高级英语课件 Love is a Fallacy.ppt

LoveIsaFallacy,MaxShulman,Unit4,TeachingPlan,TeachingObjectives,TohaveabasicknowledgeofthetermsinlogicTounderstandwhatloveisinanaffluentsocietyToappreciatethehumorousandsatiricalwritingstyleToappreciatethelanguage,TeachingFocus,Therulesoflogic:tounderstandalltheeightfallaciesreferredinthetext.Theparticularwritingstyleoftheauthor.Thelight,humorous,yetimpressingwayofdepictingthings.Subjective,personal,sensible.,TeachingFocus,Theself-boastingtoneof“I”.Differentadjectivesappliedtodescribe“I”andmy“rival”PeteyBurch.Thepositive,neutralandnegativesensesofthesimilaradjectives.,TeachingMethods,Teacher-orientedteachingmethodStudent-orientedteachingmethodTheelicitedmethod,TeachingProcedure,.IntroductoryRemarks.BackgroundInformation.LearningFocus.KeywordsandExpressions.ExplanationoftheText,.DivisionoftheText.TheWritingStyle.ThePersonalityofDobie.Exercises,IntroductoryRemarks,.IntroductoryRemarks,Aboutthetitle“Thereisdeceptiveordelusivequalityaboutlove”.“Lovecannotbededucedfromasetofgivenpremises”.,AbouttheauthorMaxSchulmananAmericansbest-knownhumoristsaproductivewriterofmanytalents,HisworksBarefootboywithCheekTheFeathermerchantRallyRoundtheFlag,BoysTheManyLovesofDobieGillis,AboutthetextThetextisexcerptedfromTheManylovesofDobbieGillisbyMaxShulman.Itisapieceofnarrativewriting.,Thenarratorofthestory,DobieGillis,aself-conceitedfreshmaninaschoolstrugglesagainstPeteyBurch,hisstupidroommatewhosegirlfriendheplanstostealandPollyEspy,thebeautifuldumbgirlheintendstomarryaftersuitablereeducation.,DetailedStudyoftheText,.BackgroundInformation,ExplanationofthelogicalFallaciesAlogicalargumentgivesevidencetosupportsomeconclusion.twonecessaryparts:aconclusionthethesisarguesforcertainpremisesorfactsonwhichtobasetheconclusion,Theconclusionistobeinferredfromthepremises.Anargumentisdeductivelyvalidwhenitspremisesprovideconclusiveevidencefortheconclusion.Anargumentthatfailstobeconclusivelydeducedisinvalidandfallacious.,Anargumentmaybefallaciousinthreeways:fallaciousinitsmaterialcontentbecauseoftheuseofamisstatementofthefacts;fallaciousinitswordingbecauseofanincorrectuseofterm;fallaciousinitsformbecauseoftheuseofanimproperprocessofinference.,Fallaciesaredividedintothreegroups:a)material-fallaciesofpresumptionb)verbal-fallaciesofambiguityc)formal-astructuralpatternofgenericallyincorrectreasoningThefallaciesmentionedinthetextarematerialfallacies:,1.DictoSimpliciter绝对判断（FallacyofAccident）Anargumentbasedonanunqualifiedgeneralization.Theargumentappliesageneralruletoaparticularcaseinwhichsomespecialcircumstancesmakestheruleinapplicable.,2.HastyGeneralization（仓促推断）Theconversefallacyofaccidentariseswhenaspecialcaseisimproperlyappliedasageneralrule.Forinstance,acertainfoodisdelicioustosomepeople,butthefactdoesnotimplythatitisdelicioustoallpeople.,3.TheFallacyofIrrelevantConclusionItoccurswhentheconclusionchangesthepointthatisunderconsiderationinthepremises.Specialcasesofirrelevantconclusionareproducedbytheso-calledfallaciesofirrelevance,whichinclude:,1)PostHocergopropterhoc牵强附会/假性因果ThefallacyofFalseCauseThefallacymislocatesthecauseofonephenomenoninanotherthatisonlyseeminglyrelated.,2)ContradictoryPremises循环论证BeggingtheQuestionItcomesintobeingwhenthepremisesopenlyorcovertlypresumetheveryconclusiontobedemonstrated.,3）AdMisericordiam文不对题（appealtopity)Inalawcourt,atriallawyerdoesntargueforhisclientsinnocence,buthetriestomovethejurytosympathyforhim,justasapplicantforajobdoesntanswerthequestionraisedbytheboss.Insteadhetriestoappealtothebosssympathybysayingsomethingaboutthepoorsituationofhisfamily.,4)FalseAnalogy“Itdoenotfollow”ariseswhenthereisnotevenadeceptivelyplausibleappearanceofvalidreasoning,becausethegivenpremiseshavevirtuallynothingtodowiththeconclusiondrawnfromthem.,5）HypothesisContrarytoFactThefallacyofmanyquestionsconsistsinaskingfororgivingasingleanswertoaquestionwhenthisanswercouldeitherbeseparateorrefusedcompletely.,6)PoisoningtheWell（井中投毒）Speaking“againsttheman”ratherthantoissue,orthefallacyofPoisoningtheWellinthetextwherethepremisesmayonlymakeapersonalattackonapersonholdingsomethesisratherthanoffergroundsshowingwhywhathesaysisfalse.,.LearningFocus,StructureoftheNarration1.Theprotagonist:DobieGillis-aselfconceitedfreshman2.Theantagonist:PeteyBurch-hisstupidroommatePollyEspy-thebeautifuldumbgirl,3.Thetime:duringtheperiodofbeingstudents4.Theplace:onthecampusoftheuniversityofMinnesota5.Themaintheme:loveisaFallacy6.Theplot:FocusonaRaccoonCoat,.KeywordsandExpressions,1.unfetter:tofreefromfetters;tofreefromrestraintofanykind;liberate-freeandunfetteredtrade2.mumble:tospeakorsayindistinctlyandinalowvoice,mutter-Iwishyouwouldntmumble.-Icanthearyouclearly.,3.shed:castofforlosehair-Alltheleaveshaveshed.4.covet:wantardently;longforwithenvy-Itsasintocovet.,5.veer:changedirection;shift;turnorswingaround-Thewindveeredroundtothewest.6.swivel:turnon-Heswiveledthecameraonthetripodtofollowtheriders.,7.wax:togrowgraduallylarger;increaseinstrength,intensity,volume-Themoonwaxes.8.wince:toshrinkordrawbackslightly,usuallywithagrimace,asinpain,embarrassment,etc.-Hewincedattheinsult.,9.chirp:speakinlivelyway10.blubber:weeploudly,likeachild11.fashion:shape;mold-Hefashionedtheclayintoajar.,12.croak:tospeakinalow,roughvoiceasifyouhaveasorethroat-Thecrowcroakeddisaster.13.reel:togivewayorfallback;sway,waverorstaggerasfrombeingstruck-Hereeledfromthesharpblow.,14.bellow:cryoutloudly,asinangerorpain15.enterprising:fullofenergyandinitiative;willingtoundertakenewprojects,16.flaccid:hanginginloosefoldsorwrinkles;softandlimp17.pedantic:oforlikeapedant18.calculating:shrewdorcunning,esp.inaselfishway,19.astute:havingorshowingacleverorshrewdmind;cunning;crafty20.unsightly:notslightly,notpleasanttolookat;ugly21.cerebral:appealingtotheintellectratherthantheemotions,intellectual,22.pin-up:designatingagirlwhosesexualattractivenessmakesherasubjectforthekindofpicturesoftenpinneduponwalls23.greasy:smearedwithorcontaininggrease,24.canny:carefulandshrewdinonesactionanddealing;cleverandcautious25.glum:feelingorlookinggloomy26.fraught:filled,chargedorloaded,27.yummy:verytasty;delicious28.grueling:extremelytiring;exhausting29.well-heeled:rich,prosperous-awell-heeleddandy,.ExplanationoftheText,1.CharlesLambCharlesLamb,anEnglishessayistandpoet,wasborninLondonin1775anddiedin1834.Hiswritingwasfullofgentlehumor.Hisdramaticessay“SpecimensofEnglishDramaticPoets”establishedhisreputationasacritic.,2.ThomasCarlyleaBritishhistorianandessayistTheRevolution,Chartism:characterizedbyhistrenchantsocialandpoliticalcriticismandhiscomplexliterarystyleCarlyese:acompoundofbiblical,colloquialisms,andhisowncoinages,arrangedinunexpectedsequences.,3.Ruskin-anEnglishwriter,artcriticandsocialtheorist-agreatpaintingtobeonethatconveysgreatideastotheviewer-thevirtualdictatorofartisticopinioninEnglandduringthemid-19thcentury,Hisworksinclude:-ModernPainters(1843-1860),-ThesevenLampsofarchitecture(1849)-SesameandLilies(1856)-TheCrownofWildOlive(1866),-TimeandTide(1867).,4.nothingupstairs:(AmE.slang)empty-headed,anitwit(BrE.slang)unfurnishedintheupperstorey5.surrenderoneselftosth.:tostoptryingtopreventyourselffromhavingafeeling,habit,etc.-Shesurrenderedherselftosleep.-Hefinallysurrenderedhimselftohiscravingfordrug.,6.intheswim(ofthings):(informal)involvedinthingsthatarehappeninginsocietyorinaparticularsituation7.tear:makesb.feelveryunhappyorworried-Hisdistresstoremeapart.8.haveatonesfiguretips:tobecompletelyfamiliarwith,9.batoneseyes/eyelashes:openandcloseoneseyesquickly,inawaythatissupposedtobeattractivenotbataneyelid:(BE)/notbataneye(AE):10.knocksb.out:tosurpriseandimpresssb.verymuch-Themoviejustknockedmeout.,11.exasperate:toannoyorirritatesb.verymuch-Hermoodsexasperatedhim.Exasperation:n.Heshookhisheadinexasperation.12.knitonesbrow(s):tomove/drawoneseyebrowstogether,toshowthatyouarethinkinghard,feelingangry,13.hammeraway(at):keepemphasizingortalkingabout14.patronize:-Sometelevisionprogramstendtopatronizechildren.15.havebythethroat:attackbyseizingandsqueezingonesthroat,16.rat:mouse,ratpoison(informal)anunpleasantperson,esp.onewhoisnotloyalortricksb.,.DivisionoftheText,PartIParas1-3Itservesasabriefintroductionto,andacomment,onthestory.PartIIParas4-59Ithumorouslydepictshowthepromiseofexchangingagirlfriendforaraccooncoatismadeandfulfilled.,PartIIIParas60-125ItvividlydescribestheincrediblytoughprojectofmakingdumbPollysmart,andtheseemingsuccess.PartIVParas126-154ItironicallyrepresentstheseeminglyPygmalioneffect,whichturnsouttobeaFrankensteintragedyandformstheclimaxofthestory.,Summary,.TheWritingStyle,apieceofnarrationoflight,humoroussatireItstheme:“LoveisaFallacy”“love”isanerroradeceptionandemotionthatdoesnotfollowtheprinciplesoflogic,summary,Thepurposeofthestorytodemonstratethatlogicisaliving,breathingthings,fullofbeauty,passionandtrauma,farfrombeingadry,pedanticsubject.,Thelogicallinkofpassageideas“logic-alivingthing”“exchangeofaraccooncoatforaprettybutfoolishgirl”“teachinghertobelogicalandclever”“aPygmalionbecomesaFrankenstein”,Affluencehasreplacedlove,thusthereisnoquestionoftakingbrilliance,talent,oreducationintoconsiderationwhenchoosingaboyfriendandahusband.IthasreducedthesearchtoamatterofseekingwealthandkeepingupwiththeJoneses.Indeed,thiskindofloveisafallacy.,Theclimax:paras.147-150PollyrefusestogosteadywithDobiebecauseshealreadypromisedtogosteadywithPeteyBurch.,Theend:inaveryironicnoteDobieignoresthefactthatloveisthesincereattachmentwhicharisesnaturallyfrombothhearts,andhefailstowinPollybecausehehasbeentoocleverforhisgood.,TheFeaturesofWritingStyleAmericancolloquialismandslangalargelexicalspectrumtheultralearnedtermstheinfraclippedvulgarformsfigurativelanguageinversionforspecialemphasis,manyfiguresofspeechsimilemetaphorhyperbolemetonymyantithesis,shortsentenceellipticalsentencesdashestopic-centeredparagraph,.ThePersonalityofDobie,asmug,self-conceitedfreshman,smuglyboastingandsingingpraisesofhimself,heapingonhimselfallthebeautifulwordsofpraise:cool,logical,keen,calculating,perspicacious,acute,astute,powerful,preciseandpenetrating.,takingeveryopportunitytodowngradePeteyBurchitmightalsoimplyahigh-keyedstateofnervousattentionthatisnotsustainableforlong.anacuteawarenessoftheslightestambiguityineachstatementmadebyhisopponentanacutealertness,heightenedbythestrangesilenceintheenemytrenches,Astutesuggestsathoroughandprofoundunderstanding,stemmingfromascholarlyorexperiencedmindthatisinfullcommandofagivenfield.anastuteassessmentofthestrengthsandweaknessoftheplansforreorga