Hawthorne-and-MelvillePPT课件

.,1,NathanielHawthorne(18041864),.,2,1.NathanielHawthorne(1804-1864),1.1Life,HewasborninaprestigiousNewEnglandfamilycloselyrelatedwithPuritanchurch;hisancestorsattendedthepersecutionofpeoplebelongingtodifferentchurches,suchasQuakers.,.,TheSalemwitchtrialswereaseriesofhearingsbeforecountycourttrialstoprosecutepeopleaccusedofwitchcraftinthecountiesofEssex,Suffolk,andMiddlesexincolonialMassachusetts,betweenFebruary1692andMay1693.DespitebeinggenerallyknownastheSalemwitchtrials,thepreliminaryhearingsin1692wereconductedinavarietyoftownsacrosstheprovince:SalemVillage(nowDanvers),Ipswich,AndoverandSalemTown.Thebest-knowntrialswereconductedbytheCourtofOyerandTerminerin1692inSalemTown.Over150peoplewerearrestedandimprisoned,withevenmoreaccusedbutnotformallypursuedbytheauthorities.Alltwenty-sixwhowenttotrialbeforethiscourtwereconvicted.,.,.,5,Whenhewasborn,hisfamilydeclined.Hewasawareofhisancestorsmisdeedsandthus“blacknessofHawthorne”formed.Hethoughtthatthereasonofhisfamilysdeclineishisancestorsmisdeeds.AndhedidntagreewiththeoptimismheldbyTranscendentaliststowardshumannature.Hewrotelotsofworksoneverlastingevilsideinhumannature.,.,6,HegraduatedfromBowdoinCollege.HenryWadsworthLongfellowandMr.Pierce,the14thAmericanpresidentwerehisclassmates.,.,7,Later,heworkedintheUSCustomHouse.,Aftergraduation,helivedinseclusionandwrote.,.,8,AfterPiercebecamepresident,hewasaskedtobetheconsulinLiverpoolandItaly.,TheappearanceofTheScarletLetterin1850makeshimbecomefamousasthegreatestwriterthenlivingandthefirstgreatAmericanwriteroffiction.,.,9,1.2Aesthetics,AttitudetowardsEmersonianTranscendentalism,Blackvisionofhumannature,TheoryofRomance,.,10,AttitudetowardsEmersonianTranscendentalism,LikeEmerson,Hawthornethinksthatmanseyesshouldpiercetheveilofsurfacestodiscoverthehumannature.,ForHawthorne,asforEmerson,externalreality,nature,objects,tangibleformsaremerelysymbolsofadeeper,moreinward,ultimatelyspiritualreality,andHawthorneslanguage,likeEmersons,isanattempttoextractthesecretmeaningfromreality.,.,11,ButwhileforEmerson,theresultofsuchaquestisnearlyalwayspositive,ajoyousrevelationorratheraconfirmation,forHawthorne,itisfarmorefrequentlyarevelationofevil,ofdeathinlife,ofthemysteryandambiguitywhichsurroundus.,.,12,Blackvisionofhumannature,Obsessed,orhauntedbytheCalvinisticconceptoftheoriginalsin,Hawthornecannotlookuponanyaspectofreality,eitherhumanornatural,withoutfindingthegermthatcorruptsanddestroys.,Forhim,humanbeingsareevil-naturedandsinfulandthissinandeviliseverpresentinhumanheartandwillpassonfromonegenerationtoanother.Hiswritingsaretoshowhowweareallwrongedandwrongers,andavengeoneanother.,.,13,Hesymbolizesmoralorspiritualdiseasebythediseaseofthebodyandaccordinglywhenapersoncommitsanysin,itmightappearinsomeformonthebody.,Besides,Hawthornebelievesthathumanbeingscontinuouslysinandsinwillgetpunishedonewayoranother.Asamatteroffacthewassaidtobeoftentroubledbythethoughtthatthedeclineofhisfamilyfortuneshadalottodowiththesinsofhisancestors.Hebelievesthat“thewrongdoingofonegenerationlivesintothesuccessiveones”.,.,14,TheoryofRomance,HawthornstheoryofRomanceisanidealcombinationoffactsandfancy,realisticdetailsandfancifulthings,orrealityandimagination,tomakethereallookunreal,ortheunrealreal.,ThatswhyHawthorntookgreatinterestinhistoryandantiquity,whichhebelievedenabledhimtodeemstrangethingsandmakethem.,.,Romance骑士传奇，浪漫传奇-anyimaginativeliteraturethatissetinanidealizedworldandthatdealswithheroicadventuresandbattlesbetweengoodcharactersandvillainsormonsters.,.,16,1.3Majorworks,Shortstorycollections:Twice-ToldTales故事新编;MosesfromanOldManse古屋青苔,Novels:TheScarletLetter红字;TheHouseofSevenGables七个尖角阁的房子;TheBlithedaleRomance福谷传奇;TheMarbleFaun大理石神像,.,17,1.4Featuresofworks,senseofsinandevil(sinandpunishment),tensionbetweenhead(intellect)andheart(emotion)(Hawthorneheldnegativeattitudetowardsscience.Mostly,hisintellectualcharactersarevillains.),ambiguity（复义性）,.,18,goodatdepictingpsychology,symbolism,supernaturalelements,excellentcraftsmanship(delicatestructure;refinedlanguage),.,19,1.5TheScarletLetter,Sample:ScarletLetter(A:AdulterytoAbletoAngel),Characters:,HesterPrynne(heroine,attractive,activetowardsthesin),RogerChillingworth(Hestershusband,emotionless,onlythinkingaboutrevenge,realvillaininthenovel,signifyingpureintellectwhichwasmercilessinHawthornesmind),ArthurDimmesdale(ahandsomeandadmirableyoungpriest,contradictoryonthesinhemadewithHester,beingabravemanatlast),.,20,Theme:,Thethemeofthestoryshouldbethemoral,emotionalandpsychologicaleffectsofthesinonpeople.(P76),TheScarletLetterisaculturalallegory,inwhichtheauthorindirectlytellsthefutureofPuritanism.,.,Allegory:astorywithasymbolicmeaningusedtoteachamorallessonbecausethepeopleandplacesinitstandsforotherideas,.,allegory:anarrativethatservesasanextendedmetaphor.Allegoriesarewrittenintheformoffables,poems,storiesandalmostanyotherstyle.Themainpurposeofanallegoryistotellastorythathascharacters,asetting,aswellasothertypesofsymbols,thathavebothliteralandfigurativemeanings.Thedifferencebetweenanallegoryandasymbolisthatanallegoryisacompletenarrativethatconveysabstractideastogetapointacross,whileasymbolisarepresentationofanideaorconceptthatcanhaveadifferentmeaningthroughoutaliterarywork.ThedivineComedy,.,23,TheScarletLetterisasampleinwhichAmericanRomanticismadapteditselftoAmericanPuritanism.(BecauseofthestronginfluenceofPuritanisminAmericansociety,Hawthorneonlyexpressedhisideasonthesinindirectlybyemployingsymbolism.),.,24,Thestoryisseeminglysimple,butitrelatestheallegoryofsinnersandtheconflictbetweenintellectualandnaturalemotionsothatweseenotonlyHawthornsjudgmentof17thcenturyPuritansocietybutalsohisclearperceptionofhumanpsychologyandhumanindictmentinalmostanyhumancommunity.Thethematicconcernoftheauthorisnotsomuchaboutthesinitselfasabouttheeffectofthesinonthepeopleinvolvedandthesocietyasawholeaswellastheconflictofintellectandheart.,.,25,DiscussionofChapter1andChapter2inTheScarletletter:,Theprisonasthesetting,Theimplicationofthedescriptionoftheroses,PeoplesattitudetowardsHester,ThereasonHestermakestheembroideryoftheLetterAsoelaborate,Hesterscharacter,.,26,2HermanMelville(1819-1891),2.1GeneralIntroduction,HermanMelvilleandhiscontemporaryauthorsexperiencedsuchthingsthattheyarehardtoberecognizedbytheirfellowmen.ThoreauandDickinsonhadfewornocontemporaryreaders.PoeandWhitmanweremisunderstood.AndMelvillesufferedanagonizingneglectparticularlypainfultohissoul,andhesufferedlikeWhitmanwithoutthekindofcompensationthatthelatterlivedtoenjoy.(P79),.,27,Althoughneglectedformanyyears,hewasrediscoveredaround1920andhasbeenenthusiasticallystudiedbycriticsandscholarseversince.Soonafterhisdeath,therewasashortrevivalofinterestinMelvilleswork.Manyofhisworkswerepublishedagainandsoweremanyappreciativescholarlyevaluations.,.,28,By1930sMelvillescholarshipbecameprominent(HughHetheringtoncompletedthefirstdoctoraldissertationonMelvilleattheUniv.ofMichiganin1933),and,soonafterthesecondworldwar,aMelvillesocietywasorganized.ThroughthenexttwodecadesMelvilleandhiswritingattractedmoreresearchandscholarshipthananyotherAmericanauthor.,.,29,2.2Mastersinfluencinghim,Hawthornsinfluence,Wasdeeplyimpressedbyhisbook,Hisessay“HawthorneandHisMosses,”indicatesthechangeHawthornesMossesfromanOldMansebroughtaboutinhisoutlookonlifeandontheworld.HawthornesunderstandingofevilimpactedMelvillesoriginaldesignofMobyDick,aboutone-thirdofwhichhehadcompletedwhentheymet.Hehadastrongdesiretorevealtheevilinlifeandhumansoulthroughatragedy.,.,30,ForMelville,heneededbadlysb.tounderstandandsympathizewithhisliterarywork,especiallythecompanionshipoftheolderwritercouldreawakenhiscreativeenergy,asneitherunderstandingnorsympathywasforthcomingfromhisownfamily.,Theywerephilosophicallycloselyrelated,andtheyrepresentedapositionoftragichumanismintheirtime.(P80-81),.,31,Othersinfluence,Melvillewasaprolificwriter.Inhiswholelifeheenjoyedreading(avoraciousreader:Emerson,Hawthorne,ThomasCarlyle,Shelley,ThomasBrowne,LyellsGeology,andShakespeare;aseriousreader:wroteglossesandcommentariesasheracedthroughthevolumesthatcamehisway),HisdiscoveryofShakespearestirredhimtothedepthsofhisbeing.CarlyleandHawthornessymbolismfascinatedhim.ForEmersonhehadmixedfeelingsofrespectandrepulsion.,.,32,2.3Hisworks,Typee:APeepatPolynesianLife,1846(conveyingtheironythatacivilizedmancannotreturntoparadise.)泰比,Omoo:ANarrativeofAdventuresintheSouthSeas,1847.奥穆,.,33,Mardi,玛蒂1849,Redburn,莱德伯恩1849,White-Jacket,orTheWorldinaMan-of-War,1850(relatinghislifeonaUnitedStatesman-of-war),.,34,Moby-Dick,orTheWhale,1851(nowheraldedasalandmarkworkinAmericanliterature,receivinglittleacclaimuponitsrelease,thecoolresponseofthepublictoitdisgustinghimsothathealmostleftoffnovelwritinginhislateforties),PierreorTheAmbiguities,1852,HislateworksincludethevolumesofpoetryBattle-PiecesandAspectsoftheWar(1866)andJohnMarrandOtherSailors(1888);thelongpoemClarel(1876);andtheposthumouslypublishednovellaBillyBudd,Foretopman(1924),thetragedyofaninnocent.,.,35,2.5MobyDick,SomehistoricalnotesonMelvillesera,Themes(P84-85),Characterization(P84-85),Specialfeature:symbolism(P86),.,36,Somehistoricalno