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黑龙江工程学院本科生毕业设计附 录A 外文文献Brake testing equipment functions and operations ABSTRACTFlat-plate brake testing units, is by far the best most most popular brake testing equipment. Bench work surface for the correction system a real sense of the platform. It can provide accurate positioning for the car. Clamping system, drawing system, measuring system, repair of vehicles and platforms are composed of an organic whole. And can be attached devices such as the second lift. This form of correction system with its comprehensive features are becoming standard calibration system. Currently, flat on the market is rich brake testing equipment, imported products such as Karl Rahner have Car-O-Iiner, CAR-BENCH to force too, and Shibinnisi brands, general science and technology was relatively advanced, but easy to use price higher than domestic equipment, special maintenance station and the general strength of the manufacturers will choose this high-end equipment. And like the Pentium, excellence, Legacy, and domestic equipment such as special kind of after-sales service, reliable, relatively low price, is the product of choice and medium-sized testing station. INTRODUCTIONA) We have to understand automotive braking system of detection of structural feature. Car brake testing system is used in experimental research and development of new cars, new car delivery inspection and road traffic management department of the regular inspection of the vehicle braking system performance evaluation parameters for quantitative detection and diagnosis of test equipment. B) The brake testing units on the market for a variety of styles, the more prominent are two types: roller peace panel. Whatever the style must have the following in common: 1. With high-intensity fixtures; 2. With more sensors; 3. Capable of more, a full range of inspection work; 4. Capable of accurate measurement and accurate detection of braking performance is good or bad. Flat-plate brake test bench equipment to solve the shortcomings of drum. Flat out not only to test the cars maximum braking force at each wheel, blocking force and axle load, but also provide the braking force, axle load in the testing process over time curve. Drum-type detection units to overcome the inherent deficiencies. The inspection system speed, high precision, the results intuitive, and easy to install and move, low energy consumption (due to no need to install the motor, power roller is only 1 / 100), small footprint, simple operation and maintenance and so on. C) regardless of the equipment, its operation can be divided into the following four steps: 1. On the train: for inspection of vehicles driving on the test stand by hand. 2. Axle load measurement: measuring axle load is a subsidiary of braking performance test equipment items, as long as the stage set of four axle braking sensors to measure the axle load of vehicles tested, while the axle is the braking force further analysis based on the credibility of test results, it is essential. 3. Step on the brake pedal: all four wheels until the vehicle brake on the board, depresses the brake pedal, the braking force measurement. 4. Braking force measurement. Measurement of braking performance braking force is the most important testing equipment testing, mainly through the braking force sensor to measure, braking force sensors are generally installed on the test board below. Through the above four steps, the vehicle braking performance test has basically completed the work. In short, the advent of brake testing equipment, reduce labor intensity of the test staff, improve efficiency, making the car testing industry embarked on the standardization and modernization of the road. D) The brake testing solution for classification and their characteristics Automobile Brake Tester is a performance cars brake testing equipment, testing the main parameters include: the braking force, braking force balance, wheel blocking force, braking coordination time. According to the test works differently, brake inspection station can be divided into anti-and inertial forces; supported by the examination sets the wheels in different forms, automobile brake drum inspection station can be divided into the peace panel; by testing different parameters, brake inspection Taiwan can be divided into the braking force measurement type, the measured braking distance and overall parameters of three kinds; the number of axles detected by the examination table can be divided into single-axis type, two-axis and multi-axis categories. At present, widely used in automobile brake drum-type reaction plate brake test station test platform of peace. 1. Road test: the flat by the driver to accelerate to a certain speed on the road when the emergency brake pedal, by observing the imprint on the road and braking distance and the experience of their own experience to determine whether the normal vehicle braking performance. 2. Roller brake tester: the measured vehicle wheel sticky sand to release the two pairs of rollers, the drag roller by the motor, when the drum line speed up to 2 km / h - 5 km / h when the brake pedal, through the installed in the drum side of the force torque sensor size. This detection method requires a vehicle detection were measured before and after the axis of the brake, does not reflect the dynamic brake front and rear axles when the load changes, can not measure the braking vehicle braking coordination of time, can not fully reflect the braking energy, and the braking effect of other factors, such as leaf spring suspension or the rigidity of the braking performance. This detection method is a static test. 3. Flat-plate brake tester: road conditions simulated by the four steel plate sticky sand arranged in a certain way to ensure that a vehicle driving wheels when braking plate at 4, car to 5 km / h for a 10 km / h speed onto plate brake tester. When the emergency brake pedal, through the plate under the dozens of sensors and computer control systems to measure vehicle braking performance of the braking, suspension performance, leaf spring stiffness (carts) and other indicators, and can measure test speed value. CONCLUSIONSAutomotive technology, automotive testing technology to promote the development of the automobile industry, a higher test requirements. Brake testing is far from easy work of braking distance measurements, more than the traditional testing equipment can achieve. It requires a scientific measurement of vehicle braking and find the problem. To achieve this function, is inseparable from the body correction system. Accessibility is also an increase in the development of brake testing equipment is a major trend. The design of more clever, more sophisticated technology, increased use of test panels sliding more and more. Equipment more and more complete. In short, the development of brake testing equipment is moving in automation, digital and multi-functional direction. 附 录B外文文献的中文译文 制动检测设备的功能与操作一、摘要：平板式制动检测台，是迄今为止最为优秀的也是最流行的制动检测设备。台架式校正系统的工作台面为一个真正意义上的平台它可以为汽车提供精确的定位。夹紧系统、拉伸系统、测量系统、被修车辆与平台组成一个有机整体并可附挂二次举升等装置。这种形式的校正系统以其完备的功能正成为校正系统的标准配置。目前，市场上的平板式制动检测设备比较丰富，进口产品像卡尔拉得Car-O-Iiner, CAR-BENCH使力得和史宾尼斯等品牌，一般科技含量相对先进、使用方便但是价格也比国产设备要高，一般特约维修站和实力雄厚的厂家会选择这种高端设备。而像奔腾、卓越、力狮和特样等国产设备售后服务可靠、相对价格偏低，是大中型检测站的首选产品。二、介绍一） 我们要了解汽车制动系统检测及其构造特征。汽车制动检测系统就是应用于新车研究开发的实验、新车的出厂检验和交通管理部门对上路车辆定期检验的对制动系统的性能评价参数进行定量检测诊断的试验装置。二） 市场上的制动检测台为各种款式， 较为突出的分为两种：滚筒式和平板式。无论何种款式都必须具备以下共同点：1. 具有高强度的固定装置；2. 具有较多的传感器；3. 能进行多点、全方位的检测工作；4. 能够进行精确的测量，准确检测出制动性能的好坏。平板式制动检测试验台就解决了滚筒式设备的缺点。平板式不仅能测试出汽车每个车轮的最大制动力、阻滞力及轴重，还能提供制动力、轴重在检测过程中随时间变化的曲线。克服了滚筒式检测台本身固有的不足。该检测系统测试速度快、精度高、结果直观，并有安装和移动方便、耗能少(因不需安装电机，耗电仅为滚筒式的1/100)、占地面积小、操作维护简单等优点。 三) 不论何种设备，其操作大体分为以下四步：1. 上车：待检车辆通过专人驾驶上试验台。2. 轴重测量：测量轴重是制动性能检测设备的附属项目，只要在制动台上设置四个轴重传感器即可测量待测车辆的轴重，而轴重又是进一步分析制动力检测结果是否可信的依据，因此必不可少。3. 踩制动踏板：待到车辆四个车轮都在制动板上时，踩下制动踏板,测量制动力。4. 制动力测量。测量制动力是车辆制动性能检测设备检测的重中之重，主要通过制动力传感器来测量，制动力传感器一般安装在测试板下面。通过以上四步骤，车辆制动性能检测工作基本完成了。总之，制动检测设备的问世，减轻了测试人员的劳动强度，提高了工作效率，使汽车检测业走上了规范化、现代化的道路。四)制动检测方案的分类与各自特点汽车制动检验台是对汽车的制动性能进行检测的设备，检测的主要参数包括：制动力、制动力平衡、车轮阻滞力、制动协调时间。根据测试原理不同，汽车制动检验台可分为反力式和惯性式；按检验台支撑车轮形式不同，汽车制动检验台可分为滚筒式和平板式；按检测参数不同，汽车制动检验台可分为测制动力式、测制动距离和综合参数三种；按检验台检测车轴数，可分为单轴式、双轴式和多轴式三类。目前国内广泛采用滚筒反力式汽车制动检验台和平板式汽车制动检验台。1. 道路试验：由驾驶人在平坦路面上加速到一定车速时急踩制动踏板，通过观察路面上的压印和制动距离及自身的经验感受来确定汽车制动性能是否正常。2. 滚筒式制动试验台：将被测车辆车轮放人两对粘砂滚筒间，由电动机拖动滚筒，当滚筒线速达2 km/h - 5 km/h时踩制动踏板，通过安装在滚筒侧面的扭力传感器测量动力大小。这种检测方法，对一辆整车检测需要前后轴制动分别测量，不能反映汽车制动时前后轴动态载荷的变化，不能测量整车制动时的制动协调时间，不能全面地反映出制动能，以及影响制动的其他因素，如悬架或钢板弹簧的刚度问题对制动性能的影响。这种检测方法是一种静态检验。3. 平板式制动试验台：由4块模拟路面情况的粘砂钢质平板按一定方式排列，确保一辆汽车行驶车轮在制动时分别在4块平板上，汽车以5 km/h一10 km/h的车速驶上平板制动试验台。当急踩制动踏板时，通过平板下的几十只传感器及计算机控制系统测量汽车制动时的各项制动性能、悬架性能、钢板弹簧刚度(大车)等指标，并能测出测试速度值。三、结论汽车技术的发展，促进了汽车检测技术的发展，对汽车检测行业提出了更高的要求。制动检测远不是简单的测制动距离的工作，更不是传统的检测设备所能实现的。它要求对汽车制动性科学地测量和发现问题所在。要实现这一功能，是离不开车身校正系统的。辅助功能的增多也是汽车制动检测设备发展的一大趋势。各设计更加巧妙，工艺更加精致，使用增加侧滑试验板的越来越多。配套设备也越来越齐全。总之，汽车制动检测设备的发展正朝着自动化、数字化与多功能化方向发展。8Brake System Service and MaintenanceThe types of trouble that may develop in drum-type hydraulic braking systems include the following.(1) Brake pedal goes to floorboard. When this happens, it means that there is no pedal reserve, since full pedal movement does not provide adequate braking. This would be a very unlikely situation with a dual-brake system. One section might fail (front or rear) but it would be rare for both to fail at the same time. If this happens, chances are the driver has been driving for some time with one section out .(2) One brake drags. This means that the brake shoes are not moving away from the brake drum when the brakes are released.(3) All brake drag. When all brakes drag, it may be that the brake pedal does not have sufficient play, so that the piston in the master cylinder does not fully retract.(4) Car pulls to one side. If the car pulls to one side when the brakes are applied, this means that more braking pressure is being applied to one side than to the other. (5) Soft, or spongy, pedal. If the pedal action is soft, or spongy, the chances are that there is air in the system, although out-of adjustment brake shoes could cause this.(6) Poor braking action requiring excessive pedal pressure. If the brake lining is soaked with oil or brake fluid, they will not hold well, and excessive pedal pressure is required for braking action. Improper brake-shoe adjustment or the use of the wrong brake lining could cause the same trouble.(7) Brakes too sensitive or grab. When the brakes are too sensitive and brake hard or grab with slight brake pedal pressure, it may be that the linings have become greasy , that the brake shoes are out of adjustment , that the wrong lining is being used and that drums are scored or rough .(8) Noisy brakes. Brakes will become noisy if the brake linings wear so much that rivets come into contact with the brake drum, if the shoes become warped so that pressure on the drum is not uniform ,if shoe rivets become loose so that they contact the drum , or if the drum becomes rough or worn .（9）Air in system. If air gets into the hydraulic system, poor braking and a spongy pedal will result. It is possible accidentally to plug the vent (by wrench action ) when the filler plug is removed .(10) Loss of brake fluid. Brake fluid can be lost if the master cylinder leaks, if the wheel cylinder leaks, if the wheel cylinder leaks, if the line connections are loose, or if the line is damaged. (11) Warning light comes on when braking (dual system). This is a signal that one of the two braking systems has failed. Both systems (rear and front) should be checked so that the trouble can be found and eliminated. It is dangerous to drive with this condition, even though braking can be achieved, because only half the wheels are being broken.Many of the troubles on the disk in the disk type of brake system are similar to those that may be found in the drum type.Whenever you encounter a complaint of faulty braking action, always try to analyze it and determine its cause. Sometimes, all that is necessary (in earlier drum-type brakes) is a minor brake with the self-adjuster; the brakes automatically adjust themselves to compensate for lining wear. Other brake services include addition of brake fluid, bleeding the hydraulic system to remove air, repair or replacement of master cylinder and wheel cylinders, replacement of master cylinder and wheel cylinders, replacement of brake linings, and refinishing of brake drums.Tire service and maintenance includes periodic inflation to make sure that the tire is kept at the proper pressure, periodic tire inspection so that small damages can be detected and repaired before they develop into major defects, and tire removal, repair, and replacement.Incorrect tire inflation can cause many types of steering and braking difficulty. Low pressure will cause hard steering, front wheel shimmy, steering kickback, and tire squeal on turns. Uneven tire pressure will tend to make the car pull to one side. For these reason, it is very important to maintain proper pressure in the tires. There are a few points you should remember when inflating tires:(1) Dont inflate a tire when it is hot, as, for instance, after hard driving on the highway.(2) Always replace the cap (where used) after checking air pressure or inflating a tire.The removal and replacement of tires are not difficult on smaller vehicles, but on large, heavy-duty applications special tools are required to remove and handle them. Air must be released from the center of the rim. A tire tool or flat stock can be used to pry one part of the bead up over the rim flange (start near the valve stem). Care must be exercised to avoid damaging the tire bead or inner tube. After the bead is started over the rim flange with the tool, the remainder of the bead can be worked out over the flange with the hands. The other bead of the tire is removed from over the same side of the rim flange in a similar manner.In tire shops where special tire-changing machines are used. In these, the wheel is put into place and air pressure is used to force the tire bead away from the rim. This machine will remove a tire from a wheel rim in a few seconds. Further, it can be used to quickly install a tire on the rim.The following cautions should be carefully observed in tire service and maintenance work: (1) On tubeless tires, do not use tire irons to force the beads away from the rim flanges; this could damage the rim seals on the beads and cause an air leak. Instead, use a bead breaker tool. (2) If a tire has been deflated, never inflate it while the car weight is on the tire. Always jack up the car before inflating the tire so that the tube can distribute itself around the tire evenly. If this is not done, some parts of the tube will be stretched more than other parts, and this puts a strain on the tube that might cause it to blow out.A number of repairs can be made on tires and tubes, ranging from the patching of nail holes, punctures, or cuts to vulcanizing new tread material to the tire casing. This latter operation is known as recapping, since a new cap, or tread, is placed on the tire. Repair procedures vary according to whether the tire is or is not of the tubeless type.With the tube type, puncture repair requires removal of the tire so that the puncture in the tube can be attached. This is done with a special kit. Patches require curing, or vulcanizing, at