图画图表作文江苏高考PPT课件

.,1,LectureofWriting,.,2,01考核要求,.,3,一、考核要求,四级大学英语写作考试时间均为30分钟，分值占总分的15%。四级要求考生写出一篇不少于120词的短文，试卷上可能给出题目，或规定情景，或要求看图作文，或给出段首句要求续写;或给出关键词要求写成短文。要求能够正确表达思想，意义连贯，无重大语法错误。,.,4,评分原则及标准,首先，卷面一定要清晰、干净、整洁。第二，段落按要求写，要求写几段就写几段。一般情况下，中间一段长，开首段和结尾段较短。第三，开好头，结好尾。第四，按要求的字数写，可以比要求的字数稍微多一点。,.,5,02四级写作类型,.,6,6,1.图表作文,.,7,导言：图表式作文,一、图表作文常见出题形式图表作文一般在题目中给出作文的标题和一个或几个统计表格、饼图、曲线图或条形图，有时还用英文或中文提纲的形式给出提示，要求我们：1)用文字描述图表，客观解释图表中所传递的信息，并找出某种规律或趋势;2)就图表中所反映的某种趋势或问题分析其原因或后果。,.,8,Directions:ForthispartyouareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicChangesinPeoplesDietinChina.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandbaseyourcompositiononthechartandtheoutlinegivenbelow.,1.statethechangesinpeoplesdietinthepastfiveyears;2.givepossiblereasonsforthechanges;3.drawyourownconclusions;,.,9,图表作文着重说明事实，常常是通过对图表中所反映的具体数据的说明、分析、比较，对某种事物或现象的事实或变化情况等加以说明，并提出结论或看法。因此，图表作文常常采用议论文体或说明文体的写作方法。写好图表作文，关键在于能否读懂图表中所提供的信息，把握各信息间的联系，用准确流畅的语言把这一信息表达出来，并就这一信息发表自己的看法。,.,10,柱状图（BarGraph/Chart）线形图(LineGraph/Chart)饼状图(PieGraph/Chart)表格(Table),图表类作文的形式及特点,.,11,20042007年人民饮食习惯变化表,1)表格(table),侧重于数据排序,.,12,%,20,40,60,80,100,1995,2000,2005,State-owned,private,美国近年住房产权的变化情况,2)柱状图(BarGraph/Chart),侧重数据对比,.,13,近年来看电影与看电视的人数变化情况。,(a):NumberofTVwatchers(b):Numberoffilmgoers,NumberofPeople(inthousands),A,B,3)曲线图(LineGraph/Chart),侧重数据变化,.,14,APercentageofAverageFamilyExpensein2000,BPercentageofAverageFamilyExpensein2007,Housing25%,other57%,Housing32%,other46%,Fooddrink22%,Fooddrink18%,4）饼形图(PieGraph/Chart),2000与2007年平均家庭开支情况变化表.,侧重内部结构变化,.,15,2.图表作文,“三段式”写作要点,简要、准确描述图表内容；,起始段,揭示寓意或点明观点。,.,16,2.图表作文,阐释寓意或对观点展开论述,方法1：现象解释(即原因分析),方法2：观点对比(即利弊分析),方法3：举例论证,拓展段,.,17,2.图表作文,结尾段,提出自己的观点、看法、意见或建议或预测未来。,.,18,Sample,Directions:ForthispartyouareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicChangesinPeoplesDietinChina.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandbaseyourcompositiononthechartandtheoutlinegivenbelow.,1.statethechangesinpeoplesdietinthepastfiveyears;2.givepossiblereasonsforthechanges;3.drawyourownconclusions;,.,19,表1：ChangesinPeoplesDietinChina,.,20,2.图表作文,起始段,简要、准确描述图表内容；,揭示寓意或点明观点。,.,21,1.描述图表中的数据,表1：ChangesinPeoplesDietinChina,.,22,1.描述图表中的数据,1）要注意一些特殊数字：极端数字图表中的最大最小点值、最好最差点值、基本相同点和完全相反点值等；变化明显的数字往往是同一类事物在不同时间或不同背景中的巨大反差。切忌简单地罗列图表所给出的信息。,.,23,2）对比分析，寻找数据的变化规律；横向和纵向的比较：从横向看，同一类(如事物A)数据随时间变化是升还是降，升降的幅度多大；从纵向看，不同类别(如事物A、B、C)的变化是相似还是相反，从中寻找规律。,.,24,表1：ChangesinPeoplesDietinChina,横向比较，milkmeatgrain纵向看，milk和meatgrain,逐年增加,逐年增加,减少,变化趋势相同，占总消费的比例在增大,比例变化正相反,总的变化规律：grain的消费量在减少，而milk和meat的消费量在增加。,.,25,表2：StudentUseofComputer,横向为日期(99、95、2000)，纵向为大学生每周使用计算机的时间。柱形图清晰显示出这样一个变化特点：随着时间的推移，大学生越来越多地使用计算机。,.,26,（3）筛选数据有说服力的数据:首尾两端数字或其增减值。以表1为例，用：Thepercentageofgrainconsump-tion（消耗）decreasedfrom49%in1986to30%in1990.,或者直接计算出增加值或减少值：,Theamountofgraininpeoplesdiethasdecreasedby19%.However,theamountofmilkhasincreasedby10%andthatofmeathasincreasedby13%.,两端数据49%和30%说明变化趋势是递减。,.,27,（4）思考数据间的关系为进一步强调突出数据的变化或变化趋势，使论证更有力，要构思一些比较级句，例如“Butin2000,studentsspentnearly20hoursperweekonthecomputer.Thisnumberwastentimesthatof1990andfivetimesthatof1995.”用倍数或比例更能说明问题。,.,28,2.拟定主题句，揭示寓意或点明观点图表作文的主题句通常放在首段，在引言/导入句之后说明整体变化趋势，而文章也将围绕这个整体趋势展开议论或描述。Forinstance:Greatchangeshavebeentakingplaceinpeoplesdiet/studentuseofcomputerfrom2004/1995to2007/2000.Inrecentyears,thetimestudentsusingcomputershasincreasedgreatly.,.,29,FirstParagraph,Asisclearlyshowninthetableabove,from2004to2007,theamountofgraininpeoplesdiethasdecreasedby19%,whiletheamountofmilkhasincreasedby10%andthatofmeathasincreasedby13%.Fromwhich,wecanseegreatchangeshavebeentakingplaceinpeoplesdiet.,图表描述,主旨句,.,30,1说明图表的表达结构（如图所示）：Thegraphshows/pointsoutthat图表显示。Asisshowninthetable,wecansee/concludethat如图所示，我们可以看出/得出结论。Ascanbeseeninthetablereleased/providedbythegovernment,Wecanseefromthetablethat;我们可以从图表看出Accordingtothegraph,itcanbelearnedthat根据图表，可以知道,惯用表达和句型,.,31,2引用数据的表达结构：Thestatisticspresentedinthechartareratherconvincing.图表中所显示的数据相当具有说服力。Allthesedataclearlyprovethefactthat所有这些数据明显证明这一事实。Thefiguresleadustotheconclusionthat这些数据得到这样的结论。Theabovedatacanbeinterpretedasfollows:上面的数据可以解释如下：,.,32,4时间和趋势的表达结构：1）表示时间跨度from1990to1999overtheperiodfrom1981to2001duringthepastthreedecadesbetween1998and20012）表示“上升”increase,rise,goup,rocket,soare.g.Thenumberofpopulationincreased.3）表示“下降”decrease,fall,godown,decline,reducee.g.Thenumberofpopulationdecreased.4）表示“上升/下降到-”toe.g.Thenumberofpopulationdecreasedto1billion.5）表示“上升/下降了-”bye.g.Thenumberofpopulationdecreasedby1million.,.,33,6）表示“从-上升/下降到-”fromtoe.g.Thenumberofpopulationdecreasedfrom1.3billionto1billion.7）表示“呈上升趋势”ontherise/increase;tendtogoup/rise/increase8）表示“呈下降趋势”onthedecline;tendtogodown/decrease/fall9）表示“（在数量、比例方面）占”accountfor;makeupe.g.Girlsaccountfor/makeup60%ofourclass.10）表示“分别”、“各自”respectivelye.g.In1960and1990,thelifeexpectancywasabout40and60yearsoldrespectively.11）表示“（某时）发生（某事）”see,witnesse.g.Augustsaw/witnessedthemostaccidentsoftheyear.,.,34,图表作文,ThenumberofScientificbreakthroughsoverthepastyearsinP.R.China(Estimated),练习,.,35,1)Describethechart,Asisapparentlybetrayedinthechartabove,thenumberofscientificbreakthroughsoverthepastyearsinP.R.Chinahasbeenclimbingandrocketedto204casesintheyearof2004,whichisashockingnewstopeoplebothathomeandabroad.Peoplemaywonderwhatisbehindthegreatachievement.,.,36,2.图表作文,拓展段,阐释寓意或对观点展开论述,方法1：现象解释(即原因分析),方法2：观点对比(即利弊分析),方法3：举例论证,.,37,Howtowriteagoodparagraph?,1)Atopicsentence2)Developmentsentences(majorsupportingsentenceandminorsupportingsentence)3)Preferably,aconcludingsentence4)Logicalandcoherent(connectors),.,38,扩展句的一二三原则,1）tobeginwith,then,furthermore,finally2）tostartwith,next,inaddition,finally3）firstandforemost,besides,lastbutnotleast4）mostimportantofall,moreover,finally5）ontheonehand,ontheotherhand6）foronething,foranotherthing,.,39,表1：ChangesinPeoplesDietinChina,.,40,SecondParagraph,Therearetwofactorsleadingtothechange.Foronething,peoplenowenjoyahigherstandardofliving.Intheolddaysfewfamiliescouldaffordmeatandmilkeveryday.Butnowpeoplehaveenoughmoneytotastearichvarietyoffoods.Foranother,peopleoftodaypaymoreattentiontonutrition.Theyarenotmerelycontenttofillthestomach.Theyareseekingthemostreasonabledietwhichwilldogoodtotheirhealth.,主题句,主要扩展句,次要扩展句,主要扩展句,次要扩展句,.,41,图表作文,ThenumberofScientificbreakthroughsoverthepastyearsinP.R.China(Estimated),练习,.,42,2)Accountforthestatusrevealed,Theforemostreasonsforthetremendousfeatwhichisrevealedinthechartabovecanbeillustratedasfollows.Tobeginwith,ideathatscienceandtechnologyarealsoproductivityhascontributedtotheincreaseofscientificbreakthrough.Overtheyears,moreandmorepeoplerealizethatwearelivinginaneraofknowledgeexplosion.Ifwewanttosurviveanddevelopinthecurrentworld,wemustkeeppacewiththedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology.Thus,scientificbreakthroughcropupbyeachpassingday.Whatsmore,theOpening-upandReformhasalsobroughtabouttheincreaseofscientificbreakthroughs.TheOpening-upandReformhasimprovedthedevelopmentofChinaseconomy,whichhaslaidasolidfoundationfortheincreaseofscientificbreakthroughs.Insum,ournewideaandOpening-upandReformarethepreconditionsofthetremendousincreaseofscientificbreakthroughs.,.,43,2.图表作文,结尾段,提出自己的观点、看法、意见或建议或预测未来。,.,44,表1：ChangesinPeoplesDietinChina,.,45,Inshort,withpeoplesstandardsoflivinggettinghigher,changesintheirdietwillbemoreobviousandgreater.,3)makearelevantprediction,.,46,Itismyviewthat,Inmyopinion,/FrommypointofviewTosumup,Allinall,Aboveall,AsfarasIamconcerned,Ithinkthisphenomenonisgood/harmfultoallofus.Therefore,itishightimewetookeffectivemeasurestosolvethisproblem.Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wecandrawtheconclusionthat.,MoremodelsentencesforParagraph3,.,47,Inconclusion,itisimperativethat.Insummary,ifwecontinuetoignoretheabove-mentionedissue,moreproblemswillcropup.Withtheeffortsofallpartsconcerned,theproblemwillbesolvedthoroughly.Wemightdomorethanidentifythecause;itisimportanttotakeactionsto.Takingalltheseintoaccount,we.Whetheritisgoodornot/positiveornegative,onethingiscertain/clear.Givenalltheabovefactors,itissafetoreachtheconclusionthatTakingintoaccountalltheabovefactors,itisreasonabletoreachtheconclusionthat,MoremodelsentencesforParagraph3,.,48,图表作文,ThenumberofScientificbreakthroughsoverthepastyearsinP.R.China(Estimated),练习,.,49,Asourcountrydevelopsatahighspeed,morescientificbreakthroughswillcomeintoourlifesincewehavemoresolideconomicfoundation,advancedequipmentandfacilities,andsupertalents.,3)makearelevantprediction,1Accordingto/Asisshowninthetable/chart/graph,theperiodfrom_to_,_increasedsignificant,while_decreased/droppedsharply.2Thereareahugenumberofreasonsbehindthisphenomenon./Thereasonsofthechangeslieinseveralaspects.3Firstofall,_(原因1).4Secondly,_(原因2).5Thirdly,_(原因3).7Allinall,wecanseethatinthepast_years/months/weeks,_has/havebeenrising/droppingyearbyyear.7Wecanalsoexpectthat_(展望发展趋势).8Fromtheabovediscussions,wehaveenoughreasontopredictwhatwillhappeninthenearfuture.9Thetrenddescribedinthetable/chart/graphwillcontinueforquitealongtime(ifnecessarymeasuresarenottaken).),模板1,.,51,总的趋势图表具体描述剖析图表所揭示的含义理由一理由二理由三理由四总结前景预测Ascanbeseenfromthetable,thepastdecadehaswitnesseddramaticchangesin_.While_.Itisobviousfromthetablethat_.Whatcontributedtothesechanges?Ithinkthereasonsareasfollows.Tostartwith,_.Secondly,_.Whatsmore,_.Lastbutnotlease,_.Inconclusion,_.Moreover,_.,模板2,.,52,52,2.图画作文,.,53,53,Introduction：图画作文,图画作文可分为图片、漫画与照片等多种。图画作文总体上比图表作文的结构变化更多，更为灵活，因此难度也更大。对于图画作文，基本可以认为是我们小学时练习的“看图说话”。虽然题目不会给出具体提纲，但是基本的写作思路是固定的：描述图片、阐明观点、给出建议。因此，图画作文一般采用的还是议论文的写作方法。,.,54,54,Introduction：图画作文,1.出题者会在题干部分提出关键信息，即文章的立意为何。2.根据写作要求，准确把握“图画特点”，明确其背后隐藏的深刻含义或寓意。切记：不要脱离题干部分所给出的关键信息！自行揣摩图片立意容易跑题！写好图画作文的关键在于：把握寓意，联系现实，丰富表达。,.,55,1.图画作文(PictureWriting),“三段式”写作要点,简要、准确描述图画内容；,起始段,揭示寓意或点明观点。,.,56,1.图画作文(PictureWriting),如何描述图画？,图画的描述最好在首句即开始。此类作文大部分是一幅图，也会有两幅图出现的情况。如果出现两幅图，则很有可能是突显对比的情况。图画上可能没有任何文字，也可能在上面出现了一句话，也可以单个人物说话或两个人物对话，也可能在图画外写了总结性的一句话。大家注意，这一句话或两句话一般是非常重要的，应予译出。建议在第一段图画描述之后，直接揭示寓意或点明观点。,.,57,1.图画作文(PictureWriting),ParagraphOne,.,58,作文一：Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessaybasedonthepicturebelow.Youshouldstartyouressaywithabriefdescriptionofthepictureandthenexpressyourviewontheimportanceofreadingliterature.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.,.,59,1.图画作文(PictureWriting),“Justthinkofitasifyourereadingalongtextmessage.”,Youshouldstartyouressaywithabriefdescriptionofthepictureandthenexpressyourviewontheimportanceofreadingliterature.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.,.,60,第一段：套话+描述+寓意,Asishumorouslyportrayedinthecartoon,ateacherishandingaclassicliteraturebooktoastudent,askingthestudentto“justreaditasifyouarereadingalongtextmessage.”Obviously,thesymbolicalmeaningofthispictureistoshowustheimportanceofreadingliterature.,.,61,图画作文(PictureWriting),MoremodelsentencesforParagraph1,Asthepicturedepicts，Fromthecartoonpicture，wecanseethatAccordingtothepictureThepictureshowsindicatesrevealsthatItcanbeseen/concludedfromthepicturethatAsisvividlyportrayed/depicted/revealedinthecartoon/picture,Apparently,thepicturereflects/revealsthatThecartooninformsusofthephenomenonthat,.,62,替换picture的词语：Drawing,cartoon,portrait,sketch描述图画的形容词：Thought-provoking发人深省的Enlightening有启迪作用的Compelling/striking/intriguing引人注目的Profound/far-reachingimplications含义深刻Instructive/beneficial/significant有益的Impressive印象深刻的修饰动词的副词：Vividly/graphically生动地Symbolically象征性地Clearly/conspicuously/explicitly清晰地Subtly巧妙地,.,63,1.图画作文(PictureWriting),阐释寓意或对观点展开论述,方法1：现象解释(即原因分析),方法2：观点对比(即利弊分析),方法3：举例论证,拓展段,.,64,1.图画作文(PictureWriting),Howtowriteagoodparagraph?,1)Atopicsentence2)Developmentsentences(majorsupportingsentenceandminorsupportingsentence)3)Preferably,aconcludingsentence4)Logicalandcoherent(connectors),.,65,1.图画作文(PictureWriting),ParagraphTwo,.,66,第二段，阐明观点。而观点在题干中事实上给的很清楚：theimportanceofreadingliterature。这进一步说明仔细审清题干比看懂图画中的对话更重要。阐明观点之后的思路与一般的四级提纲型写作一致，可以先举例说明现象、然后再探讨导致现象的原因以及该现象可能导致的影响等；还可结合数字、研究、名言等进行论证。切记：第二段要有主题句，且建议放在句首。无论是原因分析还是观点对比，至少要写出两点，最多不超过四点即可，且观点之间要使用恰当的衔接词。,.,67,Itshouldbegenerallyacknowledgedthatclassicliteratureplaysasignificantrolenotonlyinpreservingtheessenceofgreatmindsbutalsoinenhancingthequalityofoneslife.Tobeginwith,literatureasthecollectionofgreatmindswillhelpusenormouslybroadenourhorizons,experiencingthingswewonthavethechancetodoaswellasliveswewontbeabletoenjoy.Whatismore,thosefinestoriesselectedandconveyedbythegreatauthor,althoughhappenedinthepast,stillcarrysomeusefulinformationandimplicationforourdailylives.Inaddition,thebeautifulwordsandsentencesflowinginthepagesofexcellentliteraturecangreatlyeaseourtiredness,makingusfeeleasyandquiet.,.,68,扩展句的一二三原则,1）tobeginwith,then,furthermore,finally2）tostartwith,next,inaddition,finally3）firstandforemost,besides,lastbutnotleast4）mostimportantofall,moreover,finally5）ontheonehand,ontheotherhand6）foronething,foranotherthing,.,69,1.图画作文(PictureWriting),结尾段,提出自己的观点、看法、意见或建议。这段的写法无论是图画、图表还是提纲写作、甚至格言谚语型写作，都差别不大。,.,70,1.图画作文(PictureWriting),ParagraphThree,.,71,第三段：总结全文，再次强调观点。并提出建议。,Therefore,weoughttofullyrealizetheimportanceofreadingliterature.Justastheteacherinthepictureputs,readingliteratureshouldbeaseasyandcommonasreadingtextmessages.Facingthecomingchallengesinthedaysahead,weneedtoequipuswithnotonlysciencebutalsoliteraturebywhichwecanbeautifyourlifeandtheworld.,.,72,Itismyviewthat,Inmyopinion,/FrommypointofviewTosumup,Allinall,Aboveall,AsfarasIamconcerned,Ithinkthisphenomenonisgood/harmfultoallofus.Therefore,itishightimewetookeffectivemeasurestosolvethisproblem.Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wecandrawtheconclusionthat.,MoremodelsentencesforParagraph3,.,73,Inconclusion,itisimperativethat.Insummary,ifwecontinuetoignoretheabove-mentionedissue,moreproblemswillcropup.Withtheeffortsofallpartsconcerned,theproblemwillbesolvedthoroughly.Wemightdomorethanidentifythecause;itisimportanttotakeactionsto.Takingalltheseintoaccount,we.Whetheritisgoodornot/positiveornegative,onethingiscertain/clear.Givenalltheabovefactors,itissafetoreachtheconclusionthatTakingintoaccountalltheabovefactors,itisreasonabletoreachtheconclusionthat,MoremodelsentencesforParagraph3,.,74,1.图画作文Practice,“WhyamIgoingtoschoolifmyphonealreadyknowseverything?”,Youshouldstartyouressaywithabriefdescriptionofthepictureandthencommentonthekidsunderstandingofgoingtoschool.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.,.,75,Whatthedrawingvividlydepictsisthatapupiltellshismotherhedoesnotneedtogotoschoolsincehisphonehasalreadyknowneverything.Thispictureillustratesthatmanystudentsarehighlydependentontheirphones,overlookingtheimportanceofpersonalstudies.However,asfarasIamconcerned,thephonesplayanimportantbutnotindispensableroleinstudentseducation.,.,76,Thereisnodenyingthatmobilephoneshavebroughtmuchconvenienceb