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1964_五速轮 锻模和切边冲孔复合模设计 1964 五速轮 锻模 切边 冲孔 复合 设计

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毕业设计文献综述 院（系）名称工学院机械系 专业名称机械设计制造及其自动化 学生姓名吴思彤 指导教师李齐德2012年 03 月 10 日黄河科技学院毕业设计（文献综述） 第 6 页 模具中的机械设计制造业信息化是企业发展的必要手段，国家将信息制造业的发展提高到关系国家生存的高度上来。以信息化带动工业化，是信息化与工业化融为一体，相互促进，共同发展，是具有中国特色的跨越式发展的必经之路。信息化主导下的产品设计具有设计直观快速，易于修改，管理简单，观察方便，产品成型分析等一系列的优势，因此信息化是未来发展的必然趋势。 1、我国塑料模具基本情况我国模具生产最为集中的地区在珠三角和长三角地区，约占全国模具总产值的三分之二以上，模具发展有力地支持着这两个地区工业的快速发展。从1999年至2009年产值从250亿元增长到979.45亿元，年均增长率在14.8%；进口从9.8274亿美元增至19.64亿美元；出口从1.328亿美元增至18.43亿美元；进口：出口从6.6：1跌至1.06：1。表明了我国模具工业总产值呈逐年递增趋势，模具进口金额的增幅有逐年下降的趋势，出口比例逐年加大，同时反映我国模具任是供不应求的状态，仍为世界上模具年进口量较大的国家。2、发展趋势随着我过模具行业的发展，简单模具的设计和制造都没有困难，模具行业将向大型、精密、复杂、高效、长寿命和多功能方向发展。模具标准件的应用将日渐广泛，模具标准化及模具标准件的应用能极大地影响模具制造周期。使用模具标准件不但能缩短模具制造周期，而且能提高模具质量和降低模具制造成本另外采用计算机控制和机械手操作的快速换模装置、快速试模装置技术也会得到发展和提高。3、存在的问题我国塑料模具行业与其发展需要和国外先进水平相比，主要存在六个方面的问题。 (1)发展不平衡，产品总体水平较低。虽然个别企业的产品己达到相当高的水平，个别企业的部分产品已达到或接近国际水平，但总体来看，模具的精度、型腔表面粗糙度、生产周期、寿命等指标与国外先进水平相比尚有较大差距。包括生 产方式和企业管理在内的总体水平与国外工业发达国家相比尚有10年以上的差距。 (2)工艺装备落后，组织协调能力差。虽然部分企业经过近几年的技术改造，工艺装备水平己比较先进，但大部分企 业工艺装备仍比较落后。更主要的是我们的企业组织协调能力差，难以很好整合或调动社会资源为我所用，从而就难以承接比较大的项目。 (3)大多数企业开发能力弱。一方面是技术人员比例低、水平不够高，另一方面是科研开发投入少，更重要的是观念 落后，对开发不够重视。 (4)管理落后更甚于技术落后。技术落后往往容易看到，管理落后有时却难以意识到。国内外模具企业管理上的差距 十分明显，管理的差距所带来的问题往往比技术上的差距更为严重。(5)市场需求旺盛，生产发展一时还难以跟上，供需矛盾一时还难以解决，供不应求的局面还将持续一段时间，特别 是在中高档产品方面矛盾更为突出。 (6)体制和人才问题的解决尚待时日。在社会主义市场经济中，在经济全球化的过程中，竞争性行业，特别是像模具 这样依赖于特殊用户，需单件生产的行业，许多企业目前的体制和经营机制仍旧很难适应多变的市场。人才的数量和素质水 平也跟不上行业的快速发展。虽然各地都在努力解决这两个问题，但要得到较好解决尚待时日。4、如何解决问题(1)密切关注行业动态、销售形势及政策动向(2)结成联盟，专业分工，守望相助，共渡难关(3)加强信息化建设，实现企业现代化管理(4)走产学研道路，提升企业自主创新能力(5)打破行业界限，调整生产结构，适应市场需求(6)走出国门，面向新兴国际模具市场，开拓新的业务领域。(7)重视对人的培养，充分发挥人才在企业中的作用(8)帮助中小企业解决贷款难的问题5、我国模具产业的地位模具制造面对的都是个性化需求，模具是直接参与到新产品开发中的前端制造，每一个机械新产品的诞生都要从模具制造开始来实现的，每一套模具的制造几乎都是模具结构、样式、应用新材料等方面的创新，模具制件生产使用中的速度、效益的统一提升与模具结构、模具质量有最直接的关系，要调整产品结构，增加高档机械产品的比重也要由模具来实现。 通过模具成形零件的快速、优质、低耗，充分体现了国家可持续发展的战略和科学发展观，模具工业的发展与提升必将对我国建设创新型国家发挥重要作用。2009年3月，国务院装备制造业调整振兴规划中，在“抓住九大产业重点项目，实施装备自主化”的内容里，第8项“电子信息产业”中就提出“电子设备仪器及工模具等为重点，推进信息化装备自主化”,在“提高四大配套产品制造水平、夯实产业发展基础”、“加工辅具”中提出“重点发展大型精密型腔模具、精密冲压模具、高档模具标准件”,“特种原材料”中将“模具用钢”提到重要地位。模具作为基础件、基础装备非常重要的一部分列入规划之中。工业产品大批量生产和新产品开发都离不开模具，用模具生产制件所达到的高一致性、高生产率、高精度、高复杂程度和低耗能、低耗材，使模具工业在制造业中的地位越来越重要，随着产品更新换代越来越快，新产品不断涌现，新技术日新月异，模具的使用范围已越来越广，对模具的要求也越来越高。6、目前我国模具行业的优势优惠政策为模具行业提供了良好的发展环境。在国家产业政策和有关配套政策导向之下，近年来已有不少地方相继出台了一些支持当地模具工业发展的优惠政策，有的见诸于文件，有的见诸于行动，都已收到很好的效果。同时，模具工业的快速发展也促进了当地经济的繁荣。随着各地之间交流活动的日益频繁，相信对模具工业发展有利的政策，及因此而带来的良好的发展环境将有进一步发展。规模经济产生效益，模具集群生产发展迅速。在“小而精专”的专业化不断发展的同时，近年来，规模效应已被愈加重视。除了把企业做强做大，使规模经济产生效益之外，模具集群生产也不断显示其优越性，因而“模具城”、“模具园区”、“模具生产基地”等各种集群生产形式在全国迅速发展。国际模具资本向我国转移的趋势十分明显，模具出口前景很好。由于我国模具特别是中、低档模具在国际市场上存在着较大的价格优势，有的模具价格甚至只有国际市场的几分之一，再加上我国有较低廉的优质劳动力资源及较好的技术基础和基础配套设施，因此近年来外商在我国模具行业的投资额一年比一年大，到我国采购模具的跨国公司也越来越多。结论对于我国模具行业的现状，大力发展和推广信息化、数字化技术是极其重要的，同时应在政策上引导具有较强能力的企业单位研发新的设计方法，在模具制造方面向复杂，高精度，长寿命模具上面有更大的突破。努力提高企业管理水平，促进模具标准件上品种、上水平、上规模；逐步建立起适应我国国情的模具科研设计、人才培训和生产体系，不但要使我国进一步成为模具生产大国，更要努力使我国逐渐成为模具生产强国参考文献1. 张政,党新安. 基于Pro/E的制品及其3D模具设计J. 机械设计与制造, 2008,(01) .2. 罗小发. CAD/CAE/CAM技术在模具设计制造的应用J. 橡塑技术与装备, 2005,(08) .3. 蒋亚军,娄臻亮. 基于知识的注塑模顶出设计J. 上海交通大学学报, 2004,(07) .4. 奚建胜. 基于Pro/E的注射模分模技术J. 模具工业, 2008,(08) .5. 黄晓燕. 注塑成型模拟技术的应用与发展J. 成都电子机械高等专科学校学报, 2009,(01) .6. 冯勇刚,周郁. 逆向工程技术在模具上的应用J. 模具工业, 2008,(08) .7. 黄荣学,范洪远. 我国模具工业发展概述及展望J. 机械工程师, 2007,(05) .8. 宋满仓. 注塑模具设计与制造标准化体系的研究D. 大连理工大学, 20059. 刘然. 注塑模具CAD型腔布局及流道系统的研究与开发D. 山东大学, 2008 .10. 张娜. 注塑制品缺陷诊断及工艺优化专家系统的研究开发D. 郑州大学, 2004 .11. 杨化林,邓芳,翟红岩,史俊友. 基于统一装配模型的模架设计技术研究J. 工程设计学报, 2009,(01)12. 李金桂. 表面强化技术与模具寿命J. 中国表面工程, 2002,(01) .13. 杜小清,陶筱梅,刘好. 调味盒注塑模具设计J. 塑料科技, 2010,(03) .14. （加拿大）H瑞斯著，朱元吉译模具工程第二版M化学工业出版社，2005杨化林,邓芳,翟红岩,史俊友. 基于统一装配模型的模架设计技术研究J. 工程设计学报, 2009,(01)15. 李金桂. 表面强化技术与模具寿命J. 中国表面工程, 2002,(01) .16. 杜小清,陶筱梅,刘好. 调味盒注塑模具设计J. 塑料科技, 2010,(03) .17. （加拿大）H瑞斯著，朱元吉译模具工程第二版M化学工业出版社，2005杨化林,邓芳,翟红岩,史俊友. 基于统一装配模型的模架设计技术研究J. 工程设计学报, 2009,(01)18. 李金桂. 表面强化技术与模具寿命J. 中国表面工程, 2002,(01) .19. 杜小清,陶筱梅,刘好. 调味盒注塑模具设计J. 塑料科技, 2010,(03) .20. （加拿大）H瑞斯著，朱元吉译模具工程第二版M化学工业出版社，2005（美国）TA奥斯瓦德，L特恩格 PJ格尔曼编著，吴其晔译注射成型手册M化学工业出版社，200521. 唐育新 李迎春 张祟新 热处理技术对模具性能的影响 新疆化工 ，2004年3期毕业设计文献翻译 院（系）名称工学院机械系 专业名称机械设计制造及其自动化 学生姓名吴思彤 指导教师李齐德 2012年 03 月 10 日黄河科技学院毕业设计（文献翻译） 第 9 页 Mold development trend1.mold CAD / CAE / CAM being integrated, three-dimensional, intelligent and network direction (1) mold software features integrated Die software features of integrated software modules required relatively complete, while the function module using the same data model, in order to achieve Syndicated news management and sharing of information to support the mold design, manufacture, assembly, inspection, testing and production management of the entire process to achieve optimal benefits. Series such as the UK Delcams software will include a surface / solid geometric modeling, engineering drawing complex geometry, advanced rendering industrial design, plastic mold design expert system, complex physical CAM, artistic design and sculpture automatic programming system, reverse engineering and complex systems physical line measurement systems. (2) mold design, analysis and manufacture of three-dimensional Two-dimensional mold of traditional structural design can no longer meet modern technical requirements of production and integration. Mold design, analysis, manufacturing three-dimensional technology, paperless software required to mold a new generation of three-dimensional, intuitive sense to design the mold, using three-dimensional digital model can be easily used in the product structure of CAE analysis, tooling manufacturability evaluation and CNC machining, forming process simulation and information management and sharing. Such as Pro / ENGINEER, UG and CATIA software such as with parametric, feature-based, all relevant characteristics, so that mold concurrent engineering possible. In addition, Cimatran company Moldexpert, Delcams Ps-mold and Hitachi Shipbuilding of Space-E/mold are professional injection mold 3D design software, interactive 3D cavity, core design, mold base design configuration and typical structure . Australian company Moldflow realistic three-dimensional flow simulation software MoldflowAdvisers been widely praised by users and applications. China Huazhong University of Science have developed similar software HSC3D4.5F and Zhengzhou University, Z-mold software. For manufacturing, knowledge-based intelligent software function is a measure of die important sign of advanced and practical one. Such as injection molding experts Cimatrons software can automatically generate parting direction based parting line and parting surface, generate products corresponding to the core and cavity, implementation of all relevant parts mold, and for automatically generated BOM Form NC drilling process, and can intelligently process parameter setting, calibration and other processing results. (3) mold software applications, networking trend With the mold in the enterprise competition, cooperation, production and management, globalization, internationalization, and the rapid development of computer hardware and software technology, the Internet has made in the mold industry, virtual design, agile manufacturing technology both necessary and possible. The United States in its 21st Century Manufacturing Enterprise Strategy that the auto industry by 2006 to achieve agile manufacturing / virtual engineering solutions to automotive dvelopment cycle shortened from 40 months to 4 months. 2 mold testing, processinge equipment to the precise, efficient, and multi-direction (1) mold testing equipment more sophisticated, efficient Sophisticated, complex, large-scale mold development, testing equipment have become increasingly demanding. Precision Mould precision now reached 2 3m, more domestic manufacturers have to use Italy, the United States, Japan and other countries in the high-precision coordinate measuring machine, and with digital scanning. Such as Dongfeng Motor Mould Factory not only has the capacity 3250mm 3250mm Italian coordinate measuring machine, also has a digital photography optical scanner, the first in the domestic use of digital photography, optical scanning as a means of spatial three-dimensional access to information, enabling the establishment from the measurement of physical model output of engineering drawings the whole process of mold making, reverse engineering a successful technology development and applications. This equipment include: second-generation British Renishaw high-speed scanners (CYCLON SERIES2) can be realized and contact laser probe complementary probe, laser scanner accuracy of 0.05mm, scanning probe contact accuracy of 0.02 mm. Another German company GOM ATOS portable scanners, Japan Rolands PIX-30, PIX-4 desktop scanner and the United Kingdom Taylor Hopsons TALYSCAN150 multi-sensor, respectively Three-dimensional scanner with high speed, low-cost and functional composite and so on. (2) CNC EDM Japan Sodick linear motor servo drive using the companys AQ325L, AQ550LLS-WEDM have driven fast response, transmission and high positioning accuracy, the advantages of small thermal deformation. Switzerland Chanmier company NCEDM with P-E3 adaptive control, PCE energy control and automatic programming expert systems. Others also used the powder mixed EDM machining technology, micro-finishing pulse power and fuzzy control (FC) technologies. (3) high-speed milling machine (HSM) Milling is an important means of cavity mold. The low-temperature high-speed milling with the workpiece, cutting force is small, smooth processing, processing quality, processing efficiency (for the general milling process 5 to 10 times) and can process hard materials (60HRC) and many other advantages. Thus in the mold processing more and more attention. Ruishikelang company UCP710-type five-axis machining center, machine tool positioning accuracy up to 8m, home-made closed-loop vector control spindle with a maximum speed 42000r/min. Italy RAMBAUDIs high-speed milling, the processing range of up to 2500mm 5000mm 1800mm, speed up 20500r/min, cutting feed speed of 20m/min. HSM generally used large, medium-sized mold, such as motor cover mold, die casting mold, large plastic surface machining, the surface precision up to 0.01mm. 3 rapid economic modeling techniques Shorten the product development cycle is an effective means of market competition to win one. Compared with the traditional mold process, fast economic modeling technology is a short molding cycle, the characteristics of low cost, precision, and life can meet the production needs, overall economic efficiency is more significant in the mold manufacturing technology, specifically the following main technology. (1) rapid prototyping and manufacturing (RPM). It consists of three-dimensional laser lithography (SLA); laminated profile manufacturing (LOM); laser powder sintering prototyping (SLS); Fused Deposition Molding (FDM) and three-dimensional printing forming technology (3D-P) and so on. (2) the surface forming tooling. It refers to the use of spray, chemical corrosion, electroforming and new method for the formation of the cavity surface and a fine pattern technology. (3) Casting forming tooling. There are bismuth tin alloy tooling, zinc alloy tooling, resin composite forming technology and silicon rubber mold molding technology. (4) cold extrusion mold technology and ultra-molded shapes. (5) multi-point forming technology. (6) KEVRON steel blanking blanking tooling. (7) mold blank rapid manufacturing technology. Mainly dry sand Mold Casting, Vacuum Mold Casting, Resin Sand Mold Casting Lost Wax Casting, and other technologies. (8) Other aspects of technology. Such as the use of nitrogen gas spring pressure side, discharge, quick die technology, stamping unit technology, and cutting edge technology and solid surfacing edge inserts die casting technology.4 mold materials and surface treatment technology developed rapidly Industry to the level of mold, material application is the key. Due to improper selection and use of materials, causing premature die failure, which accounts for more than 45% failure die. In the mold material, commonly used cold work tool steel with CrWMn, Cr12, Cr12MoV and W6Mo5Cr4V2, flame hardened steel (such as Japan, AUX2, SX105V (7CrSiMnMoV), etc.; used a new type of hot work die steel American H13, Sweden QRO80M, QRO90SUPREME, etc.; used a pre-hardened plastic mold steel (such as the U.S. P20), age-hardening steel (such as the U.S. P21, Japan NAK55, etc.), heat treatment hardened steel (such as the United States, D2, Japan, PD613, PD555, Sweden wins the White 136, etc.), powder die steel (such as Japan KAD18 and KAS440), etc.; panel drawing die used HT300, QT60-2, Mo-Cr, Mo-V cast iron, large-scale mold with HT250. more regular use of Precision Die Hard Steel Results YG20 and other alloys and carbide. in the mold surface treatment, the main trends are: the infiltration of a single element to the multi-element penetration, complex permeability (such as TD method) development; by the general diffusion to the CVD, PVD, PCVD, ion penetration , the direction of ion implantation, etc.; can use the coating are: TiC, TiN, TiCN, TiAlN, CrN, Cr7C3, W2C, etc., while heat from the air treatment means to the development of vacuum heat treatment. In addition, the current strengthening of the laser, glow plasma Nitriding and electroplating (plating) enhanced anti-corrosion technologies are also more and more attention. 5 mold industry new techniques, new ideas and new models have been gradually recognized In the forming process, the main function of composite stamping die, superplastic forming, plastic precision molding technology, plastic mold gas-assisted injection technology and hot runner technology, high-pressure injection molding technology. On the other hand, with the continuous development of advanced manufacturing technology and raise the level of mold industry as a whole, in the mold industry, there are some new design, production, management ideas and models. Concrete are: to adapt to the characteristics of mold-piece production flexible manufacturing technologies; to create the best management and effective teamwork, lean production; to enhance rapid response capabilities of Concurrent Engineering, Virtual Manufacturing and global agile manufacturing, manufacturing of new production networks philosophy; extensive use of standard parts common parts of the division of work mode of production; meet the environmental requirements of sustainable development and green design and manufacturing.外文中文翻译：模具的发展趋势1 模具CAD/CAE/CAM正向集成化、三维化、智能化网络化方向发展1.1模具软件功能集成化 模具软件功能的集成化要求软件的功能模块比较齐全，同时各功能模块采用同一数据模型，以实现信息的综合管理与共享，从而支持模具设计、制造、装配、检验、测试及生产管理的全过程，达到实现最佳效益的目的。如英国Delcam公司的系列化软件就包括了曲面/实体几何造型、复杂形体工程制图、工业设计高级渲染、塑料模设计专家系统、复杂形体CAM、艺术造型及雕刻自动编程系统、逆向工程系统及复杂形体在线测量系统等。集成化程度较高的软件还包括：Pro/ENGINEER、UG和CATIA等。 1.2模具设计、分析及制造的三维化 传统的二维模具结构设计已越来越不适应现代化生产和集成化技术要求。模具设计、分析、制造的三维化、无纸化要求新一代模具软件以立体的、直观的感觉来设计模具，所采用的三维数字化模型能方便地用于产品结构的CAE分析、模具可制造性评价和数控加工、成形过程模拟及信息的管理与共享。如Pro/ENGINEER、UG和CATIA等软件具备参数化、基于特征、全相关等特点，从而使模具并行工程成为可能。另外，Cimatran公司的Moldexpert，Delcam公司的Ps-mold及日立造船的Space-E/mold均是3D专业注塑模设计软件，可进行交互式3D型腔、型芯设计、模架配置及典型结构设计。澳大利亚Moldflow公司的三维真实感流动模拟软件MoldflowAdvisers已经受到用户广泛的好评和应用。国内有华中理工大学研制的同类软件HSC3D4.5F及郑州工业大学的Z-mold软件。面向制造、基于知识的智能化功能是衡量模具软件先进性和实用性的重要标志之一。如Cimatron公司的注塑模专家软件能根据脱模方向自动产生分型线和分型面，生成与制品相对应的型芯和型腔，实现模架零件的全相关，自动产生材料明细表和供NC加工的钻孔表格，并能进行智能化加工参数设定、加工结果校验等。 1.3模具软件应用的网络化趋势 随着模具在企业竞争、合作、生产和管理等方面的全球化、国际化，以及计算机软硬件技术的迅速发展，网络使得在模具行业应用虚拟设计、敏捷制造技术既有必要，也有可能。美国在其21世纪制造企业战略中指出，到2006年要实现汽车工业敏捷生产/虚拟工程方案，使汽车开发周期从40个月缩短到4个月。2 模具检测、加工设备向精密、高效和多功能方向发展2.1模具检测设备的日益精密、高效 精密、复杂、大型模具的发展，对检测设备的要求越来越高。现在精密模具的精度已达23m，目前国内厂家使用较多的有意大利、美国、日本等国的高精度三坐标测量机，并具有数字化扫描功能。如东风汽车模具厂不仅拥有意大利产3250mm3250mm三坐标测量机，还拥有数码摄影光学扫描仪，率先在国内采用数码摄影、光学扫描作为空间三维信息的获得手段，从而实现了从测量实物建立数学模型输出工程图纸模具制造全过程，成功实现了逆向工程技术的开发和应用。这方面的设备还包括：英国雷尼绍公司第二代高速扫描仪(CYCLON SERIES2)可实现激光测头和接触式测头优势互补，激光扫描精度为0.05mm，接触式测头扫描精度达0.02mm。另外德国GOM公司的ATOS便携式扫描仪，日本罗兰公司的PIX-30、PIX-4台式扫描仪和英国泰勒霍普森公司TALYSCAN150多传感三维扫描仪分别具有高速化、廉价化和功能复合化等特点。 2.2数控电火花加工机床