翻译学基本概念

翻译学基本用语源语/译出语source language(SL), original language译语/译入语target language(TL), receptor language, receiving language原作者SL author, original author 译者(笔译者)translator译者(口译者)interpreter读者/接受者reader, receptor, audience文本text原文/原著source text (ST), SL text, original text, original version/original work译文target text, translation, target version, rendering, rendition译本/译著translated text/translational work源语读者source-language reader/SL reader源语文化 source-language culture/source culture译语读者target-language reader/TL reader/receiving audience译语文化target-language culture/target culture/receiving culture语境context笔译written translation 口译oral interpretation/oral translation/interpreting同声传译simultaneous interpreting交替口译consecutive interpreting翻译原则translation principle标准translation criterion (复数形式为criteria)翻译过程translation process翻译程序/步骤translation procedures反应/读者翻译response/readers response 对应(部分对应/完全对应)(partial /full )correspondence等值/对等equivalence对等物(词语)equivalent形式对等formal equivalence功能对等functional equivalence动态对等dynamic equivalence 等效equivalent effect 充分性adequacy可接受性acceptability(acceptable, unacceptable, unacceptability)可读性readability(readable) 可译性translatability(translatable)不可译性untranslatability(untranslatable) 表层结构surface structure深层结构 deep structure 理解understanding/comprehension表达expression再现reproduction/representation转换transformation传译/转移transferral/transfer误解misunderstanding 误译mis-translation 异化foreignization/alienation/exoticization/ exogenization/source-oriented translation归化domestication/naturalization/adaptation/endogenization/target-accommodating translation词汇空缺lexical gap文化沟(空缺/非对应)cultural gap直译literal translation/direct translation意译free translation/liberal translation/semantic translation直译派a literalist/a sourcerer意译派a free-hander/a targeteer重复法repetition 增译法/增词法/增译amplification/addition减译法/减词法/省略法/省译omission 词类转移法/词性转换conversion反译法/正反译法/反正译法negation移植法transplant(ing)/transplantation音译法transliteration具体化specification概括化generalization抽象化abstracting明析化explicitation译借(语义转借)calque(loan translation)加注法annotation夹注intratextual note脚注footnote尾注/文后注endnote注释性翻译annotated/commented translation释义法/解释法explanation/paraphrase引申法extension替代法substitution/replacement 借用borrowing 推演法deduction 缀合法combination分译法division 逆序法/倒置法reversing 合译法combination综合法mixture of methods 包孕embedding 切断/分切cutting拆离splitting-off 插入inserting 重组recasting回译back translation还原法 finding out the original原汁原味essence of the original, original flavor 词序调整inversion 选词diction 补偿compensation视点转换shift of perspective套译/仿译/仿拟imitation信/忠实faithfulness/fidelity达/易懂intelligibility/expressiveness通顺smoothness流畅fluency自然naturalness /idiomaticity雅/优美elegance/gracefulness 简洁brevity明析clarity简明conciseness内涵connotation含义implication言外之意allocution本文意义(文本固有之意)inherent meaning (of the text)译者隐形translators invisibility透明(度)transparency宁信而不顺(鲁迅语) rahter to be faithful than smooth (“Id rather be faithful than smooth”)神似(傅雷语) spiritual resemblance化境(钱钟书语)sublimation信、达、切(刘重德语)faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness (to the original style)三美: 音美,形美,意美(许渊冲语)the three beauties: beauty in sound, beauty in form and beauty in meaning东方语言Oriental languages西方语言Occidental languages 佛经Buddhist Scriptures/sutra梵语Sanskrit 鸠摩罗什Kumarajiva 泰特勒(Alexander Fraser )Tytler奈达(Eugene A.) Nida 机器翻译machine translation(MT)人工智能artificial intelligence(AI)翻译translate, render, rephrase, reword, transmit, re-express, transmute, transmogrify, interpret, convert, transform, transpose, express, transfer, turn翻译学translatology/Translation Studies 翻译体/翻译腔translationese死译/硬译mechanical translation逐