Unit 4 A Red Light for Scofflaws82634

.,Unit4ARedLightforScofflaws,.,DiscussionIfyouseesomeoneinneedofhelpinthestreet,likeanoldpersonlyingonthegroundinagony,whatwillyoudo?Willyouwalkawayorgiveahelpinghand?Why?,.,1.Lookupthewordscofflawinadictionary.Haveyouevercommittedscofflawryofsomekind?Ifyouhave,whatdoyouthinkaboutit?2.Doyousometimesrunaredlight,orignorethetrafficlightswhencrossingthestreet,orlitterinpublicplaces?Howdoyoureactwhenyoufindotherpeopledoso?,.,ScofflawisanouncoinedduringtheProhibitionerameaningapersonwhodrinksillegally.Itisacompoundofthewordsscoffandlaw,meaningonewhomocksorridiculesthelaw.Themeaninghassincebeenextendedtodescribeonewhofloutsanylaw,especiallythosewhicharedifficulttoenforce,andparticularlytrafficlaws.,.,.,.,MainideaThewriterdemonstratestheabundanceofscofflawsinUSAandtheirdangersandcallsonboththeAmericanpublicandtheadministrationtocheckthespreadofthescofflawspiritbecauseitisacauseofsocialdemoralization.,.,OrganizationandDevelopmentI.(Para.1)Theproblem:millionsofAmericansarebreakingthelegalcodes.II.(Para.2-4)VarietiesofscofflawsIII.(Para.5-8)DangersofscofflawsIV.(Para.9)Conclusion,.,IllustrationandTopicSentencesUseofIllustrationThepresenttextisagoodexampleoftheuseofillustrationasamethodofdevelopment.Throughouttheessaythereareabundantexamplestoillustratetheauthorspoint.UseofTopicSentencesWhilethewayTrippetdevelopstheparagraphsbyusingillustrationsisimpressive,thewayinwhichtheparagraphsarewovenintoanessayalsomeritsourattention.Mostoftheparagraphscontainexplicitly-statedtopicsentences,whicharesupportedbynumerousillustrations.BenefitofUsingTopicSentencesSupportedbyIllustrationWhenweputallthetopicsentencestogether,whatwegetisanicelyworkedoutsentenceoutlineforthewritertoworkon,andahighlycondensedgistoftheessayforthereader.,.,TopicSentenceforEachParagraphPara.1Nothesisstatementfound.Thisparagraphintroducesthetopicoftheessay:MillionsofAmericansaretakingincreasinglibertieswiththelegalcodes.Para.2Scofflawsaboundinamazingvariety.Para.3Thedangersofscofflawryvarywidely.Para.4Themostflagrantscofflawisthered-lightrunner.Para.5Thefloutingofbasicrulesoftheroadleavesdeepdentsinthesocialmood.Para.6Thescofflawspiritispervasive.Para.7Theprospectofthecollapseofpublicmannersisnotmerelyamatterofetiquette.Para.8todaysscofflawspirit,whateveritsundeterminedorigins,isbeingencouragedunwittinglybygovernmentatmanylevels.Para.9Thisconclusiveparagraphcontainsthethesisstatement:Thescofflawspiritisdangerouslyinfectious;somethingmustbedonetocheckitsspread.,.,.,painfullyapparentveryclear,exceedinglyobviouspainfully1)(literalmeaning)inapainfulmanner2)(whenreferringtosomethingundesirable)exceedingly,acutely,.,aretakingincreasinglibertieswiththelegalcodesaretreatinglegalcodesmoreandmorelightlyasiftheywereunimportanttakelibertieswithtreatsth.freely,withoutstrictobservanceofthefacte.g.Youmaysimplifytheallegory,butdonttakelibertieswiththelessonitteaches.Thedirectoroftheplayhastakentoomanylibertieswiththeoriginalnovel.,.,videforandsupportWeneedgoodfoodtonourishthestarvinginfants.Icouldfindnothingtonourishmysuspicion.Todothat,theChurchmustdoasyoudo;nourishtheirfaithbypoetry.,.,thewaveofthefuturethepatternofbehaviourinthefuture,.,haveblithelytakentocommittingsupposedlyminorderelictionsasamatterofcoursehavehappilyformedthehabitofdoingsomemisdeedswhicharesupposedtobeunimportant,andconsideredthatassomethingnaturaltaketobeginasapracticeorhabitHehastakentoearlyrisingsincethebeginningoftheterm.,.,blitheSthisdonewithoutseriousorcarefulthought.轻率的，漫不经心的Imadeablithecommentabouttheweather.TheyareblithelyviolatingtheConstitutionintheprocess.2)Carefreeandcheerful.(old-fashioneduse)欢快的，无忧无虑的Molliestrolledblithelyintotheyard.Iwasfeelingunusuallyblithe.,.,Derelictionoraccedentalfailuretodowhatyoushoulddoaspartofyourjob.失职；疏忽职守Thepoliceofficerswerefoundguiltyofseriousderelictionofduty.amatterofcourseausualevent;somethingnaturalHewrotetohisparentsinHenanweeklyasamatterofcourse.Donttakethehelpothersofferasamatterofcourse;youshouldrelymoreonyourselfifyoureallywanttochangeyourpresentstatus.,.,aboundinhaveinlargenumbersoringreatquantitiese.g.DatonginShanxiProvinceaboundsincoalmines.OnthewholeArabcountriesaboundinoildeposit.,.,thegraffiti-pronethosewhoarelikelytowritewordsordrawpicturesillegallyonawalloronothersurfacesinapublicplacegraffiti,meaningwordsordrawingsscribbledonawallinpublicplacesisapluralnoun,nelikelytodosth.regrettableorunwelcome,e.g.bepronetocolds;bepronetobelateforclass;bepronetomakewrongdecisions.Itcansometimesbeplacedafteranounwithahyphen.anaccident-proneperson,ahurricane-pronezone,amischief-proneboy,.,beexemptfrombefreeofaduty,service,payment,etc.e.g.Heisexemptfrommilitaryservicebecauseofhispoorhealth.Someimportedgoodsareexemptfromtaxation.,.,litter-bugsthosewhocarelesslyleavewastematerialsinpublicplaces.InBritishEnglishitislitterlout.bug(slang)apersonwhohasgreatenthusiasmforsomething,.,WidespreadflurriesofordinancesLargenumbersofrulesandregulationstobeobserved,.,beer-soakedhooliganismunrulyactsofdrunkentroublemakersRespectablydressedtopassaroundajoint.(para.2)Paraphrasing:Thosewell-dressedmarijuanaaddictsnolongertakethetroubletoavoidbeingseentopassmarijuanacigarettesinpublic.,.,flagrantadj.(ofanactionconsideredwrongorimmoral)conspicuouslyoffensivee.g.Flagrantviolationofthelawshouldbeseverelypunished.,.,afesteringscandalashamefulordisgracefulactionthathasbecomeworseandmoreintensefester1)(ofawoundorsore)becomeinfectedandformpusHiswoundfesteredandcausedhimgreatpain.2)(ofanegativefeelingoraproblem)becomeworseandmoreintenseHerresentmentagainsttheunkindwordsaboutherfesteredwiththepassageoftime.scandal(anactionoreventthatcauses)apublicfeelingofshockandstrongmoraldisapproval.Thescandalaboutcheatingintheuniversityentranceexaminationcausedquiteastirinsociety.Itsascandalthattherewascheatingintheuniversityentranceexamination.,.,(hello,Everybody)Thisparentheticalexpressionisusedtoshowthatjaywalkingisverycommonamongpeople.,.,1.Properlycoinedcompoundwordscanbeaneconomicalwayofexpression.Someinstancesarefoundinpara.2.Pickthemoutandexplaintheirmeanings.thegraffiti-pronethosewhoarepronetograffitilitter-bugsthosewhoareinthebadhabitoflitteringinpublicplaceshigh-decibelradiosradioswhosevolumehasbeenturnedhighbeer-soakedhooliganismhooliganismcommittedbypeoplewhoaredrunkfromdrinkingbeer,.,2.WhydoesTrippettkeepjaywalkersasthelastcategoryofscofflawsinthesecondparagraph?Whatothermeansdoesheusetostrengthentheeffectintendedbythisarrangement?Itisnotlimitedtosomepeople,butiswidelycommittedbylargenumbers.Thegreeting:(hello,Everybody!)TheconjunctionAndthenusedtohighlightthelast,butbynomeanstheleastformofscofflawryenumeratedhere.,.,posevt.presentorconstitute(aproblem,difficulty,ordanger)Airpollutionposesathreattothecitydwellers.hazardousadj.dangerous,esp.topeopleshealthorsafetyThesteepstaircaseishazardoustoboththeagedandchildren.Gasheatersarehazardousinwintertime.,.,Thepersonwhoillegallyspitsonthesidewalkremainsdisgusting,butclearlyposeslessrisktoothersthanthecompanythatillegallyburieshazardouschemicalwasteinanunauthorizedlocation.Paraphrasing:Spittingonthesidewalkisagainstthelawandisalwaysdespicable.Buttheharmitdoestoothersseemsinsignificantwhencomparedwiththedangeracompanycausesbydisposingofpoisonouschemicalwasteinaplacewhereitisnotpermitted.,.,adduptoacolossalpublicnuisanceamounttoorbeequaltoanactthatistremendouslyillegalbecauseitinterfereswiththerightsofthepublicingeneraladduptoamountto,beequaltoWhatthebosssaidrepeatedlytothestaffaddeduptoawarning.,.,publicnuisance:somethingoffensiveorannoyingtothecommunity,especiallyinviolationofotherslegalrightsnuisance:n.athing,personorsituationthatisannoyingorcausestroubleorproblemsWhatanuisance!真麻烦！Itsanuisancehavingtogobacktomorrow.明天就得回去，真烦人。Ihopeyourenotmakinganuisanceofyourself.我希望你没有讨人嫌。,.,doubleparkingparkingalongsideanotherautomobilethatisalreadyparkedparalleltothekerbjamv.fillwithpeople,cars,etc.,sothatmovementisdifficultLotsofpeoplejammedthemainstreetinthecity.,.,thefederal55m.p.h.speedlimitthe55miles(approximately88.5kilometres)perhourspeedlimitsetbythefederalgovernmentoftheU.S.A.ascomparedwithvariousspeedlimitssetbystategovernments,.,1.Explaintheuseoftheconjunctiveadverbhoweverinpara.3.Findintherestofthetextthewordhoweverusedinasimilarway.Howdoesitcontributetothecoherenceofthetext?Itindicatesacontrastinmeaningbetweenthesentenceitisinandtheprevioustwo,inwhichitissaidthatthemorevisibleformsofscofflawry,i.e.spittingandfare-beatingarelessdangerousthanthelessvisibleones,i.e.buryingchemicalwasteinunauthorizedlocation,andignoringfirestatutes.Butlawlessdriving,themostvisiblescofflawryisalsothemostdangerous.,.,ThefloutingofstopsignalshasgotsobadinBostonthatresidentstellananecdoteaboutacabbywhoinsiststhatredlightsarejustfordecoration.Paraphrasing:DisrespectforredlightinBostonhasgrowntobesoseriousthatitisknowntoallthatstoplights,intheeyeofataxidriver,areputthereonlyforshow.Flout:deliberatelydisobeyalaw,anorder,oranacceptedwayofbehaving.无视；藐视Bepreparedtofloutconvention.,.,wanevi.(ofacondition,attitude,emotion,etc.)weaken;becomeweakerorless,oftendisappearingcompletelyintheendHerenthusiasmforsingingwanedwhenshesufferedfromtonsillitis(扁桃体炎).waxandwane:toincreasethendecreaseinstrength,importance,etc.overatime(月的)盈亏圆缺；喻盛衰Themoonwaxes(growslarger)andwaneseverymonth.,.,50-50toss-upAtoss-upisliterallythetossingofacointomakeadecisionbetweentwoalternatives.A50-50toss-upisasituationinwhichthetwoalternativesoroptionsareequallypossible.,.,Red-lightrunninghasalwaysbeenrankedasaminorwrong,andsoitmaybeinindividualinstances.Whentheviolationbecomeshabitual,widespreadandincessant,however,agreatdealmorethanatrafficmanagementproblemisinvolved.Paraphrasing:Drivingthroughtheintersectionofastreetwithnoregardtotheredtrafficlightisgenerallyconsideredasmisbehavioroflittleimportance.Butwhenitdevelopsintoasocialhabit,itbecomesaproblemagreatdealmoreseriousthanameretrafficproblem.,.,payarepetitiouspriceinfrustration,inconvenienceandoutrageendurerepeatedlysuchunpleasantsituationsasfrustration,inconvenienceandoutragepayapriceenduresomeunpleasantsituationinordertogetsth.desirableInordertopreventthefataldiseasefromspreading,cuttingdownthenumberoforganizedtourstovariousplacesisthepricetravelserviceshavetopayforthewelfareofthepeople.Butwepayapricefortheirtruthfulness.,.,Innocentdriversandbyitshighvisibility.(para.5)Paraphrasing:MeaningWell-behaveddriversandpedestriansareconstantlyupsetandthreatenedbyperilfromviolations.Thegreatimpactofred-lightrunningisduetoitsbeingsonoticeable.ajustifiedsenseofmortalperilareasonablefearofdeadlydanger,.,Ifhypocrisyisthetributethatvicepaystovirtue,thenfurtivenessisthetrueoutlawssalutetotheforceoflaw-and-order.Thefirsthalfofthesentenceisaproverbmeaningthatwrongdoers,intheirdealingswiththevirtuous,actasthoughtheyarepersonsofgoodrepute.Thesecondhalfofthesentenceisadevelopmentoftheauthors,meaningthatatruelawbreakerinconfrontingthepoliceforceactsfurtivelyorstealthily.,.,pervasiveadj.tendingtospreadthrougheverypartofsth.,widespreadThetelevisionexertsapervasiveinfluenceinmodernsociety.areofapiecearelikeeachotherincharacter,.,Foralltheirdifferences,todaysscofflawsareofapieceasasymptomofelementarysocialdemoralizationthelossbyindividualsofthecapacitytogoverntheirownbehaviorintheinterestofothers.Paraphrasing:Scofflawtodayvaryinforms,butthereisonethingincommon,thatis,thesocietyhasbasicallybeendegradedmorally,anditsmembersseemtohavelosttheirabilitytodisciplinethemselvesinsuchawaythattheinterestofothershasbeenundulydisregarded.,.,1.WhatpointdoesTrippettwanttomakeinpara.6?Whatdoyouthinkofhisexampleofchildrenenteringschoolsnotknowinghowtolivetogether?Scofflawsareanindicationofsocialdemoralization.Theexampleoftheschoolchildrenmaynotbeanappropriateone.Forchildrenmaynothaveacquiredthecapacitytogoverntheirownbehavioryet,whilesocialdemoralizationmeansthelossofmoralitywhichhasbeencultivated.,.,slughimeightstitchesworthhithimsohardthathiswoundhastohaveeightstitchestrunkofstalledcarthespaceforcarryingluggageorothergoodsatthebackofthecarwhichhasstoppedrunning,.,TheHoustonFreewaySyndrometheincivilitycharacteristicofthedriverswhodriveontheHoustonFreewaysyndrome1)(literalmeaning)asetofmedicalsymptomswhichrepresentaphysicalormentaldisorder2)(inthiscontext)thepatternofsymptomswhichcharacterizeorindicateaparticularsocialcondition,.,stereotype:afixedgeneralimage,characteristic,etcthatalotofpeoplebelievetorepresentaparticulartypeofpersonorthingTheresalwaysbeenastereotypeaboutsuccessfulbusinessmen.Igetveryworkedupaboutthewaywomenarestereotypedinalotofmainstreamfilms.,.,skirtv.avoid(adifficultsubjectthatoughttobedealtwith)Cometothemainissue,anddontskirtaroundit.Heskirtedroundhismaindifferenceswithher.,.,DonaldBarrChidsey(1902-1981):U.S.journalistandaprolificwriterOnandOfftheWagonThesubtitleofthebookis:ASoberAnalysisoftheTemperanceMovementfromthePilgrimsthroughProhibition(1969).,.,exhilaratingadj.excitingandcheerfulTomycousin,chess-playingisamostexhilaratingexperience.Wehavejustgotsomeexhilaratingnews.,.,underminev.destroyorweakengraduallyUnfaircriticismunderminesonesself-confidence.Offeringadviceoneachandeveryproblemwillundermineherfeelingofbeingadult.Theseincidentscouldseriouslyunderminesupportforthepolice.,.,unwittinglyadv.unintentionally;unknowinglyWalkerscanunwittinglydamagethefragileenvironmentinwhichthebirdslive.Hewasunwittinglycaughtupintheconfrontation.Itwasasthoughhehadsteppedunwittinglyontoholyground.,.,Mandate:Theauthoritythatagovernmenthastocarryoutparticularpoliciesasaresultofwinninganelection.授权；委任Thepresident,strengthenedbyapowerfulconservativemandate,hascalledforincreasesindefencespending.总统以强大的保守派支持为后盾，要求增加国防开支。TheGeneralElectiongaveLabournosuchmandate.大选没有授予工党这种权力。,.,subvertv.tounderminethepowerorauthority(ofanestablishedsystemorinstitution)tosubvertagovernment,apoliticalparty,peacetalks,etc.Inthiscontext,ply:conformwithNewvehiclesmustcomplywithcertainstandards.Ipliance:(formal)willingnesstodowhatisrequired;agreement(+with)Therearewaysofensuringcompliance.,.,Enact:Agovernmentorauthoritypassesalaworbilltomakeitbecomelegal.(atechnicalterminlaworpolitics)制定法律；通过法案TheToriesaretryingtoenactanationalitybill.保守党正试图通过一项“国籍”法案。Manystateshaveenactedbattered-childlaws.许多州都已制定了儿童保护法。,.,Puny:verysmallorweakcomparedtootherpeopleorthingsofthesamekind;oftenusedshowingdisapproval.矮小的；微弱的Whatapunyoldman.herpunyefforts.trivialize:makeinsignificantDonttrivializetheseriousnessoftheissue!transgression:law-breaking,violationofrulesThewaysthatIcouldthinkofinvolvedtransgressionofthelaw.,.,dramatize:makemoreobviousnullify:makeineffective;cancelout;invalidateThishadtheeffectofnullifyingouroriginaladvantage.Thewholeteamseffectivenesscanbenullified.Eachstatehadtherighttonullifythefederalgovernmentslaw.,.,Translation:scofflawryatthetop.?Thatmeans:AdministrationinWashingtonisthelaw-breakerinthehighestposition.DoyouthinkitappropriateforTrippetttoendhisessaybypresentingevidenceofscofflawryatthetop?Yes.Ifthelaw-makersofthecountryareignoringthelaw,howcantheordinarycitizensbeexpectedtoabidebylaw,andstilllesstherules,.,美国人习惯于认为，固定形式的暴力犯罪是对法律和秩序的主要威胁。然而，却正是由于普通的遵纪守法的公民设法钻法律的空子才真正动摇了美国法律的基础。主要例子：禁酒令。唐纳德巴契德斯在戒酒与否一书中回忆道：“违法事实上是不痛苦的，甚至都没有令人不舒服的感觉，反而以一种柔和的、完全安全的方式令人欢喜。”人们终于废除了禁酒令，不仅是因为酒的问题，而且因为违法行为严重地损害了政府的威信和合法地位。具有讽刺意味的是，不管今天这种无视法律的风气源于何处，它却受到各级政府官员的无可奈何的鼓励。警察未能强制实行某些法律仅仅是问题的表面，他们只不过是从他们为之服务的官员和选民那里接受命令。,.,更糟糕的是，大多数的州立法机构在公众遵守联邦法律规定的车速不得超过每小时55英里的规定时却帮了倒忙，其中一些州甚至擅自规定超速仅处以很少的罚款以使大事化小。更高一级的华盛顿政府则用反对（而不是支持）某些已成为法律条文的取消种族隔离的规定的办法，来实现其取消民权法律的效力的愿望，这真是令人啼笑皆非。据荒原杂志报导，环保组织以相当正当的理由指责当局破坏环境保护法，因为它未能推行该法规，或是虽然推行但却故意怂恿人们违反法规。这解释为：最高一级的违法行为。,.,disquietingadj.disturbing;upsettingThespeakersdisquietingwordsmadetheaudiencetremble.Hefoundherletterdisquieting.ThenewsfromtheAfricanfrontwasdisquietingintheextreme.,.,aterminallyfoolishsocietyanextremelyfoolishsocietythatrefusestotakeanyactiontocheckthespreadofscofflawryterminallyfatallyAccordingtothedoctorsdiagnosis,hewasterminallyillandhadtobesenttoahospice.,.,Themostdisquietingthingtospreadindefinitely.Paraphrasing:Itisreallydisturbingtoseethatthisprevailingattitudetowardslawlessactivitiesshouldspreadsowideandsofast,andnorationalsocietywouldevertolerateitsuncheckedgrowth.,.,1.TrytolistsomeformsofscofflawryinChina,inthecitywhereyouliveandamongthepeoplearoundyou,andtellhowyouregardthisphenomenon.2.HaveagroupdiscussionaboutthepossiblecausesofscofflawryintheChinesebackground,andproposesomemeasuresthatcanbeadoptedtocheckit.,.,.,ExamplesWhyDoWeUseExamples?Toenableyourreaderstoseewhatyoumean,youmayuseexamples,andyouaskotherstogiveexamplessoyoumayseewhattheymean.Examplesarecapableofclarifyingapointorprovidingaproofforageneralstatement.WhereDoWeUseExamples?Goodwritersoftenuseexamplestoinformortopersuade.Toinform,thewritermightsupplyexamplestoclarifyhispointorhelpreadersbetterunderstandadifficultorunfamiliarconcept;andtopersuade,thewritermightfurnishexamplestoproveastatementhemakesortoconvincereadersofthesignificanceofhisargument.,.,WhatCanBeUsedAsExamples?Examplesmaybenarrativeincidentsanddescriptivefactsorspecificdetailsbasedonyourpersonalexperiencesorobservations,insteadofvagueandemptygeneralstatements.Supposeyouplantoillustrateinyouressaythispointthatgettingajobwithjustahighschooldiplomaisdifficult.Youmayfinditmorehelpfultogiveanaccountofyourownexperiencethatyouspentseveralyearsafterhighschoolbeforefindingadecentjob.IncomparisonwithageneralstatementThisiswhathappenedtome,givingaconcreteexamplecanbemoreeffective.Youmayalsoquotefromyourownobservationofyourfriendswhohadthesameproblem.Suchinformationmakesusefuldetailsthatsupportyourcentralpoint.,.,Examplesmayalsobespecificinformationincludingquotations,facts,statistics,oraccountscollectedfromsourceslikebooks,encyclopedias,newspapersandjournals.Suchinformation,whenproperlyselectedandverified,canprovetobeconvincingandpersuasive.HowManyExamplesShouldBeUsed?Insomesituations,oneexamplemaynotbesufficienttosupportyourcentralpoint.Supposeyouwouldlikeyourreaderstoagreethatclothingstylesfro