中国药科大学药学专业英语课件-黄芪.ppt

黄芪RadixAstragaliEnglishNameMilkvetchRoot,OriginsPlantMorphologyCollectionandPreparationProductionandCommerceDescriptionMicroscopicalCharactersChemicalConstituentsPhysicalandChemicalIdentificationPharmacologyActionIndication,Maincontents,Huangqi(黄芪)isalsocalledhuangqi(黄耆)andwasfirstrecordedinShenNongBenCaoJingasasuperiorherb.AccordingtoLiShizhen,theChinesenamehuangqi(黄耆)consistsofhuang(黄)andqi(耆),huangmeaningyellow,andqimeaning“leader”.Itisoneofthemostimportanttonicherbs,andthatiswhyitwasgiventhisname.ItisthedriedrootofAstragalusmembranaceus(Fisch)Bge.var.mongholicus(Bge.)HsiaoorAstragalusmembranaceus(Fisch.)Bge.,familyLeguminosae.,Origins,Aperennialherb,4080cmhigh.Mainrootstout,relativelylongandstraight.Stemerect,branchedattheupperpart.Leavesodd-pinnatelycompound,alternate,with1218pairsofpinnae;stipuleslanceolate.,PlantMorphology,Astragalusmembranaceus(Fisch)Bge.var.mongholicus(Bge.)Hsiao:,odd-pinnatelycompound：奇数羽状复叶pinnae：小叶，由拉丁语转变而来，复数stipule：托叶lanceolate：披针形的,Flowersinaxillaryracemes;calyxcampanulate,5-toothed;corollayelloworyellowish,1.82cmlong;standardoblong-ovate;wingsandkeelclawed;stamens10,diadelphous;ovarylongstalked.Legume(pod)，membranaceous,inflatedtobesemi-ovate,1.11.5cmindiameter,glabrous.FloweringseasonJun.Jul.;fruitingseasonJul.Sept.,racemes：总状花序calyx：花萼campanulate：钟状的corolla：花冠standard：旗瓣wing：翼瓣keel：龙骨瓣diadelphous：二体雄蕊stalked：柄,Cylindrical,somebranched,upperpartrelativelythick,3090cmlong,13.5cmindiameter.Externallypalebrownish-yelloworpalebrown,withirregular,longitudinalwrinklesandmoretransverselenticel-likeprotrusions,corkeasilyexfoliated,exposingyellowish-whitecortex,sometimesshowingreticulatedfibrebundles.,Description,cylindrical：圆柱形cork：木栓层exfoliate：脱落cortex：皮部reticulate：网状的,Texturehardandtenacious,uneasilybroken,fracturehighlyfibrousandstarchy,barkyellowish-white,woodpaleyellowwithradiatestriationsandfissures,thecentrepartofoldrootoccasionallyrotten-wood-shaped,blackish-brownorhollowed.Odour,weak;taste,slightlysweetandslightlybean-likeonchewing.,Description,tenacious：粘性的striation：纹理fissure:裂隙,slight,Corkconsistingofmanyrowsofcells.Phelloderm,35rowsofcollenchymatouscells.Outerpartofphloemraysoftencurvedandfissured;fibresinbundles,wallsthickenedandlignifiedorslightlylignified,arrangedalternatelywithsievetubegroups;stonecellssometimesvisiblenearphelloderm.Cambiuminaring.Xylemvesselsscatteredsinglyor23aggregatedingroups;woodfibresexistingamongvessels;stonecellssinglyor24ingroups,sometimesvisibleinrays.Parenchymatouscellscontainingstarchgranules.,Transversection,Phelloderm：栓内层collenchymatous:厚角组织lignified：木质化,Yellowish-white.Fibresinbundlesorscattered,830mindiameter,thick-walled,withlongitudinalfissuresonthesurface,theprimarywallsoftenseparatedfromthesecondarywalls,bothendsoftenbrokentobetassel-like,orslightlytruncated.Borderedpittedvesselscolorlessororange,borderedpitsarrangedclosely.Stonecellsoccasionallyvisible,rounded,oblongorirregular,slightlythick-walled.,Powder,primarywalls：初生壁tassel:穗borderedpittedvessels：具缘纹孔导管,(1)Flavonoids:formononetin，芒柄花黄素3-hydroxyformonontin(calycosin),毛蕊异黄酮,ChemicalConstituents,R1HR5=OME,R1HR5=OMER4OH,2,3-dihydroxy-7,4-dimethoxyisoflavone：3二羟基7，4二甲氧基异黄烷3-hydroxy-9,10-dimethoxypterocarpane;3羟基9，10二甲氧基紫檀烷,ChemicalConstituents,(2)Saponins:,astragoloside黄芪皂苷,soyasaponin大豆皂苷,ChemicalConstituents,(3)Sugars:astragalan,D-glucose,D-fructose,sucrose;多糖类：黄芪多糖，D葡萄糖，D果糖，蔗糖；(4)Others-Sitosterol,choline,betaine,palmiticacid,linoleicacid,linoleinicacid,etc.谷甾醇，胆碱，甜菜碱，棕榈酸，亚油酸，亚麻酸等。,ChemicalConstituents,3gpowders,Applythefiltratetoapreparedneutralaluminiumoxidecolumn,methanol,20ml,boil,1h,elutewith100mlof40%methanol,Evaporatetheeluateonawaterbathtodryness,Dissolvetheresiduein30mlofwaterandextractwith2quantitiesof20mln-butanolsaturatedwithwater,Dissovletheresiduein0.5mlofmethanolasthetestsolution.,Combinethen-butanolsolutionsandwashsolutionandevaporatethen-butanolsolutiontodrynessonawaterbath.,Carryoutthemethodforthinlayerchromatography(TLC）(Appendix6.3)usingsilicagelGasthecoatingsubstanceandchloroformmethanolwater(65:30:10,lowerlayer)asthemobilephase.Applyseparatelytotheplate,dryitinair,spraywith10%sulfuricacidinethanol,andheatat105for5minutes.Abrownspotinthechromatogramobtainedwiththetestsolutioncorrespondsinpositionandcolortothespotinthechromatogramobtainedwiththereferencesolution.Examineunderultra-violetlight(365nm),orange-yellowfluorescentspotsareshowninbothchromatograms.,PhysicalandchemicalIdentification,【理化鉴别】,取本品粉末3克，加甲醇20毫升，置水浴上加热回流1小时，滤过，滤液加于已处理好的中性氧化铝柱上（100120目，5克，柱内径1015毫米）。用100毫升40%甲醇洗脱，收集洗脱液。水浴蒸干，残渣加30毫升水溶解，用水饱和的正丁醇提取两次，每次20毫升，合并正丁醇溶液，用水洗涤，正丁醇液蒸干，残渣加0.5毫升甲醇溶解作为供试品溶液。另取黄芪甲苷对照品，加甲醇制成每1毫升含1毫克的溶液，作为对照品溶液。参照薄层色谱法（附录6.3）试验，吸取上述两种溶液各2微升，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以氯仿甲醇水（65：30：10，用下层溶液）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以10%的硫酸乙醇溶液，并于105加热5分钟显色。供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同的棕色斑点。置紫外灯（365nm）下检视，供试品色谱与对照品色谱在相同的位置上均显橙黄色荧光斑点。,Pharmacology,(1)Tonifyingeffects:Continuousadministrationofthedecoctiontomiceforthreeweeksincreasetheirbodyweightandprolongsswimmingtime.Theherbisconsideredaqitonic.(2)Diureticeffect:Inanimalstudies,oralingestionorinjectionoftheextractinducesdiuresis.,滋补作用：黄芪为补气药。小鼠连续给予其煎出液三周，能增加体重和延长在水中存活时间。,利尿作用：动物试验研究表明，口服或注射给予黄芪提取液均能引起尿量增多。,(3)Effectonnephritis:Ithasbeenproveneffectiveagainstexperimentally-inducednephritis,especiallyintreatingproteuria.Patientswithproteuriathataregiventheherbrecoverfasterthanthoseinthecontrolgroup.对肾炎的作用：黄芪被证明对实验性肾炎有效，尤其对蛋白尿效果较好。由肾炎引起蛋白尿的患者服用黄芪后恢复比对照组快得多。(4)Cardiotoniceffect:Theherbincreasescontractionofnormalhearts,itscardiotoniceffectbeingevenmoredramaticinheartsexhaustedbyfatigueandpoison.强心作用：增强正常心脏的收缩功能。对于劳累或中毒所致心脏衰竭起效迅速，强心作用明显。,(5)Vasodilationeffect:Itdilatesbloodvessels,improvesbloodcirculationoftheskin,andenhancesnutrition.舒张血管：扩张血管，改善皮肤血循环，并增加营养。(6)Antibacterialeffect:InvitrotheherbhasantibacterialactionuponShigelladysenteriae,Stre