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用弹簧压紧的摩擦离合器 离合器(DS 395)的设计【用弹簧压紧的摩擦离合器】 离合器 DS 395 设计 弹簧 压紧 摩擦

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外 文 翻 译 ClutchThe clutch is located in the power train between the engine and the transmission. Its purpose is to permit the driver to couple or uncouple the engine and transmission.The clutch is a friction-type uncoupling device. It is linked to a clutch pedal in the rivers compartment. When the driver pushes down the clutch pedal, the linkage forces a flat disk, or plate, to move. The movement releases the pressure from a friction disk. With the pressure released. There is no friction at work in the clutch. And the power flow is therefore interrupted. Then, the engine runs without transmitting power to the power train. When the clutch is in the coupling(or normal running) position, power flows through it from the engine to the transmission. If the transmission is in gear, then power flows on through to the car wheels so that the car moves.Essentially , then, the clutch ha the job of permitting the driver to uncouple the engine temporarily so that the gears can be shifted from one to another forward gear position (or into reverse or neutral).It is necessary to interrupt the flow of power( by uncoupling) before gears are shifted. Otherwise, gear shifting would be extremely difficult if not impossible.The clutch contains friction disk(or driven plate)about 300millimetre in diameter. It also contains a spring arrangement and a pressure plate for pressing this disk tightly against the smooth rear face of the flywheel. The friction disk is splined to the clutch shaft. The splines consist of two sets of teeth, an internal set on the hub of the friction disk and a matching external set on the clutch shaft. They permit the friction disk to slide back and forth along the shaft but force the disk and the shaft to rotate together. All automotive clutches used with standard transmissions are very similar in construction and operation. There are some differences in the details of the linkages as well as in the pressure-plate assemblies. In addition , some clutches for heavy-duty applications have two friction disks and an intermediate pressure plate. Also, some clutches are operated by hydraulic means. Three types of clutch are the coil-pressure-spring type, diaphragm-spring type, and semicentrefugal type. Cars equipped with automatic transmission operateds automatically so that the driver is not required to use a clutch to shift gears. 离 合 器 在传动系统中,离合器位于发动机与变速器之间,其作用是使驾驶员可以把发动机与变速器结合或脱离. 离合器是一种摩擦式分离装置,与驾驶室中离合踏板相连接. 当驾驶员踩下离合器踏板时, 联动装置使离合器的压盘移动. 这一运动减少了作用在摩擦盘上的压力. 随着压力的减小, 离合器工作状态下的摩擦力消失,动力被切断. 这样, 虽然发动机仍在转动, 而动力却不在传递到传动系统. 当离合器处于结合状态时(或者说处于正常运行状态时),动力从发动机传递到变速器. 如果变速器已挂上适当的档位,那么动力就会传动到车轮上, 汽车即开动起来.从本质上说, 离合器的作用是使驾驶员可以暂时地切断发动机的动力. 这样一来,传动装置就可以从某一档换到另一档(或者换到倒档或空档).在变速之前,一定要切断动力传递.不然,换档即使不是完全不可能, 也会是十分困难的. 离合器有一直径大约300毫米, 并带有摩擦衬片的圆盘, 还有一弹簧装置和一压力盘, 用来把摩擦盘紧紧地压在飞轮光滑地壁面上. 带有摩擦衬片的圆盘, 通过花键与离合器轴相连. 花键包括二套花键齿. 可以使摩擦盘沿着主轴向后或向前滑动, 又可以使圆盘和主轴同时移动. 所有使用标准传动系统的汽车离合器在构造和操作上都很相似. 只是在压紧机构和连动装置的细节上稍有不同. 此外, 一些在重载荷情况下工作的离合器,有两个带摩擦衬片的圆盘和一个中间压力盘. 还有一些离合器是液压式的. 离合器的三种类型为:螺旋弹簧式, 嗼片弹簧式和半离心式. 装有自动变速装置的汽车一般不需要离合器. 在这些汽车上, 变速器自动操作, 因此驾驶员不必使用离合器来换档. Brake System Brakes are necessary to slow or stop the car. Modern cars can travel very fast, so good brakes are essential for safety. Practically all cars use hydraulics brakes (which operate by applying pressure to a fluid). The brakes system can be divided into two principal parts, hydraulic system and wheel brake assemblies. In most modern brake systems, there is a fluid-filled cylinder, called the master cylinder, which contains two separate sections, there is a piston in each section and both pistons are connected to a brake pedal in the drivers compartment. When the brake pedal is pushed by the driver the two pistons move in the two sections of the master cylinder. This forces brake fluid out and through the brake lines, or tubes , to the brake mechanisms at the wheels. In a typical system, the brake fluid from one section of the master cylinder goes to the two front-wheel brakes. The brake fluid from the other section goes to the two rear-wheel brakes. The purpose of this is that, if one section fails, the other section will still provide braking. There are two different types of brake mechanisms at the wheels, the drum-and-shoe type of brake , and the disk type. In the drum-and-shoe type, there is a wheel brake cylinder with two pistons. When brake fluid is forced into the brake cylinder by the action at the master cylinder , the two pistons are forced outward. This causes the curved brake shoes to move into contact with the brake drum. The brake shoes apply friction to the brake drum, forcing it and the wheel to slow or stop. In the disk type, a rotating disk, attached to the wheel , is positioned between flat brake shoes. One or more pistons, actuated by the brake fluid from the master cylinder , force the shoes into contact with the rotating disk and this slows or stops the car. 制 动 系 统制动系统必须能够强制汽车减速或停车. 现代汽车速度很快, 良好的制动系统是安全的基本保证. 实际上所有的汽车都使用液压制动(通过向液体加压来完成的).制动系统可以分为两个基本部分: 液压系统和车轮制动总成. 大多数现代制动系统中具有充满液体的油缸, 叫做主缸, 主缸有两套各自独立的管路,每套管路各有一活塞, 并且两个活塞都与驾驶室中的制动踏板相连接. 当驾驶员踩动踏板时, 主缸的这两套管路中的两个活塞移动. 制动液从主缸中压出,