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1901 多层建筑 小型 电梯 建筑物 结合 方案设计

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1901_多层建筑小型电梯与建筑物结合方案设计,1901,多层建筑,小型,电梯,建筑物,结合,方案设计

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黄河科技学院毕业设计开题报告表课题名称多层建筑小型电梯与建筑物结合方案设计课题来源教师拟订课题类型AX指导教师李安生学生姓名高龙专 业机械设计制造及其自动化学 号080105008一、调研资料的准备根据任务书的要求，在做本课题前，查阅了与课题相关的资料有：材料力学、理论力学、机械设计手册、金属材料及热处理、标准电梯GB7588-1995电梯制造与安装安全规范。二、设计的目的与要求 本设计通过对有关楼房和已有类似建筑物的调研及老师的悉心指导，设计多层建筑小型电梯与建筑物的结合方案。要求电梯进出口部位的选择方案及开口部位的建筑物墙体加固方案，应保证建筑物整体强度不受影响；电梯导轨与墙体的结合与固定方案设计；电梯承载支架的设计。以有限元分析为训练手段，以经济适用、安全可靠为目标。三、设计的思路与预期成果 1.设计思路结合调研资料，联系本次设计的内容及目的，对于电梯与建筑物的结合方案进行改进： （1）电梯进出口设计方案：为节省资源，电梯只满足三层以上用户使用，将电梯进出口选在每两层之间，这样可节省资源，又可为各楼层用户服务；第一层电梯进口选在第一层与第二层楼之间的楼梯平台上。（2）建筑物开口部件墙体的加固：建筑物开口处应加固，以保证建筑物整体不受影响。（3）电梯承载支架的设计。2.预期的成果（1）完成文献综述一篇，不少与3000字，与专业相关的英文翻译一篇，不少于3000字 （2）编写设计说明书一份（3）绘制电路控制总图，接线图（4）刻录包含本次设计的所有内容的光盘一张四、任务完成的阶段内容及时间安排1.第12周（2月13日2月26日）：完成开题报告；2.第34周（2月27日3月11日）：完成译文，文献综述；3.第512周（3月12日5月6日）：完成总体设计，设计说明书；4.第13周（5月7日5月13日）： 答辩文献准备完成；5.第14周（5月14日5月19日）： 答辩。五、完成设计（论文）所具备的条件因素 本人已修完电工学，PLC原理及应用，电气设计等课程，借助图书馆的相关文献资料，相关的网络等资源，查阅电气设计手册，以及良好的S7-200操作能力。指导教师签名： 日期： 课题来源：（1）教师拟订；（2）学生建议；（3）企业和社会征集；（4）科研单位提供课题类型：（1）A工程设计（艺术设计）；B技术开发；C软件工程；D理论研究；E调研报告 （2）X真实课题；Y模拟课题；Z虚拟课题要求（1）、（2）均要填，如AY、BX等。黄河科技学院毕业设计(文献综述) 第 5 页 1 电梯的由来电梯在汉语词典中的解释为：建筑物中用电作动力的升降机,代替步行上下的楼梯。一种以电动机为动力的垂直升降机，装有箱状吊舱，用于多层建筑乘人或载运货物。也有台阶式，踏步板装在履带上连续运行，俗称自动电梯。服务于规定楼层的固定式升降设备。它具有一个轿厢，运行在至少两列垂直的或倾斜角小于15的刚性导轨之间。轿厢尺寸与结构形式便于乘客出入或装卸货物。说到电梯的起源要从公元前2600年埃及人在建造金字塔时使用了最原始的提升系统说起，但这一类起重机的能源均为人力。到了1203年，法国的二修道院安装了一台起重机，所不同者只是该机器是利用驴作为动力，载荷由绕在一个大滚筒上的绳子进行起吊。此种方法一直沿用到近代直到瓦特发明了蒸汽机，约在1800年，煤矿主才能利用起重机把矿井中的煤输送上来。 按速度可分低速电梯（1米/秒以下）、快速电梯(12米/秒)和高速电梯(2米/秒以上)。19世纪中期开始采用液压电梯，至今仍在低层建筑物上应用。1852年，美国的伊莱莎。格雷夫斯.奥的斯研制出带有安全制动装置的升降机。80年代，驱动装置有进一步改进，如电动机通过蜗杆传动带动缠绕卷筒、采用平衡重等。19世纪末，采用了摩擦轮传动，大大增加电梯的提升高度。2 电梯的历史发展 电梯进入人们的生活已经150年了。一个半世纪的风风雨雨，翻天覆地的是历史的变迁，永恒不变的是电梯提升人类生活质量的承诺。 人类利用升降工具运输货物、人员的历史非常悠久。早在公元前2600年，埃及人在建造金字塔时就使用了最原始的升降系统，这套系统的基本原理至今仍无变化：即一个平衡物下降的同时，负载平台上升。早期的升降工具基本以人力为动力。1203年，在法国海岸边的一个修道院里安装了一台以驴子为动力的起重机，这才结束了用人力运送重物的历史。英国科学家瓦特发明蒸汽机后，起重机装置开始采用蒸汽为动力。紧随其后，威廉汤姆逊研制出用液压驱动的升降梯，液压的介质是水。在这些升降梯的基础上，一代又一代富有创新精神的工程师们在不断改进升降梯的技术。然而，一个关键的安全问题始终没有得到解决，那就是一旦升降梯拉升缆绳发生断裂时，负载平台就一定会发生坠毁事故。 生活在继续，科技在发展，电梯也在进步。150年来，电梯的材质由黑白到彩色，样式由直式到斜式，在操纵控制方面更是步步出新手柄开关操纵、按钮控制、信号控制、集选控制、人机对话等等，多台电梯还出现了并联控制，智能群控；双层轿厢电梯展示出节省井道空间，提升运输能力的优势；变速式自动人行道扶梯的出现大大节省了行人的时间；不同外形扇形、三角形、半菱形、半圆形、整圆形的观光电梯则使身处其中的乘客的视线不再封闭。如今，以美国奥的斯公司为代表的世界各大著名电梯公司各展风姿，仍在继续进行电梯新品的研发，并不断完善维修和保养服务系统。调频门控、智能远程监控、主机节能、控制柜低噪音耐用、复合钢带环保一款款集纳了人类在机械、电子、光学等领域最新科研成果的新型电梯竞相问世，冷冰冰的建筑因此散射出人性的光辉，人们的生活因此变得更加美好。3 电梯的组成3.1曳引系统 曳引系统的主要功能是输出与传递动力，使电梯运行。 曳引系统主要由曳引机、曳引钢丝绳，导向轮，反绳轮组成。 3.2导向系统 导向系统的主要功能是限制轿厢和对重的活动自由度，使轿厢和对重只能沿着导轨作升降运动。 导向系统主要由导轨，导靴和导轨架组成。 3.3轿厢 轿厢是运送乘客和货物的电梯组件，是电梯的工作部分。 轿厢由轿厢架和轿厢体组成。 3.4门系统 门系统的主要功能是封住层站入口和轿厢入口。 门系统由轿厢门，层门，开门机，门锁装置组成。 3.5重量平衡系统 系统的主要功能是相对平衡轿厢重量，在电梯工作中能使轿厢与对重间的重量差保持在限额之内，保证电梯的曳引传动正常。 系统主要由对重和重量补偿装置组成。 3.6电力拖动系统 电力拖动系统的功能是提供动力，实行电梯速度控制。 电力拖动系统由曳引电动机，供电系统，速度反馈装置，电动机调速装置等组成。 3.7电气控制系统 电气控制系统的主要功能是对电梯的运行实行操纵和控制。 电气控制系统主要由操纵装置，位置显示装置，控制屏(柜)，平层装置，选层器等组成。 3.8安全保护系统 保证电梯安全使用，防止一切危及人身安全的事故发生。 由电梯限速器、安全钳、缓冲器、安全触板、层门门锁、电梯安全窗、电梯限制装置、限位开关装置组成。 4电梯的工作原理曳引绳两端分别连着轿厢和对重，缠绕在曳引轮和导向轮上，曳引电动机通过减速器变速后带动曳引轮转动，靠曳引绳与曳引轮摩擦产生的牵引力，实现轿厢和对重的升降运动，达到运输目的。固定在轿厢上的导靴可以沿着安装在建筑物井道墙体上的固定导轨往复升降运动，防止轿厢在运行中偏斜或摆动。常闭块式制动器在电动机工作时松闸，使电梯运转，在失电情况下制动，使轿厢停止升降，并在指定层站上维持其静止状态，供人员和货物出入。轿厢是运载乘客或其他载荷的箱体部件，对重用来平衡轿厢载荷、减少电动机功率。补偿装置用来补偿曳引绳运动中的张力和重量变化，使曳引电动机负载稳定，轿厢得以准确停靠。电气系统实现对电梯运动的控制，同时完成选层、平层、测速、照明工作。指示呼叫系统随时显示轿厢的运动方向和所在楼层位置。安全装置保证电梯运行安全。 5 可编程逻辑控制器 简称PLC( Programmable Logical Controller) 是一种专门为适应工业环境而设计的工业控制计算机。它自1969 年问世以来，随着微电子技术，集成电路技术，微处理器技术和微计算机技术的发展，已经取得了巨大的进步。现在的PLC不仅已经大大超过了设计的初衷(即替代继电接触器)，用逻辑编程取代了硬连线逻辑，而且在容量，速度，功能和通信能力等方面有了大大的增强。现在的PLC由于采用了功能强大的高档微处理器(如16位，32位微处理器)，处理速度快，存储容量大大增加;由于采用了多种编程语言和先进的指令系统，增强了过程控制和数据处理的功能，如PID控制，数据文件传送，浮点运算功能，同时，完善的输入/输出系统使得系统的处理能力和控制能力得到大大加强;由于采用了现代数据通信和网络技术，能实现PLC之间，PLC和管理计算机之间的网络通信，形成多层分布式控制系统或整个工厂的自动化网络。现代的PLC还有图形显示，信息存储，多CPU并行工作等功能，这使得PLC的功能更加完善，足以满足绝大多数的生产控制要求。正是基于以上这些优势，现在的PLC已经成为工业控制中占主导地位的设备，并被广泛的应用于工业自动化的各种场合，因此，了解和掌握PLC系统的开发方法就日益成为我们的需要了。本次毕业设计的主要任务就是基于plc的电梯系统程序，首先，提出了设计的预期功能和控制要求，然后着重介绍了基于PLC的电梯系统程序开发过程，如电梯系统的静态呼叫控制，动态呼叫控制，紧急呼叫控制，;最后又针对本次设计方案提出了一些改进意见。实现了plc的电梯系统的控制功能，成功开发了基于plc的电梯系统程序。6 关于电梯安全钳电梯安全钳是电梯的重要安全部件，它能够在电梯超速和失控时发挥安全保障的重要作用。但是由于它的故障原因复杂多变，而且促发其误动作的因素也很多，所以存在一定的安全隐患的。文章通过对安全钳工作原理及可能造成误动作的因素和安全钳不动作原因分析后，得出特种设备检验人员必须的一些检验注意点，从而保证电梯安全高效地运行。结束语: 电梯技术的发展水平体现了社会的科学文明。摩天大楼的高度限制,不仅是建筑技术上的因素,一个重要的因素是受电梯提升高度的限制。相信,随着电梯技术的开发研究,高效、高速、智能化控制的电梯一定会提供优质良好的服务。无机房、无齿轮、电磁兼容性、远程监控等技术将是电梯工业今后几年的重要研究方向。参考文献1孟少凯主编.电梯技术与工程实务.M宇航出版社，2004.42毛怀新主编.电梯与自动扶梯技术检验.M学苑出版社，2001.33刘载文主编.电梯控制系统，继电梯与PLC控制原理、设计与调试. M电子工业出版社，1996，54李秧耕主编.电梯基本原理及安装维修全书. M机械工业出版社，2001，35 叶安丽.电梯技术基础(第1版)M.北京: 中国电力出版社,2004.6张汉达，王锡仲，朱学莉编著.现代电梯控制技术.M 哈尔宾工业大学出版社发行，2001.37李道霖.电气控制与PLC 原理及应用,电子工业出版社，20068瑶编著.电动机调速的原理及系统.M 水利电力出版社出版，1979.89陈伯时.陈敏逊编著.交流调速系统.M 北京：机械工业出版社，1998.410陈恒亮.电梯结构与原理M.北京:中国劳动社会保障出版社,2005.11王子文.电梯PLC 控制策略及其程序设计起重运输机械2006.712童梦菊、陈景和.浅谈电梯制动器电气控制及其检验J.福建质量信息,2007.13姚玉刚.电梯智能控制系统研究D.长春理工大学硕士学位论文,2008.14张福恩等编著.交流调速电梯原理、设计及安装维修.M 北京：机械工业出版社，1999.615钱平主编.交直流传动系统.M 高等教育出版社，2001.716吕宋元主编.半导体变流技术.M 天津大学出版社出版17顾战松，陈铁年编著.可编程控制器原理与应用.M 北京：国防工业出版社，199618杨宁主编.微机控制技术.M 北京：高等教育出版社，2001.819周良全权主编；傅恩锡等编.模拟电子技术基础.M 北京：高等教育出版社，1993.1020丁树模主编.机械工程学.M 北京：机械工业出版社21毛怀新. 电梯与自动扶梯技术检验M. 北京:学苑出版社,2001. 22于建明.电梯安全钳装置的检验J.上海铁道科技,2006,2 23 GB/T7588-2003 ,电梯制造与安装安全规范S. 毕业设计文献综述 院（系）名称工学院机械系 专业名称机械设计制造及其自动化 学生姓名高龙 指导教师李安生2012年2月20日 黄河科技学院毕业设计（文献翻译） 第 10 页Building on the influence of the elevator civil structureSummaryKeywords: building to the influence of the elevator civil structure, the bottomless pit depth, and the well word size With the development of The Times, the elevator of modern architecture as the indispensable traffic tools, the role of increasingly receive the attention of people. The choice of the elevator is reasonable configuration of the whole building have great influence on the traffic, so the choice of the elevator to the building with it is very important. And for the choice of configuring the decisive role of the building is civil structure. Because buildings once built, its very hard for bigger modification, therefore in the building when the design should give full consideration to how to meet the various parameters of the selected the elevator.So what we choose configuration parameters is decided the key to the elevator? We think, basically have the following points.1.The elevator well at the top of the way the height and depth of the pitTop height and the bottomless pit depth is the key to choose the elevator speed. In the elevator car height size when certain compartments, higher rated speed it need higher top level. Top height requirement is a GB7588-1995 in the provisions of article 5.7. Is: (1) when the heavy pressure in the buffer completely, (1) the guide rail cars can provide not less than 0.1 + 0.035 v2 (m) guidance trip; (2) the overhaul plane must be above the 1.0 + 0.035 v2 (m) of space: well the lowest parts (3) way to guide boots, traction rope accessories, vertical sliding door beams or distance between parts not less than 0.1 + 0.035 v2 (m), to the top of the distance between the equipment not less than 0.3 + 0.035 v2 (m); (4) compartments shall have a car above 0.5 m x 0.6 m x 0.8 m of space. (2) when the pressure in the compartments complete buffer, for heavy rail can provide not less than 0.1 + 0.035 v2 (m) guidance trip.Visible, the influence of the height of the main factors on the top of the car is a total height of the box. Because the present each elevator company, its height is little basic compartments, and so on the top floor of the height requirements about the same also. We often meet with top height is in 3.7-3.8 m or so well way, such a height is not processed cannot install the elevator. Finally, have to lower the elevator rated speed or will be at the top of the elevator down a level, with a layer of sacrifice service layer to make up for the deficiency of the top height. This price is very big. At the same time if take a layer of service layer reduced way, so after the transformation of top height will high (more than 6 m), wasted a lot of space. Of course, if the building top height shortage, but computer room height is very high, we can also hit the roof off the well way, will be part of the well out of the way to the telecom room to the top of the way to get high. But that is not only large quantities, and often the height also difficult to meet the requirements of computer room.Similarly, the bottomless pit depth design also must satisfy the relevant provisions of the GB7588-1995. Simply to say is: when the pressure in the compartments complete buffer, (1) of the bottomless pit shall have a 0.5 m x 0.6 m x 1.0 m of space; (2) the surface to guide the den boots, security clamp, the distance between the door parts not less than 0.1 m, to the other parts compartments not less than 0.5 m distance. As for the boots, security clamp, the influence factors of door parts generally can meet. This shows the actual effect of the key lies in the den depth requirements: (1) buffer is its compartments fully compressed out after its bottom to the way things well bottom distance; (2) on the layer smooth layer, the car compartments stretch into the abyss with buffer of height and empty cheng of the three. The analysis is not difficult to find, the two common will of the bottomless pit depth limit in a difficult to drastically reducing the scope of: if excessive reduce buffer height, its hard to meet the requirements before a; If excessive reduce empty process, and will make a violation of national conditions. We often meet at work: in the bottom pit depth is insufficient to ask if we can customers in the pit make hole, will be installed in the cave buffer, so as to solve the problem. But no matter how to install buffer, when the pressure in the bumpers compartments complete, the car to the bottom of the pit surface must conform to the national standard distance, this is a hard size. If the bottomless pit depth is really small; Cant meet the requirements, the only downward dig deep. But that bill and dont have to say, because most of the den is connected with the foundation, lane is bad to can also affect to the foundation of the building. Another way is toward the bottom layer hall can make a door is in steps, which make the compartments on the steps of flat, so as to get the necessary depth of the abyss. But the move will be affected by the high layer upon layer of restriction, and aesthetics are also affected. Of course, if the bottomless pit depth over the size of the need, can cause the empty box process more than national standard housings. In the more than few, we can increase through the base of the buffer solution; If it is too much, can only backfilling to the necessary depth of the bottomless pit.This shows, in the design of the building shall give due consideration to the top of the elevator need with the bottomless pit size, avoid dimensions are not appropriate and difficult to repair, awkward.2.Elevator well way size, shape and arrangement of theElevator well way sizes and shapes of influence the selection is the key to the load. International although elevator well to the size of the word no mandatory regulation, but for certain load for the elevator car but have clear compartments area restrictions. And because each manufacturer product all has its own compartments and well way standard, building the size of the word well often determines choose the type of elevator. There is no doubt that the same conditions of the greater weight to download the elevator well the way area. Some owners in order to save the building area, get more economic benefit, often will well built very small way area. However the elevator but need big load, obviously this is difficult to meet demand. The result is, or choose small load for elevator, or according to the existing Wells to the way designed compartments. Before a way affect buildings in the traffic condition; And then a way also only in existing Wells way size and manufacturer standard size difference to hit it to work, but also pay a special design of the cost. In addition, the smaller the well word generated during the running of the area in the elevator of the piston effect is more apparent, especially in the choice when high-speed lifts. The piston effect on one hand will increase the consumption of energy when elevator running, on the one hand, also can increase the elevator running noises. Of course, its not that well word size is larger is better. Well not only will waste way dimension to the use of building area, and sometimes because manufacturers cant provide the right guide bracket, will ask the owner in the well within the tao need to install the guide bracket place Settings beam, to provide the right size well way, thus virtually increased building costs. These are all in building design should be fully considered.Well way shape will also affect the choice of the elevator. Well within the tao from whether there is a beam and column structure, well way shape is rules, will affect the way of the well effective area. Too complicated way in elevator smoothly well also installation will adversely. As we all know, because the relationship between bearing, the wall in the lower part of the well with a top part often have different thickness. The more to the top, the thickness of the wall well the thin. This advantage is first to reduce costs, also can reduce the well the dead weight of the wall of basic pressure, so there is a cut way how well the problem of wall thickness. We often meet with word from a well inside the wall thickness of the reduction of the situation, that is, well within the tao is the size of the change, the top place well than size in the bottom of the word size. How do appear, this would give the elevator design and installation of the increase of trouble. In fact, if is to beautiful need not happen, because every layer wait ladder hall to the wall surface and its neighbors in the same layer is vertical surface, wait the ladder must wont pay attention. So if the reason for considering beautiful it is meaningless. But well within the tao for different, because the well within the tao of size change, elevator had to use a variety of installation guide bracket. More important, if the well before the way wall in the well within the tao direction changes, may bring more trouble. Because the article 5.4.3.2 GB7588-1995 regulations within the tao well with the surface to candy or axle box compartments door frame or the door the horizontal distance between compartments shall not be more than 0.15 m. So, in low well when the wall thick meet the national standard, but at the top because of the wall thickness in well well way inside direction decreases, and the cause of this gap than the national standard. So, use the most common remedy is to add defend the net. No matter what, have increased the difficulty of the elevator installed, it also increases the construction cost. So, well within the tao should ensure that the surface is a vertical, continuous surface so that in the selection and installation only when the ideal. In addition, the only effective way well area or not enough, still should choose according to need elevator type, consider other out of the tao well width and depth ratio. Generally speaking, the width and depth of the box is large, in and out of the passenger elevator is convenient, its compartments beautiful, easy to decorate; Conversely, easy to transport large objects. Therefore, office building, office building of elevator often choose a type and residential building before due to the needs of often choose after a type.3.The arrangement of elevator well way position and formThe elevator well way are positioned and structural type can also affect the configuration of the elevator, which affects the entire buildings in the traffic. If the same building with many Wells way, so these Wells are positioned way to a great extent determine the elevator control method. We all know, in order to improve the operation efficiency of the elevator, set in more lift should as far as possible when using but connected controlling or group control method. But if the well way arrangement inappropriate position, likely to reduce the operating efficiency of the lift, or cant but connected controlling or group control by the efficient control mode. For example, the same four Wells way, if the opposite side by side or arrangement, we can use group control method; If back to arrange, so most can only but connected controlling Taiwan 2; If each machine apart from a distance between middle or with an obstacle, Im afraid we can only choose single control type. So, the way to the elevator well decorated with the choice of which can not be negletable. So how should the distribution of elevator well way? We think that as much as possible to meet the needs of the traffic flow within the building. Generally speaking, the well way should try to close to the staff of the flow rate is greater place. When more concentrated set lift, due to consider to use but connected controlling or group control, at this time, the distance between the way well shoulds not be too big. Side by side of the distance between the word decorate well dont more than 8 m, opposite the well decorated more than 6 m way dont advisable. And, if the many sets of group control form, side by side the elevator sets more than four sets should not be, should adopt more opposite the layout model. At this time, wait ladder hall cant with pillars etc things out, also want to avoid the elevator entrance indented.Well the way structural type are often the most easy to ignore. Word of the elevator well the influence of the structure is well equipped with the strength of the main way whether meet the needs of the elevator to choose. The requirements for the den surface under force in chapter 5 GB7588-1995 comments a detailed calculation and discussed, when the design can consult. There is one kind of circumstance: at present a lot of elevator adopts Shared adjacent well the way way, way in well among steel beam erection installation guide bracket and obstruction. This advantage is certainly significant, not only lower the construction cost, reduce the pressure of foundation, also can effectively reduce the piston effect when the elevator operates. But in this series of interest, there is also noticeable problems, this is the middle of girder selection problem. Well among most of the steel beam erection word for the support of guide rail function, its strength is to ensure that can not be ignored. If strength is insufficient, the elevator in the operation of large steel will happen tremble, and the lead to the elevator vibration and noise increases, even in safety when device a safety hazard. If the building has been completed, the strength of the steel beam and it is difficult to replace insufficient, the only use it by lowering the elevator and the method of load for rated speed to make up for, but the expense the cost of traffic capacity.Can see from this, the elevator and the safe operation of the brand, not only the configuration and other relevant, and installation of buildings in civil structure have close relations, suggest that in the civil building design early, design personnel should fully consider the elevators installation requirements, in order to avoid the late electricity installation and operation appears more when the problem. 建筑物土建结构对电梯的影响摘要：关键词：建筑物土建结构对电梯的影响，底坑深度，井道尺寸随着时代的发展，电梯作为现代建筑中不可缺少的交通工具，其重要作用日益收到人们的关注。电梯的选择配置是否合理将对整个建筑内的交通状况产生重大影响，因此电梯的选择配置对建筑物来说是十分重要的。而对选择配置电梯起决定性作用的便是建筑物的土建结构。由于建筑物一旦建成，便很难进行较大的修改，故此在建筑物设计时应充分考虑如何满足所选电梯的各种参数。那么究竟哪些参数是决定我们选择配置电梯的关键呢？我们认为，主要有以下几点。1电梯井道的顶层高度及底坑深度顶层高度及底坑深度是选择电梯速度的关键。在电梯轿厢高度尺寸一定时，较高的额定速度必然需要较高的顶层高度。顶层高度的要求是有GB7588-1995中5.7条规定的。就是：（1）当对重完全压在缓冲器上时， 轿厢导轨能提供不小于0.1+0.035v2(m)的制导行程；轿顶检修平面上方必须有1.0+0.035v2(m)的空间：井道顶最低部件与导靴、曳引绳附件、垂直滑动门横梁或部件之间距离不小于0.1+0.035v2(m),至轿顶设备之间的距离不小于0.3+0.035v2(m);轿厢上方应有一个0.5m0.6m0.8m的空间。（2）当轿厢完全压在缓冲器上时，对重导轨能提供不小于0.1+0.035v2(m)的制导行程。可见，影响顶层高度的主要因素是轿厢的总高度。由于目前各电梯公司轿厢高度基本相差无几，因此对顶层高度的要求也差不多。我们经常遇到顶层高度在3.7-3.8m左右的井道，这样的高度不经处理是无法安装电梯的。最后，不得不降低电梯的额定速度或将电梯的顶层向下移一层，用牺牲一层服务层的办法弥补顶层高度的不足。这种代价是非常大的。同时如果采取减少一层服务层的办法，那么改造后的顶层高度将很高（超过6m）,白白浪费了大量空间。当然，如果建筑物顶层高度不足，但机房高度很高，我们也可以砸掉井道顶板，将部分井道凸出到机房内的手段获得需要的顶层高度。但这样不仅工程量较大，而且往往机房高度也难以满足要求。同样道理，底坑深度的设计也必须满足GB7588-1995的有关规定。简单地说就是：当轿厢完全压在缓冲器上时，（1）底坑中应有一个0.5m0.6m1.0m的空间；（2）底坑底面至导靴、安全钳、门部件之间的距离不小于0.1m，至轿厢其他部件距离不小于0.5m。至于导靴、安全钳、门部件的影响因素一般都可以满足。由此可见实际影响坑底深度要求的关键在于：（1）缓冲器被轿厢完全压缩后轿底凸出物至井道底面的距离；（2）在端层平层时，轿厢伸入底坑部分与缓冲器高度及空程三者之和。经分析不难发现，此俩者共同将底坑深度限定在一个难以大幅缩小的范围内：如果过度减小缓冲器高度，则难以满足前一条件要求；如果过度减小空程，又会使后一条件违反国标。我们在工作中常遇到这种情况：在底坑深度不足时客户向我们询问是否可以在底坑中打洞，将缓冲器安装在洞中，以便解决问题。但无论怎样安装缓冲器，当轿厢完全压在缓冲器上时，轿底至底坑表面的距离必须符合国标，这是个”硬尺寸”。如果底坑深度实在太小；无法满足要求，则只有向下刨深。但这样工程量且不必说，由于坑底多数是与基础相连的，弄不好还会影响到建筑物的基础。另一种办法是可以在下端层厅门处作一台阶，使轿厢在台阶上平层，借以取得需要的底坑深度。但此举会受到端层层高的制约，而且对美观方面也有影响。当然，如果底坑深度超过所需要的尺寸，有可能造成轿厢空程超过国标允许值。在超过不多的情况下，我们可以通过增加缓冲器底座的办法解决；如果超出