2017-9-30英语写作1 chapter 2 general words and specific words

Choiceofwords/Diction,Choiceofwords,UsesuitablewordsGeneralwordsandspecificwordsAbstractwordsandconcretewordsLevelofwords,Usesuitablewords,Eg.Theskinnywomanslinkedin.瘦的皮包骨头的女人溜了进来。Theslenderwomanglidedin.一位苗条的淑女飘然而至。,Theyshouldadoptamore_approachandinvestigatealternativeusesfortheirproperty.Designingsiliconchipstomimichumanorganssounds_.(fanciful,imaginative)Malcolmisa_andrealisticbusinessman.The_criminalisdifficulttotrackdown.(cunning,shrewd)Theyhaveplentyofmoneynow,buttheystilltendtobe_.Shestoo_tomakeadonation.(thrifty,mean),Thecommitteeexpressedthankstoeveryonefortheir_donations.Woulditwouldbetoo_tobuyboth?(extravagant,generous)ThePrimeMinisterappearedrelaxedand_ofwinninganoverallmajority.Its_ofyoutoassumeyoullwineverytime.(confident,arrogant),Childrenare_abouttheoriginofmankind/thestructureofatoms.Ivealwaysfoundherunbearably_.(curious,inquisitive,nosey)Alltheseconsiderationsmadehimevenmore_toleadtheworldtowardarmsreduction.Theconservativesshow_resistancetoreform.(determined,stubborn),TheMeaningofWords,Themeaningofawordhastwoaspects:denotativeandconnotative.Awordsdenotationiswhatitliterallymeans,asdefinedbythedictionary;itsconnotationisthefeelingorideasuggested/impliedbyit.,Threeaspectsofconnotation,NegativeneutralpositiveDisapprovingapprovingDerogatoryUnfavorablefavorable,Note:1)Whenusingaword,youfirstneedtobesureaboutawordsdenotation,otherwisemistakeswillbeunavoidableinyourspokenorwrittencommunication.Eg.CollegeEnglishspeechcontestprizepromulgationceremony2）greaterconcernshouldbeshowedforconnotationsofaword.Onewordmayhaveseveralconnotations.Thesamethingmayhavedifferentconnotativemeaningsindifferentculturalcontexts.Eg.thecolorwordyellowmaystimulateusChineseandanEnglishnativespeakertothinkofdifferentthings.,Wordswiththesamedetonationbutdifferentconnotations,TheMeaningofWords(1-1),country,nation,state,landcountry-referstoanareaoflandanditspopulationandgovernmentnation-thepeopleofacountrystate-thegovernmentorpoliticalorganizationofacountryland-moreliteraryandemotivecountry,TheMeaningofWords(1),anislandcountry;neighbouringcountriesInareaChinaisthethirdlargestcountryintheworld.apeace-lovingnation;theawakeningnationsofAfrica,TheMeaningofWords(2),Themodernizationprogrammehaswonthesupportofthewholenation.stateorgans;state-ownedenterprisesChinaismynativeland.,TheMeaningofWords(2),big,large,hugebig-acommonwordlarge-slightlymoreformalandmaybeusedtodescribethingsthatareunusuallybig,soitismoreemphaticthanbighuge-moreliterarythanthesetwowords,meansextremelylargeandismoreemphaticthanlarge,TheMeaningofWords(3),abig/largecity;abig/largehouseWuhanisaverylargecityinCentralChina.Theteamhasgotahugemanovertwometrestall.,TheMeaningofWords(3),small,littleinterchangeable,differentinemotionalcoloringbetweenthemsmall-objectivelittle-afeelingoffondness,TheMeaningofWords(3),Theylivedinasmalltown.IcanneverforgetthelittletownwhereIspentmyhappychildhood.,TheMeaningofWords(4),modest,humblebothalackofpride,differentintonemodest-avirtue,laudatoryhumble-notavirtue;oftenconnotesundueself-depreciation;derogatory,TheMeaningofWords(4),Modestandhardworking,hemadeveryquickprogressatschool.ClearlyGomperswasoverawedbyWilson.Hisfacetookonaservilelook;hisvoicewashumble.,Ex_Diction(1),Ineachsentences,choosethemorepreciseofthetwoinitalics,andexplainyourreasons.1.Afewlistenersweredisinterested/uninterestedanddozedoff.2.Thoughshehasgrownup,herbehaviorisoftenchildlike/childish.,Ex_Diction(2),3.Iamquitejealous/enviousofyouropportunitytostudyatsuchafamousuniversity.4.Herclothes,thoughmadeofcheap/inexpensivematerial,arequiteelegant.5.Iamsorrytorefuse/declineyourinvitation.,Ex_Diction(3),6.Hewassurprised/shocked/stunnedtofindthatlittlesisterhadbecomeapretty,slim/skinnyyoungwoman.7.Thisservilemanwasespeciallymodest/humblewhenhewastalkingwithhissuperiors.,Ex_Diction(4),8.Thishomely/uglyoldmanisawell-knownmusician.9.Myunclebecamefat/stoutashegrewolder.10.Isthatold/elderlywoman/ladysittingonthebenchyourmother?,Ex_Diction(1-5),11.Theenemytroopsweredrivenbackwhentheyattempted/triedtocrosstheborder.12.Theyallfeltsympathy/pityforthevictimsofthedisasterandmadedonations.13.EmpressDoeagerCixiwasfamous/notoriousforhercruelty.,Generalwordsandspecificwords,Generalword-agroup/classSpecificword-amemberofthatclassAttention:Thisclassificationofwordsintogeneralorspecificisrelativeintheirreference.,GeneralandSpecificwords,Specificwordsprovideprecise,sensory,orconcretedetails.Generalwordsconveyinexact,intangible,andoftenabstractconcepts.Comparativelyspeaking,generalwordsaremorevagueandabstractinmeaningthanspecificwords.Professionals,forinstance,ismoregeneralthanscientists,doctors,teachers,lawyers,journalists,etc.,allofwhicharemorespecific.Althoughbothgeneralandspecificwordsareuseful,astudentlearningtowriteshouldmakeanefforttomasterandusespecificwordswhereverpossible.Specificwordshelptomakewritingclear,exact,vivid,andstriking.Fortheyaremoreinformativeandexpressivethangeneralwords.,Example,Thepresidentsknowledgeofdomesticissuesissuperiortohisunderstandingofforeignpolicy.Hehasbeenmoresuccessfulwithwelfarereform,forexample,thanwithpeaceintheMiddleEast.Inthiscontext,Domesticissuesandforeignpolicyareusedinageneralsenseinthefirstsentence.Thewriterthenelaboratesbyclarifyingspecifickindsofissues(welfarereformandpeaceintheMiddleEast)referredtobythemoregeneraltermsintheearliersentence.,Hyponymy:TheRelationshipBetweenGeneralandSpecificWords,上义词(superordinate)vehicle下义词(subordinate)car,truckFlower-tulip,jasmine,daffodil,rose,lily,carnation,daisy,edelweiss,violet,forget-me-notGeneralandSpecificWordsvs.abstractandconcretewords,GeneralandSpecific,Itiseasytoseethatthespecificwordsontherightaremuchmoreconcreteandcolorfulthanthegeneralones.Theyseemtomakethereadersee,hear,orfeelwhatthewriterwishestodescribe.,GeneralandSpecificwordsagoodmovie-asuspenseful,terrifying,lightheartedmovieanicesmile-awinning,angelic,purposefulsmilesomeoneIknow-afriend,anacquaintance,acolleague,acoworkerWalk-pace,strut,stroll,march,Substitutethepreciseverbslistedbelowforlookat/saidanddiscussthedifferentconnotationofeachverb:1.Sebastianlookedatthewomanseatednexttohim.StaredatGlaredatLeeredatGazedatPeeredatAdmiredstudied,2.“Hurryup!”Jolenesaid.ShriekedDemandedSnappedSangseethed,GeneralandSpecific(1),GeneralandSpecific(2),GeneralandSpecific(3),GeneralandSpecific(4),gaze,glance/glimpse,glare,peek,peer,stare,watch,goggle,leer,scowl,GeneralandSpecific(5),annoyed,desperate,enraged,furious,infuriating,irritated,outraged,sullen,Englishoffersafascinatingvarietyofspecificwordsformanyactivitiesandinterests.Whenwesayamaniswalking,wecanalsosaythatamanismarching,pacing,patrolling,stalking,striding,treading,tramping,steppingout,prancing,strutting,prowling,plodding,strolling,shuffling,staggering,sidling,trudging,toddling,rambling,roaming,sauntering,meandering,lounging,loitering,orcreeping.Buteachofthemconveystousaslightlydifferentmeaning.Nomatterwhichwordweuse,itshouldmatchourthoughtandsuittotheoccasion.,stalk:高视阔步,大踏步走stride:大踏步走;跨过tread:步行于,在上走;踩(烂),践踏trudgetrd:v.沉重地走,蹒跚地走prancepr:nsv.腾跃,欢跃,昂首阔步shufflefl:拖曳,慢吞吞地走Sidlesaidl:v.(偷偷地)侧身而行saunters:nt:v.闲逛,漫步loungelaund:v.闲荡,懒洋洋地躺卧loiterlit:v.闲荡,虚度,徘徊creepkri:p:v.爬,徐行,蠕动,Moreexamples,1.Thedrunkardstaggered（蹒跚）fromthecoffeeshopandclungtoalamp-post.2.Thehikersreachedthetownafteralongwalkandplodded（重步行走）wearilytothehotel.3.Themanwhosewifewasexpectingthefirstbabywaspacing（踱步）nervouslyupanddownthehospitalcorridor.4.Afterclass,thechildrendidnotgohomedirectbutloitered（游荡）ontheway.5.Themanagerstrode（大步走）intotheofficeandaskedwhowaslateforwork.6.Thepuppystrayed（迷途）fromitshomeandwascompletelylost.7.Thecockisstrutting（昂头阔步）upanddownthefarmyard.8.Afterdinner,Iwentrambling（漫步）inthepark.9.Thethiefhasbeenlurking（潜行）inacornerforhisunsuspectingvictims.10.Notwishingtobenoticed,theboycrept（爬行）downstairs.,11.Attheweekend,Tomandhisfriendswentstrolling（闲逛）inthetown.12.Inherhurry,themaidstumbled（绊倒）andfellflatonthefloor.13.Thefarmertrudged（艰难地走）homewithhishoe.14.Themountaineersscrambled（攀爬）upthehillside.15.Thecarlurched（摇摆不定）forwardacrossthegrass.16.Withoneleghurt,Johnlimped（跛行）home.17.Beastscomeouttoprowl（四处觅食）aftertheirpreyatnight.18.Beforebabiescanwalk,theycrawl（爬行）.19.Thevictoriousarmymarched（迈进）intotheconqueredcity.20.Thepedestriansrushed（快步走）hereandthereintherain.,笑的种种说法laugh,giggle,chuckle,grin,guffaw,beam,smile,Laughloudlytolaughinanervous,excited,orsillywaySmilewidelyshowingyourteethtolaughquietlyLaughmaliciously不怀好意地笑Laughlightly轻松地笑Laughhappily,Giggle音调高或尖声地笑,常指儿童或女孩咯咯笑Thegirlswhisperedandgiggledtogether.Chuckle轻笑,暗笑,常用比喻意义,指觉得满意Hewaschucklingtohimselfoverwhathewasreading.Hemustbechucklingathissuccess.Grin指露齿而笑Hegrinnedbroadlyatme.Guffaw放声大笑,哄笑Thecompanyguffawedatthesillyanswer.beam笑逐颜开Herfacebeamedwithjoy.Smile微笑,反义词frownHesmiledtoseethechildrenplay.,GeneralandSpecific,Ihaveatoolinmyhand.Ihaveanaxeinmyhand.Amaniswalkingdownthestreet.Amanisstrollingdownthestreet.Thatwasaverywonderfulmovie.Thatwasaveryinstructivemovie.Theproposalcoversallimportantaspectsoftheproblem.Theproposalcoverscost,materials,methodology,andpersonnel.,killMurderTomurdersomeoneistokillthemdeliberatelyandunlawfully:Thekeywitnesswasmurderedbeforehecouldtestify.MassacreMassacreisusedwhenyoutalkaboutthedeliberatekillingofalargenumberofpeople,especiallypeoplewhocannotdefendthemselves:WholenativepopulationsweremassacredwhentheEuropeansettlesarrive