1809_双轴无重力粉体混合机混合单元的设计
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1809_双轴无重力粉体混合机混合单元的设计,1809,双轴无,重力,混合,单元,设计
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南昌航空大学科技学院学士学位论文双轴无重力粉体混合机混合单元的设计1 绪论混合可以使两种或多种不同的物质在彼此之中互相分散,从而达到均匀混合;也可以加速传热和传质过程。在工业生产中,混合操作时从化学工业开始的,围绕食品、纤维、造纸、石油、水处理等,作为工艺过程的一部分而被广泛应用。混合操作分为机械混合与气流混合。气流混合是利用气体鼓泡通过液体层,对液体产生混合作用,或使气泡群一密集状态上升借所谓上升作用促进液体产生对流循环。与机械混合相比,仅气泡的作用对液体进行的混合时比较弱的,对于几千毫帕秒以上的高粘度液体是难于使用的。但气流混合无运动部件,所以在处理腐蚀性液体,高温高压条件下的反应液体的混合时比较便利的。在工业生产中,大多数的混合操作均系机械混合,以中、低压立式钢制容器的混合设备为主。混合设备主要由混合装置、轴封和混合罐三大部分组成。1.1 混合设备在工业生产中的应用混合设备在工业生产中的应用范围很广,尤其是化学工业中,很多的化工生产都或多或少地应用着混合操作。混合设备在许多场合时作为反应器来应用的。例如在三大合成材料的生产中,混合设备作为反应器约占反应器总数的99%。混合设备的应用范围之所以这样广泛,还因混合设备操作条件(如浓度、温度、停留时间等)的可控范围较广,又能适应多样化的生产。混合设备的作用如下:使物料混合均匀;使气体在液相中很好的分散;使固体粒子(如催化剂)在液相中均匀的悬浮;使不相溶的另一液相均匀悬浮或充分乳化;强化相间的传质(如吸收等);强化传热。混合设备在石油化工生产中被用于物料混合、溶解、传热、植被悬浮液、聚合反应、制备催化剂等。例如石油工业中,异种原油的混合调整和精制,汽油中添加四乙基铅等添加物而进行混合使原料液或产品均匀化。化工生产中,制造苯乙烯、乙烯、高压聚乙烯、聚丙烯、合成橡胶、苯胺燃料和油漆颜料等工艺过程,都装备着各种型式的混合设备。1.2 混合物料的种类及特性混合物料的种类主要是指流体。在流体力学中,把流体分为牛顿型和非牛顿型。非牛顿型流体又分为宾汉塑性流体、假塑性流体和胀塑性流体。在混合设备中由于混合器的作用,而使流体运动。2 混合罐结构设计本课题的主要设计参数是:1、生产率:5吨/时;2、装机容量:11千瓦;3、分批混合:500kg/批;4、产品质量:混合均匀度变异系数cv5%;5、能耗:耗电5kWh/t;2.1 罐体的尺寸确定及结构选型2.1.1 筒体及封头型式选择圆柱形筒体,采用标准椭圆形封头2.1.2 确定内筒体和封头的直径发酵罐类设备长径比取值范围是1.72.5,综合考虑罐体长径比对混合功率、传热以及物料特性的影响选取根据工艺要求,装料系数,罐体全容积,罐体公称容积(操作时盛装物料的容积)。初算筒体直径即圆整到公称直径系列,去。封头取与内筒体相同内经,封头直边高度,2.1.3 确定内筒体高度H当时,查化工设备机械基础表16-6得封头的容积,取核算与,该值处于之间,故合理。该值接近,故也是合理的。2.1.4 选取夹套直径表1 夹套直径与内通体直径的关系内筒径夹套由表1,取。夹套封头也采用标准椭圆形,并与夹套筒体取相同直径2.1.5 校核传热面积工艺要求传热面积为,查化工设备机械基础表16-6得内筒体封头表面积高筒体表面积为总传热面积为故满足工艺要求。2.2 内筒体及夹套的壁厚计算2.2.1 选择材料,确定设计压力按照钢制压力容器()规定,决定选用高合金钢板,该板材在一下的许用应力由过程设备设计附表查取,常温屈服极限。计算夹套内压介质密度液柱静压力最高压力设计压力所以故计算压力内筒体和底封头既受内压作用又受外压作用,按内压则取,按外压则取2.2.2 夹套筒体和夹套封头厚度计算夹套材料选择热轧钢板,其夹套筒体计算壁厚夹套采用双面焊,局部探伤检查,查过程设备设计表4-3得则查过程设备设计表4-2取钢板厚度负偏差,对于不锈钢,当介质的腐蚀性极微时,可取腐蚀裕量,对于碳钢取腐蚀裕量,故内筒体厚度附加量,夹套厚度附加量。根据钢板规格,取夹套筒体名义厚度。夹套封头计算壁厚为取厚度附加量,确定取夹套封头壁厚与夹套筒体壁厚相同。2.2.3 内筒体壁厚计算按承受内压计算焊缝系数同夹套,则内筒体计算壁厚为:按承受外压计算设内筒体名义厚度,则,内筒体外径。内筒体计算长度。则,由过程设备设计图4-6查得,图4-9查得,此时许用外压为:不满足强度要求,再假设,则,内筒体计算长度则,查过程设备设计图4-6得,图4-9得,此时许用外压为:故取内筒体壁厚可以满足强度要求。考虑到加工制造方便,取封头与夹套筒体等厚,即取封头名义厚度。按内压计算肯定是满足强度要求的,下面仅按封头受外压情况进行校核。封头有效厚度。由过程设备设计表4-5查得标准椭圆形封头的形状系数,则椭圆形封头的当量球壳内径,计算系数A查过程设备设计图4-9得故封头壁厚取可以满足稳定性要求。2.2.4 水压试验校核试验压力内同试验压力取夹套实验压力取内压试验校核内筒筒体应力 夹套筒体应力 而 故内筒体和夹套均满足水压试验时的应力要求。外压实验校核由前面的计算可知,当内筒体厚度取时,它的许用外压为,小于夹套的水压试验压力,故在做夹套的压力实验校核时,必须在内筒体内保持一定压力,以使整个试验过程中的任意时间内,夹套和内同的压力差不超过允许压差。2.3 入孔选型及开孔补强设计入孔选型选择回转盖带颈法兰入孔,标记为:入孔PN2.5,DN450,HG/T 21518-2005,尺寸如下表所示: 密封面形式公称压力PN(MP)公称直径DN突面(RF)螺柱螺母螺柱总质量()数量直径长度开孔补强设计最大的开孔为入孔,筒节,厚度附加量,补强计算如下:开孔直径 圆形封头因开孔削弱所需补强面积为:入孔材料亦为不锈钢0Cr18Ni9,所以所以有效补强区尺寸:在有效补强区范围内,壳体承受内压所需设计厚度之外的多余金属面积为:故可见仅就大于,故不需另行补强。最大开孔为入孔,而入孔不需另行补强,则其他接管均不需另行补强。2.4 混合器的选型桨径与罐内径之比叫桨径罐径比,涡轮式叶轮的一般为0.250.5,涡轮式为快速型,快速型混合器一般在时设置多层混合器,且相邻混合器间距不小于叶轮直径d。适应的最高黏度为左右。混合器在圆形罐中心直立安装时,涡轮式下层叶轮离罐底面的高度C一般为桨径的11.5倍。如果为了防止底部有沉降,也可将叶轮放置低些,如离底高度.最上层叶轮高度离液面至少要有1.5d的深度。符号说明键槽的宽度混合器桨叶的宽度轮毂内经混合器桨叶连接螺栓孔径混合器紧定螺钉孔径轮毂外径混合器直径混合器圆盘的直径混合器参考质量轮毂高度圆盘到轮毂底部的高度混合器叶片的长度弧叶圆盘涡轮混合器叶片的弧半径混合器许用扭矩轮毂内经与键槽深度之和混合器桨叶的厚度混合器圆盘的厚度工艺给定混合器为六弯叶圆盘涡轮混合器,其后掠角为,圆盘涡轮混合器的通用尺寸为桨径:桨长:桨宽,圆盘直径一般取桨径的,弯叶的圆弧半径可取桨径的。查HG-T 3796.112-2005,选取混合器参数如下表由前面的计算可知液层深度,而,故,则设置两层混合器。为防止底部有沉淀,将底层叶轮放置低些,离底层高度为,上层叶轮高度离液面的深度,即。则两个混合器间距为,该值大于也轮直径,故符合要求。2.5 混合附件挡板挡板一般是指长条形的竖向固定在罐底上板,主要是在湍流状态时,为了消除罐中央的“圆柱状回转区”而增设的。罐内径为,选择块竖式挡板,且沿罐壁周围均匀分布地直立安装。3 传动装置的设计3.1 减速器和电动机的选型条件(1) 机械效率,传动化,功率,进出轴的许用扭距和相对位置。(2) 出轴旋转方向是单项或双向。(3) 混合轴轴向力的大小和方向。(4) 工作平稳性,如震动和荷载变化情况。(5) 外形尺寸应满足安装及检修要求。(6) 使用单位的维修能力。(7) 经济性。3.2电动机与减速器的选择 混合设备的电动机通常选用普通异步电动机。澄清池混合机采用YCT系列滑差式电磁调速异步电动机,消化池混合机一般采用防爆异步电动机。混合设备的减速器应优先选用标准减速器及专业生产厂产品,参考文献2“标准减速器及产品”选用,其中一般选用机械效率较高的摆线针轮减速器或齿轮减速器:有防爆要求时一般不采用皮带传动:要求正反向传动时一般不选用蜗轮传动。电动机及减速机选用,见表3-1表3-1电动机与减速器的选型名称符号单位第一档第二档第三档混合器的转速nr/min4混合功率NKW0.340.160.04电动机算功率N=式中k工况系数24h连续运行为1.2=摆线针轮减速机传动效率=滚动轴承传动效率 KW0.460.220.05选用电动机的功率KW电动机同步转速r/min150015001500减速比200254412选用减速器减速比187289385选用减速器输出轴转速r/min 联轴器的选型根据机械设计手册及混合机的类型选用凸缘联轴器,由电机的尺寸选择联轴器轴径d=65mm, L1=104mm,L2 =42mm,许用扭转为850N.m,质量为17.97Kg,标记为:联轴器D65-ZG, 3.4 混合轴的设计及其结果验证 由上面所选联轴器的类型初步确定混合轴小径为:d1=65mm 下面来做轴径的理论计算:由过程装备设计查的公式: (3.1)式中C2按扭转刚度计算系数,当扭转角为1/m时,C2=91.5N混合器的功率,单位KWn混合器的转速,单位r/min得:第一档:第二档:第三档:经上面计算所的结果可以看出3个轴径的理论数值都小于65mm,故轴的小径选:d1=65mm3.5 轴与桨叶、联轴器的连接3.5.1 连接形式桨式混合器与轴的连接,当采用桨叶一端煨成半个轴套,用螺栓将对开的轴套夹紧在混合轴上的结构时D600mm时用一对螺栓锁紧:D600mm时用两对螺栓锁紧。这种连接结构为传递扭距可靠起见,宜用一穿轴螺栓使混合器与轴固定。本设计由于轴选取D600mm,故选用一对螺栓缩紧装置。3.5.2 联轴器与轴的连接当采用键和止动螺钉将混合器轴套固定在混合轴上的结构时,键应按GB1095-79平键和键槽的剖面尺寸选取。混合器轴套外劲D宜为轴径D的1.6-2倍。轴套长度应略大于轴套处桨叶宽度在轴线上的投影长度,但不小于D1。由上面设计知:d1=65mm,再由文献4查得,选取键为圆键,长度为85mm,宽度为18mm,厚度为14mm。3.6 轴承的设计与校核3.6.1 混合轴受力模型选择与轴长的计算轴长: 3.6.2 按扭转变形计算计算混合轴的轴径 轴的许用扭转角,对单跨轴有; 混合轴传递的最大扭矩 上式中,,带传动取,所以 根据前面附件的选型。取根据轴径计算轴的扭转角 所以 3.6.3 根据临界转速核算混合轴轴径刚性轴(不包括带锚式和框式混合器的刚性轴)的有效质量等于轴自身的质量加上轴附带的液体质量。对单跨轴 所以 圆盘(混合器及附件)有效质量的计算刚性混合轴(不包括带锚式和框式混合器的刚性轴)的圆盘有效质量等于圆盘自身重量叫上混合器附带的液体质量 上式中:第个混合器的附加质量系数,查表3.3.41第个混合器直径,第个混合器叶片宽度,叶片倾角,圆盘质量所以作用集中质量的单跨轴一阶临界转速的计算(1)两端简支的等直径单跨轴,轴的有效质量在中点处的相当质量为:第个圆盘有效质量在中点处的相当质量为: 所以 在点处的相当质量为:所以临界转速为: 所以(2)一端固定另一端简支的等直径单跨轴,轴的有效质量在中点处的相当质量为:第个圆盘有效质量在中点处的相当质量为: 所以 在点处总的相当质量为:所以 临界转速为: 所以 (3)单跨混合轴传动侧支点的夹持系数的选取传动侧轴承支点型式一般情况是介于简支和固支之间,其程度用系数表示。采用刚性联轴节时,,取。 所以 根据混合轴的抗震条件:当混合介质为液体液体,混合器为叶片式混合器及混合轴为刚性轴时,且所以满足该条件。3.6.4 按强度计算混合轴的轴径受强度控制的轴径按下式求得: 式中:轴上扭矩和弯矩同时作用时的当量扭矩 轴材料的许用剪应力 轴上扭矩按下式求得: 包括传动侧轴承在内的传动装置效率,按附录D选取,则所以轴上弯矩总和应按下式求得: (1) 径向力引起的轴上弯矩的计算对于单跨轴,径向力引起的轴上弯矩可以近似的按下式计算: 第个混合器的流体径向力应按下式求得 : 式中:流体径向力系数,按照附录C. 2有 第个混合器功率产生的扭矩 第个混合器的设计功率,按附录C. 3有 两个混合器为同种类型,则所以所以(2) 混合轴与各层圆盘的组合质量按下式求得。对于单跨轴: 单跨轴段轴的质量所以故 (3)混合轴与各层圆盘组合质量偏心引起的离心力按下式求得。对于单跨轴: 上式中,对刚性轴的初值取许用偏心距(组合件重心处),平衡精度等级,。一般取所以 则 (4)混合轴与各层圆盘组合重心离轴承的距离按下式计算。对于单跨轴:所以而 (5)由轴向推力引起作用于轴上的弯矩的计算。的粗略计算:当或轴上任一混合器时,取 故所以所以所以前面计算中取轴径为,故强度符合要求。3.6.5 按轴封处(或轴上任意点处处)允许径向位移验算轴径因轴承径向游隙、所引起轴上任意点离图中轴承距离处的位移。对于单跨轴: 轴承径向游隙按照附录C1选取,因此传动侧轴承游隙 (传动侧轴承为滚动轴承)单跨轴末端轴承游隙 (该侧轴承为滑动轴承)当时,求得的即为轴封处的总位移,所以由流体径向作用力所引起轴上任意点离图中轴承距离处的位移。对于单跨轴:两端简支的单跨轴且, 而所以 =一端固支另一端简支的单跨轴:代入已知数据可得由混合轴与各层圆盘(混合器及附件)组合质量偏心引起的离心力在轴上任意点离图中轴承距离处产生的位移按下式计算 对两端简支单跨轴:代入已知数据可得所以对一端固支一端简支单跨轴:代入已知数据可得:所以一般单跨轴传动侧支点的夹持系数介于简支和固支之间,此时值应取式和式之中间值,查附录C4取查附录C5得 所以 所以总位移及其校核对于刚性轴: 所以 验算应满足下列条件: 轴封处允许径向位移按下式计算: 径向位移系数,按附录C61选取所以则满足3.6.6 轴径的最后确定由以上分析可得,混合轴轴径满足临界转速和强度要求,故确定轴径为。混合轴轴封的选择机械密封是一种功耗小、泄漏率低、密封性能可靠、使用寿命长的旋转轴密封。与填料密封相比,机械密封的泄漏率大约为填料密封的,功率消耗约为填料密封的。故采用机械密封。4 支撑装置设计4.1混合机的支承部分4.1.1机座立式混合机设有机座,在机座上要考虑留有容纳联轴器,轴封装置和上轴承等不见的空间,以及安装操作所需的位置。 机座形式分为不带支承的J-A型和带中间支承的J-B型以及JXLD型摆线针轮减速器支架,由文献3中的2.8用立式减速器的减速器机座的系列选用,当不能满足设计要求时参考该系列尺寸自行设计。由于混合轴轴向力不大,联轴器为夹壳式故选用JA型机座,由于减速器轴径为65mm,故选用JA65该机座结构如图4-1所示如图4-1 上轴承支承装置4.1.2轴承装置上轴承:设在混合机机座内。当混合机轴向力较小时,可不设上轴承,(如J-A型机座),但应验算减速机轴承承受混合轴向力的能力。当混合机轴向力较大时,须设上轴承:若减速机轴与混合轴采用刚性连接,可在机座中设一个上轴承,以承担混合机轴向立和部分劲向力,如图(5-2)所示:若减速机轴用非刚性连接,可在机座中设两个轴承。当混合的轴向力很大时,减速机轴与混合轴应用采用非刚性连接,应在机座中设两个上轴承或在机座中设一个上轴承并在容器内或填料箱中再设支承装置。轴承盖处的密封,一般上端用毛圈,下端采用橡胶油封。4.2下支撑座的设计4.2.1轴承的选型底轴承:设在容器底部,起辅助支承作用,只承受劲向荷载。轴衬和轴套一般是整体式,安装时先将轴承座对中,然后将支架焊于罐体上或将轴承固定于池中预埋件上。底轴承分以下两种:1. 罐装底轴承:罐用底轴承用于容药混合中,需加压力清水润滑,不能空罐运转,其结构为滑动轴承形式。(1) 适用于大直径容器的三足式底轴承,如图4-2所示,图4-2 三足底轴承(2) 可折式底轴承可分为焊接式与铸造式两类。此种结构形式可不拆混合轴即能将底轴拆下。可拆式底轴承尺寸和零件材料。2. 下底轴承:用于混合池或反应池中。其结构形式分为滚动轴承座和滑动轴承两种:(1) 滚动轴承座:在滚动轴承内和滚动轴承座空间须填润滑脂。滚动轴承必须严格密封,以防止泥沙和易沉物质的磨损。(2) 滑动轴承座:这种轴承必须注压力清水进行冲刷和润滑,在混合机起动前应先接通清水,水量不超过1L/min。滑动轴承材料:滑动轴承中轴衬和护套的材料应选择两中不会胶合的材料。橡胶轴承内环工作面与轴的间隙可取0.05-0.2mm。在内环工作面应轴向均布6-8条梯形截面槽,尖角圆滑过渡。4.2.2支撑套的设计根据上面所选轴承知,支撑套的材料应选45#钢,且轴承套的内径为轴承的外径。查国标一般选20mm的板厚作为支撑套的原材料,该图形设计由上面选择的轴承座的类型根据文献3选GPF-80型,如图5-3所示:图4-3 下滑动轴承机座5 轴的密封5.1密封装置的类型用于机械混合反应器的轴封主要有两种:填料密封和机械密封。轴封的目的是避免介质通过转轴从混合容器内泄漏或外部杂质渗入混合容器内。5.2 轴的密封选择填料密封结构简单、制造容易,适用于非腐蚀性和弱腐蚀性介质、密封要求不高、并允许定期维护的混合设备。 1填料密封的结构及工作原理 填料密封的结构由:底环、本体、油环、填料、螺柱、压盖及油杯等组成。在压盖的压力作用下,装在混合轴与填料箱本体之间的填料,对混合轴表面产生径向压紧力。由于填料中含有润滑剂,因此,在对混合轴产生径向压紧力的同时,使混合轴得到润滑,而且阻止设备内流体的逸出或外部流体的渗入,达到密封目的。 2填料密封的选用 根据填料的性能选用:当密封要求不高时,选用一般石棉或油浸石棉填料,当密封要求高时,选用膨体聚四氟乙烯、柔性石墨等填料。各种填料材料的性能不同,按表选用。填料名称介质极限温度C介质极限压力Mpa线速度m/s适用条件油浸石棉填料4506-蒸汽、空气、工业用水、重质石油产品、弱酸性等聚四氟乙烯纤维编结填料250302强酸、强碱、有机溶剂聚四氟乙烯石棉盘根260251酸碱、强腐蚀性溶液、化学试剂等石棉线或石棉线与尼龙线浸渍聚四氟乙烯填料300302弱酸、强碱、各种有机溶剂等柔性石墨填料250-300202醋酸、硼酸、柠檬酸盐酸等酸类膨体聚四氟乙烯石墨盘根25042强酸、强碱、有机溶液因为在水处理中对密封要求不高,只要能够阻止设备内流体的逸出或外部流体的渗入,达到密封目的即可。根据以上的填料密封的介绍,本课题的密封装置选用:油浸石棉填料填料密封。5.3 封口锥结构选型与计算符号说明轴向力系数;封口锥的连接系数;内筒体厚度附加量,;夹套厚度附加量,;容器内径,;夹套内径,;夹套封头与容器封头的连接园直径,;容器外壁至夹套壁中面的距离 封口锥连接的强度系数;与封口锥相接的夹套加强区的实际长度,或连接封口锥与夹套 的第一道环焊缝至折边锥体切线的距离,; 工作或试验条件下容器内的设计压力,;工作或试验条件下夹套或通道内的设计压力,;夹套或通道的许用内压力,;容器筒体的实际壁厚,;夹套筒体、封口锥或通道的实际壁厚,;夹套筒体、封口锥或通道的计算厚度,;容器壳体与夹套壳体的间距系数;容器壳体与夹套壳体强度比系数;封口锥连接长度系数;封口锥相对有效承载长度系数;封口锥过渡区转角内半径系数;设计温度下容器壳体材料的许用应力,;设计温度下夹套壳体或通道材料的许用应力,;计算的焊缝系数;夹套筒体的纵焊缝系数;容器筒体的环焊缝系数;夹套筒体的纵焊缝系数;选择(a)型结构a. 轴向力系数A式中:,即,取所以辅助系数、容器壳体与夹套壳体的间距系数上式中:所以因所选封口锥结构为(a)型,故封口锥过渡区转角内半径系数。封口锥连接长度系数,对于有容器壳体于夹套壳体强度比系数 计算的焊缝系数、封口锥相对有效承载长度系数所以封口锥的连接系数式中:对于,所以则对于,所以,所以则封口锥的许用内应力所以封口锥壁厚应等于或大于与其相连接的夹套筒体壁厚,故取封口锥壁厚为。总 结两个多月的毕业设计在忙碌中就快要结束了,在这两个多月的时间里,在毕业设计之余还要兼顾找工作,因此,在这段时间里我觉得生活非常的充实.不但在毕业设计中巩固了以前的知识,而且在人生道路上学到在校园学不到的社会交际.毕业设计是大学四年所学知识的一个考察,它兼顾了四年中所学的基础和专业知识,因此不同于以前的课程设计,毕业设计是课程设计一个质的飞越.认识到这点,我对待毕业设计的态度也不敢懒散,一直抱以认真谨慎的学习态度.在接到毕业设计课题后首先要做的就是搜集各方面的资料,以前的课程设计都是老师给出的,不用自己去烦恼。但是毕业设计就不同了,它是一个综合设计,很多资料,数据都需要自己通过各种途径搜集得到。虽然毕业设计内容繁多,过程繁琐但我的收获却更加丰富。提高是有限的但提高也是全面的,正是这一次设计让我积累了无数实际经验,使我的头脑更好的被知识武装了起来,也必然会让我在未来的工作学习中表现出更高的应变能力,更强的沟通力和理解力。顺利如期的完成本次毕业设计是我最大的动力,让我了解专业知识的同时也对本专业的发展前景充满信心。在本次设计中,要用到许多基础理论,由于有些知识已经遗忘,这使我们要重新温习知识,因此设计之前就对大学里面所涉及到的有关该课题的课程认真的复习了一遍,开始对本课题的设计任务有了大致的了解,并也有了设计的感觉。同时,由于设计的需要,要查阅并收集大量关于机械制造方面的文献,进而对这些文献进行分析和总结,这些都提高了我们对于专业知识的综合运用能力和分析解决实际问题的能力。通过本次设计还使我更深切地感受到了团队的力量,在与同学们的讨论中发现问题并及时解决问题,这些使我们相互之间的沟通协调能力得到了提高,团队合作精神也得到了增强。可以说,毕业设计体现了我们大学四年所学的大部分知识,也检验了我们的综合素质和实际能力。参考文献1 李庆华主编. 材料力学 (第二版).成都:西南交通大学出版社,20022 成大先主编. 机械设计手册 (第四版).北京:化学工业出版社,20023 朱孝录主编. 机械传动装置选用手册 .北京:机械工业出版社,19994 何鸣新、钱可强主编. 机械制图 (第四版).北京:高等教育出版社,20015 陈秀宁主编. 机械设计基础 (第二版).杭州:浙江大学出版社,19996 唐金松主编. 简明机械设计手册.上海:上海科学技术出版社,19927 何镜民主编. 公差配合使用指南.北京:机械工业出版社,19908 唐保宁、高学满主编. 机械设计与制造简明手册.上海:同济大学出版社,19939 甘永立主编. 几何量公差与检测. 上海:上海科学技术出版社,200510 方昆凡主编 . 公差与配合技术手册.北京:北京出版社,199911 张祖立,机械设计,中国农业出版社,2004.8。12 哈尔滨工业大学,李益民,机械制造工艺设计简明手册,机械工业出版社,2008。13.化工轻工设备机械基础.成都:科技大学出版社,1988年14.过程装备控制技术及应用.北京:化学工业出版社.2001年15 璞良贵,纪名刚主编.机械设计.第七版.北京:高等教育出版社,200116 金国淼等.搅拌设备(化工设备设计全书). 北京: 化学工业出版社,200217 徐灏主编,机械设计手册.北京:机械工业出版社,1995.1218 李克永.化工机械手册. 天津: 天津大学出版社,1991.519 Bd.H.ErnstDie Hebezeuge,199920 Lawrence S. Gould. Solid Modelers Are Doing More of the Manual Design Work21 Dirk Spindler Georg von Petery INA-Schaeffler KG. Angular Contact BallBearings for a Rear Axle Differential.SAE ,200322 Bathala C. Redlaty, V. S. Muvthy, Madaboosi S. Ananth, Chamarti D. P. Rao. Modeling of continuous Fertilizer Cranulation process for control. Part. Part. Syst. Charact 15(1998):156-160致 谢为期两个多月的毕业设计就要结束了,我也顺利的完成了我的课题设计,在此之际我要衷心的感谢在设计过程中一直帮助我的老师。我要感谢张绪坤指导老师,老师在整个设计过程中对我的影响很大,设计过程中的很多个难点都是在老师的悉心指导下才克服的。也因为这样,和老师之间存在着师生心理障碍一下全无,我也就大方的有问题就问,有想法就提,这也使得我能更多的发现设计中存在的问题,并解决问题。老师严谨的治学态度,渊博的专业知识,诲人不倦教学精神,在学术上和为人上都是我们的楷模和榜样。同时我还要感谢跟我一起参与设计的同学,虽然我们课题不同,但是都能在讨论中发现各自的问题,并互相提出解决的方法,设计能够顺利完成,也因为他们的帮助。结束代表着新的开始,新的征程,本次的毕业设计将会成为我今后工作,学习生活中的一份坚实的基础和保证。从中吸取的经验教训也将成为我们在今后生活道路上的一笔财富,挫折永远是前进道路上所必须面对的,相信我们的未来会走的更好,也可以让我们大学的老师放心。真心的感谢在大学帮助过我的老师和同学们,再次感谢你们!34南昌航空大学科技学院学士学位论文双轴无重力粉体混合机混合单元的设计 学生姓名:陈强华 班级:088105403 指导老师:张绪坤摘要:混合可以使两种或多种不同的物质在彼此之中互相分散,从而达到均匀混合;也可以加速传热和传质过程。在工业生产中,混合操作是从化学工业开始的,围绕食品、纤维、造纸、石油、水处理等,作为工艺过程的一部分而被广泛应用。在工业生产中,大多数的混合操作均系机械混合,以中、低压立式钢制容器的混合设备为主。混合设备主要由混合装置、轴封和混合罐三大部分组成。本设计的课题是双轴无重力粉尘混合机主要涉及反应混合机的混合单元的设计,主要包括混合罐、电动机及减速器的选型、支撑装置设计、轴的密封设置的设计。关键词:混合机 双轴无重力 混合单元 机械设计 指导老师签名:南昌航空大学科技学院学士学位论文学士学位论文原创性声明本人声明,所呈交的论文是本人在导师的指导下独立完成的研究成果。除了文中特别加以标注引用的内容外,本论文不包含法律意义上已属于他人的任何形式的研究成果,也不包含本人已用于其他学位申请的论文或成果。对本文的研究作出重要贡献的个人和集体,均已在文中以明确方式表明。本人完全意识到本声明的法律后果由本人承担。作者签名: 日期:学位论文版权使用授权书本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定,同意学校保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版,允许论文被查阅和借阅。本人授权南昌航空大学科技学院可以将本论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索,可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论文。 作者签名: 日期:导师签名: 日期: 毕业设计(论文)题目:双轴无重力粉体混合机混合单元的设计 系 别 航空工程系专业名称 机械设计制造及其自动化班级学号 088105403学生姓名 陈强华指导教师 张绪坤二O一二 年 六 月 南昌航空大学科技学院学士学位论文目 录1 绪论11.1 混合设备在工业生产中的应用11.2 混合物料的种类及特性22 混合罐结构设计22.1 罐体的尺寸确定及结构选型22.1.1 筒体及封头型式22.1.2 确定内筒体和封头的直径22.1.3 确定内筒体高度H32.1.4 选取夹套直径32.1.5 校核传热面积32.2 内筒体及夹套的壁厚计算32.2.1 选择材料,确定设计压力42.2.2 夹套筒体和夹套封头厚度计算52.2.3 内筒体壁厚计算62.3入孔选型及开孔补强设计62.4混合器的选型82.5混合附件93 传动装置的设计103.1 减速器和电动机的选型条件103.2 电动机与减速器的选择103.3 联轴器的选型123.4 混合轴的设计及其结果验证123.5 轴与桨叶、联轴器的连接123.5.1 连接形式123.5.2 联轴器与轴的连接133.6 轴承的设计与校核133.6.1 混合轴受力模型选择与轴长的计算143.6.2 按扭转变形计算计算混合轴的轴径173.6.3 根据临界转速核算混合轴轴径203.6.4 按强度计算混合轴的轴径233.6.5 按轴封处(或轴上任意点处处)允许径向位移验算轴径243.6.6 轴径的最后确定244 支撑装置设计244.1 混合机的支承部分244.1.1 机座254.1.2 轴承装置254.2 下支撑座的设计264.2.1 轴承的选型274.2.2 支撑套的设计275 轴的密封275.1 密封装置的类型275.2 轴的密封选择275.3 封口锥结构选型与计算28结 论32参考文献33致 谢34南昌航空大学科技学院学士学位论文The design of double-axial without gravity powder mixers mixing unit Student name: Chen Qianghua Class: 088105403 Supervisor: Zhang XukunAbstract: Mixing can make two or more different substances dispersed into each other in each other, so as to achieve uniform mixing, that can also speed up the process of heat and mass transfer.In industrial production, mixing operation is started from the chemical industry, focusing on food, fiber, paper, petroleum, water treatment, as part of the process widely used. In industrial production, most of the mixing operations are mechanical mixing system to medium and low voltage vertical mixing equipment based steel containers. Mixing equipment mainly contains three major parts of mixing device,seal and mixed cans.The design issue is mainly related to biaxial mixer weightless dust mixed reaction mixer unit design, including mixed cans, motor and reducer selection, support equipment design, shaft seal set design.Keywords: Mixer Axis gravity Mixing unit Mechanical design Signature of supervisor:毕业设计(论文)任务书I、毕业设计(论文)题目:双轴无重力粉体混合机混合单元的设计II、毕 业设计(论文)使用的原始资料(数据)及设计技术要求:1、生产率:5吨/时;2、装机容量:11千瓦;3、分批混合:500kg/批;4、产品质量:混合均匀度变异系数cv5%;5、能耗:耗电5kWh/t;III、毕 业设计(论文)工作内容及完成时间:1查阅资料,英文资料翻译 (2周)3月24日4月8日2撰写开题报告 (1周)4月9日4月13日3设计并绘制混合机混合单元装配图 确 (4.5周)4月14日5月16日4绘制主要零件图若干张 (2.5周)5月17日6月3日)5编写设计计算说明书(毕业论文)一份 (2周)6月4日6月17日6毕业设计审查、毕业答辩 (1周)6月18日 6月27日 、主 要参考资料:1 璞良贵,纪名刚主编.机械设计.第七版.北京:高等教育出版社,20012 金国淼等.搅拌设备(化工设备设计全书). 北京: 化学工业出版社,20023 徐灏主编,机械设计手册.北京:机械工业出版社,1995.124 李克永.化工机械手册. 天津: 天津大学出版社,1991.55 Bathala C. Redlaty, V. S. Muvthy, Madaboosi S. Ananth, Chamarti D. P. Rao. Modeling of continuous Fertilizer Cranulation process for control. Part. Part. Syst. Charact 15(1998):156-160机械与材料工程 系 机械设计制造及其自动化 专业类 0881054 班学生(签名): 陈强华日期: 自 2012 年 3 月 2 日至 2012 年 6 月 23 日指导教师(签名): 张绪坤助理指导教师(并指出所负责的部分): 系(室)主任(签名):附注:任务书应该附在已完成的毕业设计说明书首页。Chemical Engineering Journal 78 (2000) 107113Experimental investigation of the heat and masstransfer in a centrifugal fluidized bed dryerM.H. Shi, H. Wang, Y.L. HaoDepartment of Power Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, ChinaReceived 9 November 1998; received in revised form 25 June 1999; accepted 29 June 1999AbstractAn experimental study of the heat and mass transfer characteristics of wet material in a drying process in a centrifugal fluidized bed(CFB) dryer was carried out. The rotating speed ranged from 300 to 500rpm. Wet sand, glass beads and sliced food products were usedas the testing materials. The gas temperature and the wet bulb temperature at the inlet and outlet, as well as the bed temperature, weremeasured.Themoisturecontentsweredeterminedinstantaneouslybythemassbalancemethodinthegasphase.Influencesofthesuperficialgas velocity, particle diameter and shape, bed thickness, rotating speed of the bed and initial moisture on the drying characteristics wereexamined. One empirical correlation which can be used to calculate the heat transfer coefficients of the gas particles in the centrifugalfluidized dryer were obtained. 2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.Keywords: Drying; Heat and mass transfer; Centrifugal fluidized bed1. IntroductionCentrifugal fluidized bed (CFB) drying is a new technol-ogy in which the wet material undergoes a highly enhancedheat and mass transfer process in a centrifugal force field byrotating the bed. The bed essentially is a cylindrical basketrotating around its symmetric axis with a porous cylindricalwall. The drying material is introduced into the basket andforced to form an annular layer at the circumference of thebasket due to the large centrifugal forces produced by rota-tion. The gas is injected inward through the porous cylin-drical wall and the bed begins to fluidize when the forcesexerted on the material by the fluidizing medium balancethe centrifugal forces. Instead of having a fixed gravitationalfield as in a vertical bed, the body force in a centrifugal bedbecomes an adjustable parameter that can be determined bythe rotation speed and the basket radius. Minimum fluidiza-tion can, in principle, be achieved at any gas flow rate bychanging the rotating speed of the bed. By use of a strongcentrifugal field much greater than gravity, the bed is ableto withstand a large gas flow rate without the formation oflarge bubbles. Thus, the gassolid contact at a high gas flowrate is improved and heat and mass transfer can be achievedduring the drying process. For this reason, the CFB dryerhas received much attention in the drying industry.Corresponding author.Only a few research works dealing with drying in the CFBcould be found in the literature. Lazar and Farkas 1,2 andBrown 3 have conducted the drying process in a CFB forsliced fruits and vegetables, while Carlson 4 investigatedthe drying of rice in the CFB. These research works are veryinstructive, but they are mainly focused on the possibility ofan industrial application for CFB. The flow behaviour anddrying characteristics in the CFB are very complicated andstill unclear. A knowledge of heat transfer from the gas to thematerial is desirable in order to estimate the material surfacetemperature from the measured temperature of the gas. Aquantitative knowledge of the heat transfer characteristics ofCFBs is therefore necessary for design purposes 5.In this paper, an experimental study of the flow behaviourandgassolidheatandmasstransfercharacteristicsinaCFBdryer was performed and the main factors which influencethe drying process were examined and discussed.2. Experimental apparatusA schematic diagram of the experimental apparatus isshown in Fig. 1. A cylindrical basket rotated about a hor-izontal axis is mounted in a sealed cylindrical casing. Thebasket is 200mm in diameter and 80mm in width. The sidesurface of the basket contains 3mm diameter holes whichserve as a gas distributor, with an open area of 22.7%. A1385-8947/00/$ see front matter 2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.PII: S1385-8947(00)00148-0108M.H. Shi et al./Chemical Engineering Journal 78 (2000) 107113Fig. 1. Experimental apparatus.200 mesh stainless steel screen is coated on the inside sur-face to prevent the bed material from leaching out. There isone hole 80mm in diameter located at the centre of the endwall of the basket to exit the gas. A variable speed motoris used to rotate this basket by means of a shaft connectedto the other end wall of the basket. Rotational speeds of themotor are measured using an LZ-45 revolution counter.Air is blown in from a blower. The mass flow rates of airare measured using an orifice meter. Air is heated using anelectric heater. A tee valve is used to control the flow direc-tion. After the air temperature is steady at the desired value(about 100C), the drying experiments begin by turning thetee valve on; the hot air flows through the distributor to thebed and then is exhausted into the atmosphere. The pressuredrop is measured by a U-shaped pressure gauge. A pres-sure probe is stretched into the basket along the centreline10mm away from the end wall of the basket. Experimentsare also conducted without bed material to obtain the pres-sure differentials across the distributor under the same oper-ating conditions. The pressure drop through the bed is thencalculated by1pBed= 1pTotal 1pDistributorThe inlet gas temperature, the outlet gas temperature andthe bed temperatures at various positions versus time aremeasured using the bare thermocouple probes, and the dataare recorded by a 3497A data acquisition/control unit. Mois-ture contents of the test material during the drying processare measured by the moisture balance method in the gasphase, i.e. by measuring the inlet and outlet wettabilities inthe gas phase with wet and dry bulb thermometers.Fig. 2. A differential section in a centrifugal fluidized bed.The water balance in the time interval from tjto tj+1isGZtj+1tj(Hout Hin)dt = MsZxj+1xjdx(1)and thus, the moisture content of the test material at timetj+1isxj+1= xjGMsZtj+1tM.H. Shi et al./Chemical Engineering Journal 78 (2000) 107113109Fig. 3. The fluidized curve of sand in the CFB (dp=0.245mm, n=400rpm).Material (up/down): (m/h) sand; (d/s) glass beads.speeds during the drying tests. In the initial fluidizing stage,the pressure drop increases linearly with increasing gas ve-locity.Afterreachingthecriticalpoint,thepressuredropwillbe almost constant. However, different results are observedfor sliced and block materials. The pressure drop curve hasa maximum value that corresponds with the critical fluidiza-tion point as shown in Fig. 4. In the initial fluidizing stage,the pressure drop increases slowly with increasing gas ve-locity. After reaching the critical point, the pressure dropwill decrease with increasing gas velocity. This is becausethe self-lock phenomenon of the sliced material under a cen-trifugal force field will be weakened and because the bedbecomes uniform. This causes a decrease in the flow resis-tance. Decreasing the bed rotating speed would decrease thebed pressure drop and the critical gas velocity remarkably,as also shown in Fig. 4. This is because decrease in the bedrotating speed would weaken the centrifugal force field andcause the flow resistance to decrease. It can be seen fromFig.4thatthecriticalfluidizedvelocityforpiecesofpotatoissomewhat smaller than that of blocks of potato owing to theFig. 5. Intermittent drying curve in the CFB (sand, dp=0.411mm, M=2.48kg, =41.9rads1, U0=1.71ms1, Hin=0.016kgkg1): (1) Tg,in; (2) Tg,out;(3) Tb; (4) R; (5) x.Fig. 4. The fluidized curves for materials with different shapes: (4) piecesof potato 10mm10mm1.5mm, n=300rpm; (h) blocks of potato5mm5mm5mm, n=300rpm; (s) block of potato 5mm5mm5mm, n=250rpm.larger upwind surface area for pieces of material. Further-more, pressure drop of the piece material bed is also smallerthan that of the block material bed because the pieces ofmaterial show better fluidization character in the CFB. Theinitial fluidizing relationships obtained from the theoreticalmodel for granular material 6 do not fit the sliced mate-rial. The initial fluidizing conditions for the sliced materialwith different shapes should be determined experimentallyand individually.3.2. Drying curvesTypical gas temperature and bed temperature curves aswell as the drying curve of wet sand in the intermittent dry-ing process are shown in Fig. 5. This shows that the drying110M.H. Shi et al./Chemical Engineering Journal 78 (2000) 107113Fig. 6. Variations in the moisture content (Curve 6) and drying rate (Curve7) for sliced potato.characteristics of materials like sand in the CFB, in whichthe moisture content is mainly surface water, are the sameas in an ordinary dryer, i.e. the whole drying process can bedivided into three stages. At a short initial stage, the materialis preheated and the drying rate increases rapidly; the bedtemperature is increased to a stable value. The second stageis a constant drying rate stage in which the heat transferredfrom gas to material is expended totally for evaporation ofthe surface water of the material. The material temperatureremains constant and the drying rate is also constant. Thelast stage is called the falling rate stage in which the ma-terial temperature increases gradually and the drying ratedecreases until the end of drying.The drying behaviour for sliced food products in the CFBis somewhat different from sand as shown in Fig. 6. It isobvious that sliced potato has a drying character in the CFBthat is basically similar to that in the conventional dryingprocess. In the beginning, there is a short initial period. Inthis period, the bed material is preheated; the bed temper-ature approaches a stable value quickly and the drying rateincreases very rapidly. This initial period is followed by aperiod of a constant rate of drying. In the constant rate pe-riod, the surface of the test material is covered with a thinwater film. The heat transferred from the gas flow to the ma-terial is used completely to evaporate the moisture, so thatthe temperature of the sliced material remains at an equi-librium temperature and the drying rate is at the maximumvalue. As the main moisture content in potato is cell water,the constant rate period is very short. The most importantdrying process is completed in the falling rate period. Inthe falling rate period, the dry layer appears and graduallybecomes thicker near the surface owing to the larger trans-port resistance of the inner moisture outward. This causesthe heat transfer resistance to increase and the drying rateto decrease rapidly in the first stage. After the dried layerstemperature has increased to a certain value, a slow decreasein the drying rate occurs. This indicates that the falling rateperiod for the sliced potato in the CFB dryer can be dividedinto two different stages. This is significant for engineeringdesign and operation.The experimental results show that the pieces of potatoin the drying process have a larger drying rate and a shorterdrying time than blocks of potato in the CFB. This is be-cause the transport distance of moisture from the innercell to the outer evaporating surface in the pieces of ma-terial is much shorter than in the blocks of material; inparticular, the second stage of the falling rate period isshorter for the pieces of material during the drying process.In general, because the sliced material could be fluidizedand mixed very well in the CFB, the drying time is ex-tremely short. For example, the drying time is 15 timesshorter in the CFB for sliced potato than in the tunnel dryerand five times shorter than in the conventional fluidizeddryer.3.3. Influences of the operational parameters3.3.1. Superficial gas velocityIt is obvious that an increase in the superficial velocitywould increase the degree of fluidization, and thus, the heatand mass transfer between the gas and the solid phase wouldbe greatly enhanced. This causes the drying rate to be largerand the drying time to be shorter, as shown in Fig. 7. Thecritical moisture content would be increased with increas-ing gas velocity, indicated by the broken line in Fig. 7. Forfood material, the experimental results show that the dry-ing rate in the constant rate period and the first stage ofthe falling rate period would increase with increasing gasvelocity in the low gas velocity range. Thus, the total dry-ing time would be decreased. However, when the gas veloc-ity is increased to a certain value, the constant rate periodwould disappear, the first stage of the falling rate periodFig. 7. The influence of superficial velocity on the moisture con-tent (dp=0.411mm, M=2.50kg, =41.9rads1, Hin=0.016kgkg1): (1)U0=1.66ms1; (2) U0=2.17ms1.M.H. Shi et al./Chemical Engineering Journal 78 (2000) 107113111would decrease and the second stage would increase. Thetotal drying time would remain unchanged; this is becausethe main water content in potato is the inner cell water andthe main drying process is in the second stage of the fallingrate period. With an increase in the inlet gas temperature,the drying rates in all drying periods increase and the totaldrying time will decrease. However, the increase in gas tem-perature would be limited by the quality of the dried foodproducts. In our test, the best inlet gas temperature is about100110C.The experimental results also show that pieces of radishwith given dimensions show a larger drying rate than piecesof potato under the same operating conditions. This is be-cause the microstructures of the test examples indicate thatradish has a larger cell structure with a more regular ar-rangement than potato, and furthermore, the liquid in theradish cell is less viscous; these structural characteristicsmake radish easy to dry.3.3.2. Rotating speedAt the same gas velocity, a decrease in the bed rotatingspeed will reduce the centrifugal force acting on the materialand increase the fluidized degree of the material; this causesthe heat and mass transfer between the gas and the solidphase to increase. Thus, when decreasing the bed rotatingspeed, the drying rate will be larger, as shown in Fig. 8,and the drying process will be much more uniform overthe whole bed. This means that, for a given material dryingin the CFB, the bed rotating speed should be as low aspossible until the fluidization state cannot be maintained.When it is desired that the drying process be enhanced byincreasing the gas velocity in the CFB dryer, the bed rotatingspeed must be increased simultaneously to avoid the dryingmaterial from blowing out of the bed. Theoretically, thebed can be operated in the optimum fluidized condition atany gas velocity by regulating the bed rotating speed in theCFB.Fig. 8. The influence of rotating speed (dp=0.411mm, M=2.41kg, U0=1.43ms1, Hin=0.0123kgkg1): (1) =52.4rads1; (2) =41.9rads1.Fig. 9. The influence of particle diameter (M=2.4kg, =41.9rads1, U0=1.43ms1, Hin=0.0123kgkg1): (1) dp=0.245mm; (2) dp=0.411mm.3.3.3. Partial diameterFig. 9 shows the influence of particle diameter on thedrying behaviour in the CFB. It is clear that, owing to thelarger slip velocity between gas and solid particles for parti-cles with larger diameters, the heat and mass transfer in thedrying process would be enhanced; thus, the drying rate inthe CFB would increase with increasing particle diameter asshown in Fig. 9. However, with increasing material dimen-sions, the internal heat and mass transfer resistance wouldbe increased; thus, for a given material to be dried, it is im-portant to determine the optimum material dimensions in thedrying process under certain given operating conditions.3.3.4. Bed thicknessFig. 10 shows the effect of initial bed thickness on thedrying process. It can be seen that, with increasing bed thick-ness, the drying rate would be decreased; this is because theheat and mass transfer driving force between the gas and thesolid phase is larger in the shallow bed situation.Fig. 10. The influence of bed thickness (dp=0.411mm, =41.9rads1,U0=1.43ms1, Hin=0.0123kgkg1): (1) L0=30mm; (2) L0=20mm.112M.H. Shi et al./Chemical Engineering Journal 78 (2000) 107113Fig. 11. The initial moisture content (dp=0.411mm, M=2.48kg, =41.9rads1, U0=1.71ms1, Hin=0.016kgkg1): (1) x0=0.221kgkg1; (2)x0=0.0574kgkg. The effect of initial moisture contentIt is obvious that a material with a large initial moisturecontent has a much longer drying time (Fig. 11), but thedrying characteristics are the same. The only difference isin the duration of the constant rate stage.3.4. The heat transfer correlationSixty-five experimental runs of wet sand and glass beadswere carried out under the conditions of a static bed thick-ness range from 10 to 30mm, Reynolds number from 5.47to 35.3 and centrifugal force from 10.08 to 28 multiples ofgravity. The heat transfer coefficients were converted intoNusselt numbers using the mean diameter and the thermalconductivity of air at the average temperature.The dimensionless correlation of heat transfer betweengas and particles in the CFB during drying is obtained by useof a regression procedure. The exponent of the diff
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