳的换档规律以提高车辆的动力性和燃油经济性。通过对影响车辆动力性和燃油经济性的因素进行分析，本论文推导了最佳动力性和最佳燃油经济性换档规律的制定方法。为解决质量影响问题，提出了一种变结构的最佳换档系统，丰富了换档规律理论。鉴于计算机仿真技术与实车测试相比可以节省大量的人力物力，本论文在进行换档规律的设计中，采用MATLAB/Simulate仿真工具箱建立了最佳换档规律的仿真模型，利用此仿真模型对制定的最佳动力性和最佳燃油经济性换档规律进行仿真，仿真结果表明本论文所建立的换档规律是合理的。换档品质是指在保证动力传动系统寿命的前提下，能够迅速、平稳换档的程度，其评价的指标主要是舒适性，量化指标包括换档时间和冲击度。换档品质的影响因素包括软、硬件两方面九大因素，并且可用两种实验方法对换档品质进行研究，一种是整车道路实验实时采集数据进行分析；第二种方法就是通过做模拟整车工况的台架实验。AMT的控制策略是AMT控制的全部控制思想，控制策略里换档规律、离合器结合规律、换档时序、控制方法的选择、以及近来比较热门的通过CAN总线实现的TCU和ECU通讯策略都对档品质有影响，控制策略制订得是否合理，将直接决定AMT 的换档品质。换档规律是指两排档间自动换档时刻随控制参数变化的规律，包括经济性和动力性换档规律。目前汽车上多用两控制参数（车速和油门开度）的换档规律。换档规律没做好，就会使汽车在不该换档的时候换档，该换档的时候不换档，使发动机工况严重不好，造成整个换档过程中发动机声音的异常和平顺性的不良，有时还可能使发动机熄火。离合器结合规律受离合器释放行程、油门开度