国际商法第六章ppt课件

ChapterSixInternationalCargoTransportationandInsurance,I.IntroductionII.LawofInternationalCargoTransportationIII.BillsofLadingIV.LawofInternationalCargoInsurance,KeyTerms,Charterparty:租船契约Voyagecharter:行次租船/定程租船Timecharter:定期租船Bareboatcharter:光船租船Billsoflading:提单Straightbillsoflading:记名提单Bearerbillsoflading:不记名提单Orderbillsoflading:指示提单Antedatedbillsoflading:倒签提单Advancedbillsoflading:预借提单Throughbillsoflading:联运提单,I.IntroductionII.LawofInternationalCargoTransportation1.LawofInternationalCarriageofGoodsbySea,AdvantagesandDisadvantagesofCarriageofGoodsbySea,Advantages:largefreightvolumeandlowercost.Disadvantages:influencedbythenaturalconditionsandhasgreatrisksintransportation;slowercomparingwiththeothertransportations.,(1)TypesofContractofShipmentTherearetwotypesofcontractofshipment.Oneistheformofacharterparty,theotherisabilloflading.(2)CharterParty,(3)ClassificationsofCharterParty1)Voyagecharter(定程租船/航次租船).Thechartererhiresthevesselforasinglevoyage.2)Timecharter(定期租船).Thevesselishiredforaspecificamountoftime.3)Demiseorbareboatcharter(光船租船).Thecharterertakesfullcontrolofthevesselalongwiththelegalandfinancialresponsibilityforit.,(4)LawofInternationalCarriageofGoodsbySea1)Internationalconventions.TheHagueRulesTheHague-VisbyRulesTheHamburgRules,2)NationalprovisionsintheU.K.andUSAIntheUK,In1924,theCarriageofGoodsbySeaAct.In1971,theCarriageofGoodsbySeaAct(COGSA),whichmadetheHague-VisbyRulesstatutory.In1992,theCarriageofGoodsbySeatoreplacetheBillofLadingAct1855.,InUnitedStates,TheFederalBillofLadingAct,governsthetransferofallbillsofladingcoveringboththeinternationalandinterstateshipmentsandallshipments.In1893theUnitedStatesenactedtheHarterAct,In1936enactedtheCarriageofGoodsbySeaAct.In1999theUnitedStatesre-enactedtheCarriageofGoodsbySeaAct.,2.LawofInternationalCarriageofGoodsbyRailroadandAir(1)LawofInternationalCarriageofGoodsbyRailroadTheimportantagreementaboutcarriageofgoodsbyrailroadistheAgreementConcerningInternationalCarriageofGoodsbyRail(国际货协).,(2)LawofInternationalCarriageofGoodsbyAirTherearesixconventionsforthecarriageofgoodsbyair:theWarsawConvention(华沙公约)theHagueProtocol(海牙议定书)theGuadalajaraConvention(瓜达拉哈拉公约)theGuatemalaCityProtocol(危地马拉市公约）theMontrealProtocols(蒙特利尔议定书)theMontrealConvention(蒙特利尔公约),III.BillsofLading,1.BillsofLading(1)DefinitionUndertheHamburgRules,abillofladingmeansadocumentwhichevidencesacontractofcarriagebyseaandthetakingoverorloadingofthegoodsbythecarrier,andbywhichthecarrierundertakestodeliverthegoodsagainstsurrenderofthedocument.,ItemsshouldbewrittenintheB/L,DescriptionofCommodityWeight/MeasurementNumberofPackagesMarks提单2针对火灾前装的损坏的货物，船长加批注说：“cargocoveredbythisBillofLadinghasbeendischargedKandlaviewdamagedbyfireand/orwaterusedtoextinguishfireforwhichGeneralAveragedeclared.”在通过信用证付款(UCP600)的情况下，银行是否有权拒绝接受这两份提单？,(4)ProblemsRelatingtotheBillofLading,1)Problemsrelatingtothedate.InrespectofthedatepriortoorsubsequentwecanclassifyitintoadvancedB/LandantedatedB/L.2)Problemsofincorrectdescriptionofcargo.3)Problemsofmisdeliveryofgoods.,2.TheCarriersObligations,(1)TheSeaworthiness（适航性）oftheShipSeaworthinessmeanstheshipisfittoundertaketheparticularvoyageandtocarrytheparticularcargo.Ontheonehand,theshipisreasonablyfittoencounterthe“perilsofthesea”(海险).Ontheotherhand,thecarriershouldproperlyman,equipandsupplytheshipandmaketheholds(货仓)andallotherpartsoftheshipinwhichgoodsarecarried,fitandsafefortheirreception.,关于船舶是否适航的典型案例,1953年5月17日，“MuncasterCastle”号轮运载原告150箱牛舌罐头由澳大利亚前往英国。1953年7月16日，即在伦敦卸货后的第四天，原告发现其中113箱牛舌罐头被海水浸湿。双方约定采用海牙规则处理其争端。法庭查明，该轮在出航澳洲前，曾入坞进行特别检查，以及例行载重线年检。检验完毕后，由于该坞一名有经验的钳工未将第五舱防浪阀螺丝拧紧，所以在从澳洲到英国的航程中海水进入船舱，致使原告货物受损。法院认为，第五舱防浪阀螺丝松动的情况发生在开航前，使货舱、不适宜并安全地收受、运送和保管货物，属于典型的货舱不适航。113箱牛舌罐头被海水浸湿的原因是由于货舱不适航所引起，货舱的不适航与货物损坏之间存在因果关系，根据海牙规则第4.1条，承运人应赔偿因不适航所造成的损失。,(2)TheManagementoftheGoodsThecarriershouldexerciseduediligencetoproperlyandcarefullyload,handle,stow,carry,keep,carefor,anddischargethegoodscarried.,案例2000年2月20日，我国甲公司向日本乙公司发出要约:愿以每台400美元的价格按照CIF天津价格条件购买电冰箱3000台，总价值120万美元。2000年2月22日，日本乙公司接到我国甲公司发出的要约，2月23日，日本乙公司将3000台电冰箱交给日本环球货运公司装船运输，但日本环球货运公司发现其中有500台电冰箱包装破损，准备签发不清洁提单。但日本乙公司为从日本环球货运公司处拿到清洁提单，在其签发提单前，向日本环球货运公司出具了承担赔偿责任的保函，承运人日本环球货运公司遂给乙公司签发了清洁提单。乙公司持清洁提单按信用证结汇，中国甲公司于2001年3月1日收到货物，发现500台电冰箱有严重质量问题，于是向承运人日本环球货运公司索赔。问题：（1）承运人应否承担责任？（2）如果甲公司向乙公司索赔，你认为索赔能否成立？,(3)CommencementofVoyage(4)Non-deviationofVoyage(5)DangerousGoodsnottobeShipped,3.InternationalConventionsComparison,(1)ScopeofApplicationTheHagueRulesandtheHague-VisbyRulesprovidetheprovisionsshallapplytoallbillsofladingissuedinanyofthecontractingstates.TheHamburgerRulesfurtherextendstheapplication.Itprovidestheprovisionsareapplicabletoallcontractsofcarriagebyseabetweentwodifferentstates,if:,1)theportofloadingasprovidedforinthecontractofcarriagebyseaislocatedinacontractingstate;2)theportofdischargeasprovidedforinthecontractofcarriagebyseaislocatedinacontractingstate;3)oneoftheoptionalportsofdischargeprovidedforinthecontractofcarriagebyseaistheactualportofdischargeandsuchportislocatedinacontractingstate;,4)thebillofladingorotherdocumentevidencingthecontractofcarriagebyseaisissuedinacontractingstate;5)thebillofladingorotherdocumentevidencingthecontractofcarriagebyseaprovidesthattheprovisionsofthisConventionorthelegislationofanystategivingeffecttothemaretogovernthecontract.,(2)PeriodofResponsibility,InrespecttotheHagueRulesandtheHague-VisbyRules,“Carriageofgoods”coverstheperiodfromthetimewhenthegoodsarelocatedontothetimetheyaredischargedfromtheship.UndertheHamburgerRulestheresponsibilityofthecarrierforthegoodscoverstheperiodduringwhichthecarrierisinchargeofthegoodsattheportofloading,duringthecarriageandattheportofdischarge.,(3)BasisofLiability,UndertheHagueRulesandtheHague-VisbyRulesneitherthecarriernortheshippershallbeliableforlossordamagearisingorresultingfromunseaworthiness.InrespecttotheHamburgRules,thecarrierisliableforlossresultingfromlossofordamagetothegoods,aswellasfromdelayindelivery,iftheoccurrencewhichcausedtheloss,damageordelaytookplacewhilethegoodswereinhischarge.,(4)Goods,UndertheHagueRulesandtheHague-VisbyRules,“Goods”includesgoods,wares,merchandiseandarticlesofeverykindwhatsoeverexceptliveanimalsandcargowhichbythecontractofcarriageinstatedasbeingcarriedondeckandissocarried.InrespecttotheHamburgRules,“Goods”includesliveanimals;wherethegoodsareconsolidatedinacontainer,palletorsimilararticleoftransportorwheretheyarepacked,goodsincludessucharticleoftransportorpackagingifsuppliedbytheshipper.,(5)ThelimitofIndemnity(赔偿的限额),UndertheHagueRulesthecarriershallbeliableforanylossordamagetoorinconnectionwithgoodsinanamountexceeding100poundssterlingperpackageorunit,ortheequivalentofthatsuminothercurrencyunlessthenatureandvalueofsuchgoodshavebeendeclaredbytheshipperbeforeshipmentandinsertedinthebilloflading.,TheHague-VisbyRulesincreasedthemaximumliabilityamountofthecarrierforlossordamageto666.67SDRsperpackageor2SDRsperkiloofgrossweightofthegoodslossordamaged.,ThelimitofliabilityforcarriersundertheHamburgRuleswasraisedto835SDRsperpackageor2.5SDRsperkiloofgrossweightofgoodslostordamaged,whicheverisgreater.Therewasa25%elevationinitcomparisonwiththeHague-VisbyRules.,(6)GuaranteesbytheShipper,GuaranteesarenotmentionedclearlyundertheHagueRulesandtheHague-VisbyRules.UndertheHamburgRulesarticle17,aletterofguaranteeoragreementmaybevalid.Theshipperisdeemedtohaveguaranteedtothecarriertheaccuracyofparticularsrelatingtothegeneralnatureofthegoods,theirmarks,number,weightandquantityasfurnishedbyhimforinsertioninthebilloflading.,Theletterofguaranteeoragreementwithoutareservationrelatingtoparticularsfurnishedbytheshipperforinsertioninthebilloflading,ortotheapparentconditionofthegoods,isvoidandofnoeffectasagainstanythirdparty,includingaconsignee,towhomthebillofladinghasbeentransferred.,(7)NoticeofLoss,DamageorDelayandLimitationofActions,UndertheHagueRulesnoticeoflossordamageisgiveninwritingtothecarrierorhisagentattheportofdischargebeforeoratthetimeoftheremovalofthegoodsintothecustodyofthepersonentitledtodeliveryunderthecontractofcarriage,orifthelossordamagebenotapparent,withinthreedays,suchremovalshallbeprimafacieevidenceofthedeliverybythecarrierofthegoodsasdescribedinthebilloflading.,UndertheHague-VisbyRulesthecarriershallbedischargedfromallliabilityifthesuitisnotbroughtwithinoneyearoftheirdeliveryorofthedatewhentheyshouldhavebeendelivered.,UndertheHamburgRulesthetimeisprolonged.Theconventionrequiresthenoticeoflossordamageisgiveninwritingbytheconsigneetothecarriernotlaterthantheworkingdayafterthedaywhenthegoodswerehandedovertotheconsignee.Wherethelossordamageisnotapparent,thenoticeinwritingisgivenwithin15consecutivedaysafterthedaywhenthegoodswerehandedovertotheconsignee.,(8)CarriersImmunities(豁免权)(9)Jurisdiction(管辖权)TheHagueRulesandtheHague-VisbyRulesprovidenothingrelatingtothejurisdiction.UndertheHamburgRulesthecompetentcourtswithinjurisdictionissituatedoneofthefollowingplaces:,1)Theprincipalplaceofbusinessor,intheabsencethereof,thehabitualresidenceofthedefendant;or2)Theplacewherethecontractwasmade,providedthatthedefendanthasthereaplaceofbusiness,branchoragencythroughwhichthecontractwasmade;or3)Theportofloadingortheportofdischarge;or4)Anyadditionalplacedesignatedforthatpurposeinthecontractofcarriagebysea.,4.Waybill(运货单，乘客名单),Awaybillisadocumentissuedbyacarriergivingdetailsandinstructionsrelatingtotheshipmentofgoods.Unlikeabilloflading,awaybillisnotadocumentoftitle.Thewaybillisareceiptandnotnegotiable.Ithasthevirtueofconvenience,lowercostanditavoidssomefrauds.,IV.LawofInternationalCargoInsurance,1.Introduction(1)DefinitionofInsuranceApolicyofinsuranceisacontractunderwhichoneparty(theinsurer)agrees,inreturnforaconsideration,toindemnifyanother(theinsured)forlosssufferedasaresultoftheoccurrenceofaspecifiedevent.,(2)RelatedTerms,1)Applicant/Policyholder投保人2)Insurer（保险人）3)Assured（被保险人）4)Insurableinterest（保险利益）5)Premium（保险费）6)Beneficiary受益人7）Insuranceagent保险代理人8）Insurancebroker保险经纪人,(3)ConventionsandCustoms,1)AgreementonEstablishingtheAsianReinsuranceCorporation.2)ConventiononLimitationofLiabilityforMarineClaims1976.3)InstituteMarineCargoClauses.4)York-AntwerpRules2004.,2.InsuranceContract,(1)DefinitionAcontractiswhichaninsureragrees,inconsiderationofmoneypaidtotheinsurerbytheassured,toindemnitythelatteragainstlossresultingfromthehappeningofspecifiedevents.(2)InsurancePolicy（保险单，保险契约）.1)Valuedpolicy（定值保险）.Valuedpolicymeansthattheinsurerpaysaspecifiedamountirrespectiveoftheextentoflossandwithoutmakinganyallowanceforappreciationordepreciation.,2)Voyagepolicy（航程保险）andtimepolicy（期限/定期保险）.Voyagepolicycoversrisksthatariseduringanentiretransitperiodirrespectiveofhowlongittakes.Timepolicycoversrisksarisingduringaspecifiedperiod.,3)Floatingpolicy（流动保险）.Insurancecoverforsituationswherethetotalinsurableamountcanbereasonablyestimatedbutcannotbedeterminedaccurately-enoughforcomputingcorrectpremium,untiltheinsurancepolicycomestoanend.,4)Openpolicy（开口保险/预约保险）.Openpolicyisamarinecargoinsurancepolicyinwhichtheinsureragreestocoveranyvoyageundertakenbythepolicyholdersvessel(s)oranycargoshippedbyaparticularshipper.,3.BasicConceptUnderlyingCargoInsuranceLaw,(1)InsurableinterestApersonhasaninsurableinterestinsomethingwhenlossordamagetoitwouldcausethatpersontosufferafinanciallossorcertainotherkindsoflosses.Abasicrequirementforalltypesofinsuranceisthatthepersonwhobuysapolicymusthaveaninsurableinterestinthesubjectoftheinsurance.,(2)ThePrincipleofIndemnity（赔偿原则）/PrincipleofSubrogation(代位求偿原则)Thevalueoftheinterestofthedamagedsubjectmatterdeterminestheamountoftheindemnityrecoverable.Thevalueisusuallythemarketvalue,andtheinsuredisnotentitledtoprofitfromtheloss.,(3)PrincipleofUtmostGoodFaith（诚实信用原则）Thedoctrineofdisclosureisthemostimportantconsequenceoftheprincipleofutmostgoodfaith.Duringthenegotiationsforacontractofinsurancebothpartiesareunderadutytodiscloseallfactsofwhichtheyareawareandwhicharematerialtotheproposedinsurance.Aninsureristodiscloseitsknowledge.Warrantyisanimportantcontentofthisprinciple.Itmeanstheassuredguaranteedtodoornottosomething.,(4)ThePrincipleofProximateCause(近因原则)Proximatecauseistheprimarycauseofaninjury.Itisnotnecessarilytheclosestcauseintimeorspaceorthefirstevent.Itisapproximatetotheeffectandexertsadecidinganddominatesfunctionleadingtoaninjury.Itisalsoknownaslegalcause.Thedeterminationofprincipleofproximatecauseturnedfromtimestandardtoeffectstandard.,Determinationoftheprincipleofproximatecause,案情介绍：在“一战”期间，一艘名为Ikaria的船被德国潜水艇的鱼雷击中，致使船体受损而进水，但该船在拖轮的协助下进了法国的勒阿弗尔港，并停泊在该港的码头边上。可是，该港的港务局担心该船会沉没从而阻碍这个码头的使用，因此，港务局就命令该船到港外抢滩或移泊到防波堤外。最终，该船选择停靠在防波堤外。但是，由于停靠处的风浪较大和Ikaria号被鱼雷击中后头重脚轻的共同作用，致使该船随退潮而搁浅，随涨潮又起伏，直至最终沉没。在该案中，Ikaria号投保的是“海上危险”，“敌对行为和类似战争行为的一切后果”是除外责任。问题：保险人是否应对Ikaria号的损失负赔偿责任？,4.RisksandLosses,(1)PerilsoftheSea（海上风险）Itincludesnaturalcalamitiesandfortuitousaccidents.(2)ExtraneousRisks（外来风险）(3)Losses,(4)TotalLossItmeansthatdestructionofanassetorpropertyistotheextentthatnothingofvalueisleft,andtheitemcannotberepairedorrebuilttoitspre-destructionstate.ActlossincludesActualTotalLoss（实际全损）(ATL)andConstructiveTotalLoss（推定全损）(CTL).,(5)PartialLossInmaritimelaw,lossesordamages,lessthantotal,tomaritimepropertyarecausedbytheperilsofthesea.1)Particularaverage(单独海损).Itsonethatisbornebytheowner(s)ofthelostordamagedpropertyandnotallofthecargoowners.2)Generalaverage(共同海损).,Generalaveragerequiresageneralaverageactwhen,andonlywhen,anyextraordinarysacrificeorexpenditureisintentionallyandreasonablymadeorincurredforthecommonsafetyforthepurposeofpreservingfromperilthepropertyinvolvedinacommonmaritimeadventure.Generalaveragerequiresallcargoownerstocontributetocompensatethelossescausedtothosewhosecargohasbeenlostordamaged.,Generalaverageisinusewhen:(a)Ageneralaveragelossisalosscausedbyordirectlyconsequentialonageneralaverageact.(b)Thereisageneralaverageactwhereanyextraordinarysacrificeorexpenditureisvoluntarilyandreasonablymadeorincurredintimeofperilforthepurposeofpreservingthepropertyimperiledinthecommonadventure.,(c)Wherethereisageneralaverageloss,thepartyonwhomitfallsisentitled,subjecttotheconditionsimposedbymaritimelaw,toaratablecontributionfromtheotherpartiesinterested,andsuchcontributioniscalledageneralaveragecontribution.,(6)Expenses1)Sueandlaborexpense（施救费用）.Sueandlaborexpensesaremadebytheinsuredorhisagenttopreventthemfromsufferingfurtherlosses.2)Salvagecharges（救助费）.Salvagechargesaremadetothoseotherthantheinsured,thecarrierandtheinsurerwhocometothesalvageoftheshipandtheconsignment.,5.ChinaInsuranceClauses(C.I.C.)(1)ChinaInsuranceClauses(C.I.C.)UnderC.I.C.,basicriskscoveragefallsintothreegroups:FreefromParticularAverage(F.P.A.)(平安险),With(Particular)Average(W.A.orW.P.A.)(水渍险)andAllRisks(一切险).(2)FPA(FreefromParticularAverage)Aclausewhichexemptsthecompanyinsuringcargofrompartiallosses,usuallylimitedtoapplyonlyiftheamountislessthananagreedsum,orifsomeotherdescribedconditionexists.,(3)WPA(WithParticularAverage)WPAalsocoverspartiallossesoftheinsuredgoodscausedbyheavyweather,lightning,tsunami,earthquakeand/orflood.(4)AllRisksAllRisksprovidethebroadestformofinsurancecover,generallyexcludeslossesduetobadpackaging,delay,inherentvice(固有缺陷),lossofmarket,etc.,(5)AdditionalRisks(附加险)UnderC.I.C.additionalrisksfallintogeneraladditionalrisks(一般附加险)andspecialadditionalrisks(特别附加险).GeneraladditionalrisksarecoveredbyAllRisksinbasicinsurancecoverageandfallinto11types.(6)Exclusions,1)Lossordamagecausedbytheintentionalactorfaultoftheinsured.2)Lossordamagefallingundertheliabilityoftheconsignor.3)Lossordamagearisingfromtheinferiorqualityorshortageoftheinsuredgoodspriortotheattachmentofthisinsurance.,4)Lossordamagearisingfromnormalloss,inherentviceornatureoftheinsuredgoodslossofmarketand/ordelayintransitandanyexpensesarisingtherefrom.5)Risksandliabilitiescoveredandexcludedbytheoceanmarine(cargo)warrisksclausesandstrike,riotandcivilcommotionclausesofthisCompany.(7)WarehousetoWarehouseClause,6.InstitutesCargoClauses(I.C.C.)(协会货运保险条款)UndertheI.C.C.,theinsurancecoveragefallsinto6clauses:InstituteCargoClausesA(ICCA);InstituteCargoClausesB(ICCB);InstituteCargoClausesC(ICCC);InstituteWarClauses;InstituteStrikesClauses;MaliciousDamageClauses.,(1)AClausesThisinsurancecoversallrisksoflossordamagetothesubject-matterinsuredexceptexclusions.Theexclusionsinclude:1)GeneralExclusionClause.2)UnseaworthinessandUnfitnessExclusionClause.3)WarExclusionClause.4)StrikeExclusionClause.(2)BClauses(3)CClauses,Exercises,1.Pleasestatethedifferencesbetweenavoyagecharterandatimecharter.2.Underthebilloflading,whatarethecarriersobligations?3.ComparetheHagueRulesandtheHague-VisbyRuleswithHamburgRulesandtellthedifferencesbetweenthem.,ChapterSevenFinanceofInternationalTrade,I.BillsofExchangeII.Collection（托收）andURC522III.LettersofCredit,I.BillsofExchange,1.DefinitionAbillofexchangeisawrittenorderdirectingaspecifiedsumofmoneybepaidtoaspecifiedperson.2.PartiestoaBillofExchange(1)Acceptor（承兑人）,thepartytowhomabillofexchangeisaddressedandwhoacceptsabillofexchangedrawnonhim.,(2)Drawee（付款人）,thepartytowhomthebillofexchangeisaddressed,whoisrequiredtopaythestipulatedsumofmoney(thefacevalueofthebill)ataspecifiedfuturedatetothepayeenamedonthebillortobearer.(3)Drawer（出票人）,thepartywhoissuesthebill,whomakestheorderforthebilltobeacceptedandpaid.,(4)Endorser（背书人）(sometimeswrittenindorser),thepartysigningonthereverseofthebillasconfirmationofpurchaseandtitletothebill.(5)Payee（收款人）,thepersontowhomthefacevalueofabillofexchangeistobepaid(aswithacheque).,II.Collection（托收）andURC522,1.BasicsofCollection(1)DefinitionAccordingtoURC522,collectionmeansthehandlingbybanksofdocumentsasdefinedinsub-Article2(b),inaccordancewithreceived,inorderto:1)obtainpaymentand/oracceptance,or2)deliverdocumentsagainstpaymentand/oragainstacceptance,or3)deliverdocumentsonothertermsandconditions.,(2)Types“Cleancollection”(光票托收)meanscollectionoffinancialdocumentsnotaccompaniedbycommercialdocuments;“documentarycollection”(跟单托收)meanscollectionof(a)financialdocumentsaccompaniedbycommercialdocuments（商业单证）;(b)commercialdocumentsnotaccompaniedbyfinancialdocuments(金融单据).,(3)PartiesInvolvedunderCollection,1)Principal（委托人）,theonewhodrawsthebillofexchangeandauthorizeshisbanktoeffectthecollection.2)RemittingBank（开