安徽工业大学《软件工程》(全)PPT课件

SoftwareEngineering,Bornin1968,BecauseofSoftwareCrisis(highcosts,slowdelivery,lowquality),Bilinguallanguageteaching,双语教学（中英，中俄，中韩）板书、讲授、作业、考试采用两种语言的混杂，比例是外语不低于20%是基础英语、科技英语、专业英语的延续，体现英语教学的不断线。是英语的应用，不是为了学习英语，经过近20年的英语学习，现在是大家应用英语的时候了。双语软件工程是为了学习软件工程的知识，是为了达到国际水平而开设的。,Stateinvestigate,Programlanguage：1.会C语言2.除C语言外，会C+3.还会Java,C#Practices：1.生成过exe文件2.制作过setup文件3.做过网站,Stateinvestigate,听说过：1.软件工程2.瀑布型模型3.构件4.OCX，DLL，COM，J2EE5.SOA6.云计算,Purpose,教我们如何做软件，按照工程化的方法开发软件,Whatissoftware?（什么是软件）,ComputerprogramsandassociateddocumentationandConfigurationData程序、相关文档和数据Softwareproductsmaybedevelopedforaparticularcustomerormaybedevelopedforageneralmarket订制和通用,Whatissoftwareengineering?（什么是软件工程）,Softwareengineeringisanengineeringdisciplinewhichisconcernedwithallaspectsofsoftwareproduction（涉及软件所有方面的工程原则）Softwareengineersshouldadoptasystematicandorganisedapproachtotheirworkanduseappropriatetoolsandtechniquesdependingontheproblemtobesolved,thedevelopmentconstraintsandtheresourcesavailable（采用系统方法、工具和管理技术）,Whatisthedifferencebetweensoftwareengineeringandcomputerscience?,Computerscienceisconcernedwiththeoryandfundamentals;softwareengineeringisconcernedwiththepracticalitiesofdevelopinganddeliveringusefulsoftwareComputersciencetheoriesarecurrentlyinsufficienttoactasacompleteunderpinningforsoftwareengineering计算机科学是基础理论，支撑软件工程,Whatisthedifferencebetweensoftwareengineeringandsystemengineering?,Systemengineeringisconcernedwithallaspectsofcomputer-basedsystemsdevelopmentincludinghardware,softwareandprocessengineering.SoftwareengineeringispartofthisprocessSystemengineersareinvolvedinsystemspecification,architecturaldesign,integrationanddeployment软件工程是系统工程的分支,Whatisasoftwareprocess?（什么是软件过程）,AsetofactivitieswhosegoalisthedevelopmentorevolutionofsoftwareGenericactivitiesinallsoftwareprocessesare:Specification、Development、Validation、Evolution软件开发和升级的一系列活动：描述、开发、测试和升级,Whatisasoftwareprocessmodel?（什么是软件过程模型）,Asimplifiedrepresentationofasoftwareprocess,presentedfromaspecificperspective（简单概括）ExamplesofprocessperspectivesareWorkflowperspective（工作流）Data-flowperspective（信息流）Role/actionperspective（角色/行为）GenericprocessmodelsWaterfall（瀑布型）Evolutionarydevelopment（进化型）Formaltransformation（形式化型）Integrationfromreusablecomponents（面向复用型）,Whatarethecostsofsoftwareengineering?（什么是软件工程成本）,Roughly60%ofcostsaredevelopmentcosts,40%aretestingcosts.Forcustomsoftware,evolutioncostsoftenexceeddevelopmentcostsCostsvarydependingonthetypeofsystembeingdevelopedandtherequirementsofsystemattributessuchasperformanceandsystemreliabilityDistributionofcostsdependsonthedevelopmentmodelthatisused,Whataresoftwareengineeringmethods?（什么是软件工程方法）,Structuredapproachestosoftwaredevelopmentwhichincludesystemmodels,notations,rules,designadviceandprocessguidanceModeldescriptions（模型描述）DescriptionsofgraphicalmodelswhichshouldbeproducedRules（规则）ConstraintsappliedtosystemmodelsRecommendations（建议）AdviceongooddesignpracticeProcessguidance（过程指南）Whatactivitiestofollow,WhatisCASE(Computer-AidedSoftwareEngineering)（辅助工具）,Softwaresystemswhichareintendedtoprovideautomatedsupportforsoftwareprocessactivities.CASEsystemsareoftenusedformethodsupportUpper-CASE（高端工具）ToolstosupporttheearlyprocessactivitiesofrequirementsanddesignLower-CASE（低端工具）Toolstosupportlateractivitiessuchasprogramming,debuggingandtesting,Whataretheattributesofgoodsoftware?（优良软件的特性是什么？）,Thesoftwareshoulddelivertherequiredfunctionalityandperformancetotheuserandshouldbemaintainable,dependableandusableMaintainability（可维护）Dependability（可信赖）Efficiency（有效）Usability（可用）,Whatarethekeychallengesfacingsoftwareengineering?（面临的挑战）,Copingwithlegacysystems,copingwithincreasingdiversityandcopingwithdemandsforreduceddeliverytimesLegacysystems（遗留系统）Old,valuablesystemsmustbemaintainedandupdatedHeterogeneity（多样性）SystemsaredistributedandincludeamixofhardwareandsoftwareDelivery（交付）Thereisincreasingpressureforfasterdeliveryofsoftware,Issuesofprofessionalresponsibility（职业道德）,Confidentiality（机密）Engineersshouldnormallyrespecttheconfidentialityoftheiremployersorclientsirrespectiveofwhetherornotaformalconfidentialityagreementhasbeensigned.Competence（工作竞争力）Engineersshouldnotmisrepresenttheirlevelofcompetence.Theyshouldnotknowinglyacceptworkwhichisoutwiththeircompetence.,Issuesofprofessionalresponsibility（职业道德）,Intellectualpropertyrights（知识产权）Engineersshouldbeawareoflocallawsgoverningtheuseofintellectualpropertysuchaspatents,copyright,etc.Theyshouldbecarefultoensurethattheintellectualpropertyofemployersandclientsisprotected.Computermisuse（计算机滥用）Softwareengineersshouldnotusetheirtechnicalskillstomisuseotherpeoplescomputers.Computermisuserangesfromrelativelytrivial(gameplayingonanemployersmachine,say)toextremelyserious(disseminationofviruses).,Codeofethicsprinciples（代码道德）,1.PUBLIC（公众感）Softwareengineersshallactconsistentlywiththepublicinterest.2.CLIENTANDEMPLOYER（客户和顾主）Softwareengineersshallactinamannerthatisinthebestinterestsoftheirclientandemployerconsistentwiththepublicinterest.3.PRODUCT（产品）Softwareengineersshallensurethattheirproductsandrelatedmodificationsmeetthehighestprofessionalstandardspossible.,Codeofethicsprinciples（代码道德）,JUDGMENT（判断力）Softwareengineersshallmaintainintegrityandindependenceintheirprofessionaljudgment.5.MANAGEMENT（管理能力）Softwareengineeringmanagersandleadersshallsubscribetoandpromoteanethicalapproachtothemanagementofsoftwaredevelopmentandmaintenance.6.PROFESSION（职业感）Softwareengineersshalladvancetheintegrityandreputationoftheprofessionconsistentwiththepublicinterest.,Codeofethicsprinciples（代码道德）,7.COLLEAGUES（对待同事）Softwareengineersshallbefairtoandsupportiveoftheircolleagues.8.SELF（自我要求）Softwareengineersshallparticipateinlifelonglearningregardingthepracticeoftheirprofessionandshallpromoteanethicalapproachtothepracticeoftheprofession.,Keypoints(主要知识点),Softwareengineeringisanengineeringdisciplinewhichisconcernedwithallaspectsofsoftwareproduction.Softwareproductsconsistofdevelopedprogramsandassociateddocumentation.Essentialproductattributesaremaintainability,dependability,efficiencyandusability.Thesoftwareprocessconsistsofactivitieswhichareinvolvedindevelopingsoftwareproducts.Basicactivitiesaresoftwarespecification,development,validationandevolution.,Keypoints,CASEtoolsaresoftwaresystemswhicharedesignedtosupportroutineactivitiesinthesoftwareprocesssuchaseditingdesigndiagrams,checkingdiagramconsistencyandkeepingtrackofprogramtestswhichhavebeenrun.Softwareengineershaveresponsibilitiestotheengineeringprofessionandsociety.Theyshouldnotsimplybeconcernedwithtechnicalissues.Professionalsocietiespublishcodesofconductwhichsetoutthestandardsofbehaviourexpectedoftheirmembers.,Homework,whatissoftware?whatisSoftwareEngineering?whatissoftwareprocess?whatarethecostsofSoftwareEngineering?whatisCASE?whatissoftwareengineeringcodeofethicsandprofessionalpractice?,SoftwareProcesses(软件过程),Coherentsetsofactivitiesforspecifying,designing,implementingandtestingsoftwaresystems（定义、设计、实现和测试等一系列活动）,Genericsoftwareprocessmodels（一般软件过程模型）,Thewaterfallmodel（瀑布模型）Evolutionarydevelopment（进化式模型）Formalsystemsdevelopment（形式化模型）Reuse-baseddevelopment（面向复用模型）,Waterfallmodel（瀑布模型）,需求定义,系统和软件设计,编码和单元测试,集成和系统测试,运行和维护,Waterfallmodelproblems（瀑布模型的问题）,Inflexiblepartitioningoftheprojectintodistinctstages（僵化的阶段划分）Thismakesitdifficulttorespondtochangingcustomerrequirements（不适应需求变化）Therefore,thismodelisonlyappropriatewhentherequirementsarewell-understood（适用于需求明确的系统）,Evolutionarydevelopment（进化开发）,Exploratorydevelopment（演化开发）Objectiveistoworkwithcustomersandtoevolveafinalsystemfromaninitialoutlinespecification.Shouldstartwithwell-understoodrequirementsThrow-awayprototyping（抛弃开发）Objectiveistounderstandthesystemrequirements.Shouldstartwithpoorlyunderstoodrequirements,Evolutionarydevelopment（进化开发）,Evolutionarydevelopment（进化开发）,Problems（问题）Lackofprocessvisibility（过程不可见）Systemsareoftenpoorlystructured（系统结构不好）Specialskills(e.g.inlanguagesforrapidprototyping)mayberequired（需要一些技巧）Applicability（适用于）Forsmallormedium-sizeinteractivesystems中等规模的交互系统Forpartsoflargesystems(e.g.theuserinterface)大系统的一部分Forshort-lifetimesystems生命周期短的系统,Formalsystemsdevelopment（形式化系统开发）,Basedonthetransformationofamathematicalspecificationthroughdifferentrepresentationstoanexecutableprogram（基于数学模型）Transformationsarecorrectness-preservingsoitisstraightforwardtoshowthattheprogramconformstoitsspecification（正确转换）EmbodiedintheCleanroomapproachtosoftwaredevelopment（净室方法）,Formalsystemsdevelopment（形式化系统开发）,需求定义,形式化描述,形式化转换,集成和系统测试,Formaltransformations（形式化转换）,形式描述,可执行系统,Formalsystemsdevelopment（形式化系统开发）,Problems（问题）NeedforspecialisedskillsandtrainingtoapplythetechniqueDifficulttoformallyspecifysomeaspectsofthesystemsuchastheuserinterfaceApplicability（适用于）Criticalsystemsespeciallythosewhereasafetyorsecuritycasemustbemadebeforethesystemisputintooperation,Reuse-orienteddevelopment（面向复用的开发）,BasedonsystematicreusewheresystemsareintegratedfromexistingcomponentsorCOTS(Commercial-off-the-shelf)systems（现成商业系统）ProcessstagesComponentanalysis（构件分析）Requirementsmodification（需求修改）Systemdesignwithreuse（系统设计）Developmentandintegration（开发和集成）Thisapproachisbecomingmoreimportantbutstilllimitedexperiencewithit,Reuse-orienteddevelopment（面向复用的开发）,需求定义,构件分析,需求调整,系统设计,设计和集成,系统测试,Processiteration（过程反复）,SystemrequirementsALWAYSevolveinthecourseofaprojectsoprocessiterationwhereearlierstagesarereworkedisalwayspartoftheprocessforlargesystemsIterationcanbeappliedtoanyofthegenericprocessmodelsTwo(related)approachesIncrementaldevelopmentSpiraldevelopment,Incrementaldevelopment（增量开发）,Ratherthandeliverthesystemasasingledelivery,thedevelopmentanddeliveryisbrokendownintoincrementswitheachincrementdeliveringpartoftherequiredfunctionalityUserrequirementsareprioritisedandthehighestpriorityrequirementsareincludedinearlyincrementsOncethedevelopmentofanincrementisstarted,therequirementsarefrozenthoughrequirementsforlaterincrementscancontinuetoevolve,Spiraldevelopment（螺旋开发）,ProcessisrepresentedasaspiralratherthanasasequenceofactivitieswithbacktrackingEachloopinthespiralrepresentsaphaseintheprocess.Nofixedphasessuchasspecificationordesign-loopsinthespiralarechosendependingonwhatisrequiredRisksareexplicitlyassessedandresolvedthroughouttheprocess,Spiralmodelofthesoftwareprocess（螺旋开发）,总结,进化式模型是新手和新的不熟悉项目的首选瀑布模型有经验的人对熟悉的系统形式化转换往往针对协议一类便于形式化的系统面向复用是成功的商业系统现在软件开发面临：1.平台的不同2.工具的不同,Automatedprocesssupport(CASE)（计算机辅助工具）,Computer-aidedsoftwareengineering(CASE)issoftwaretosupportsoftwaredevelopmentandevolutionprocessesActivityautomation（自动化）GraphicaleditorsforsystemmodeldevelopmentDatadictionarytomanagedesignentitiesGraphicalUIbuilderforuserinterfaceconstructionDebuggerstosupportprogramfaultfindingAutomatedtranslatorstogeneratenewversionsofaprogram,Casetechnology（计算机辅助工具技术）,Casetechnologyhasledtosignificantimprovementsinthesoftwareprocessthoughnottheorderofmagnitudeimprovementsthatwereoncepredicted（工具作用尚未达到预期）Softwareengineeringrequirescreativethought-thisisnotreadilyautomatable（创造性行为）Softwareengineeringisateamactivityand,forlargeprojects,muchtimeisspentinteaminteractions.CASEtechnologydoesnotreallysupportthese（人之间交互太多）,CASEclassification（计算机辅助工具分类）,ClassificationhelpsusunderstandthedifferenttypesofCASEtoolsandtheirsupportforprocessactivitiesFunctionalperspective(功能观点）ToolsareclassifiedaccordingtotheirspecificfunctionProcessperspective（过程观点）ToolsareclassifiedaccordingtoprocessactivitiesthataresupportedIntegrationperspective（集成观点）Toolsareclassifiedaccordingtotheirorganisationintointegratedunits,CASEintegration（计算机辅助工具集成）,Tools（工具）Supportindividualprocesstaskssuchasdesignconsistencychecking,textediting,etc.Workbenches（工作平台）Supportaprocessphasesuchasspecificationordesign,NormallyincludeanumberofintegratedtoolsEnvironments（环境）Supportallorasubstantialpartofanentiresoftwareprocess.Normallyincludeseveralintegratedworkbenches,Keypoints（主要知识点）,Softwareprocessesaretheactivitiesinvolvedinproducingandevolvingasoftwaresystem.TheyarerepresentedinasoftwareprocessmodelGeneralactivitiesarespecification,designandimplementation,validationandevolutionGenericprocessmodelsdescribetheorganisationofsoftwareprocessesIterativeprocessmodelsdescribethesoftwareprocessasacycleofactivities,Keypoints（主要知识点）,RequirementsengineeringistheprocessofdevelopingasoftwarespecificationDesignandimplementationprocessestransformthespecificationtoanexecutableprogramValidationinvolvescheckingthatthesystemmeetstoitsspecificationanduserneedsEvolutionisconcernedwithmodifyingthesystemafteritisinuseCASEtechnologysupportssoftwareprocessactivities,1.whatarethefoursoftwareprocessmodels?2.whatisthewaterfallmodel?Advantagesanddisadvantages?3.whatarethetwokindmodelsofevolutionarymodel?Advantagesanddisadvantages?4.whatisthereuse-basedmodel?Advantagesanddisadvantages?5.whatisformalsystemdevelopmentmodel?Advantagesanddisadvantages?,Homework,Projectmanagement项目管理,Organising,planningandschedulingsoftwareprojects软件项目的组织、计划和进度安排,角色模拟,假设马鞍山股份钢铁公司投资1亿元人民币，开发全公司的ERP(EnterpriseResourcePlanning)管理系统,你作为项目负责人，请问你如何开展工作，写出提纲。,给出参考,项目规划和计划人员组成进度安排成本预算（经费分配）风险管理,Topicscovered包含主要内容,Managementactivities管理行为Projectplanning计划管理Projectscheduling进度管理Riskmanagement风险管理,Theproductisintangible不可见性Theproductisuniquelyflexible弹性Softwareengineeringisnotrecognizedasanengineeringdisciplinewiththesamestatusasmechanical,electricalengineering,etc.Thesoftwaredevelopmentprocessisnotstandardised无标准Manysoftwareprojectsareone-offprojects一次性,Softwaremanagementdistinctions软件管理特点,Projectstaffing人员管理,MaynotbepossibletoappointtheidealpeopletoworkonaprojectProjectbudgetmaynotallowfortheuseofhighly-paidstaffStaffwiththeappropriateexperiencemaynotbeavailableAnorganisationmaywishtodevelopemployeeskillsonasoftwareprojectManagershavetoworkwithintheseconstraintsespeciallywhen(asiscurrentlythecase)thereisaninternationalshortageofskilledITstaff,Projectplanstructure项目计划结构,IntroductionProjectorganisationRiskanalysisHardwareandsoftwareresourcerequirementsWorkbreakdownProjectscheduleMonitoringandreportingmechanisms,MilestonesintheREprocess软件工程中的里程碑,Projectscheduling项目进度,SplitprojectintotasksandestimatetimeandresourcesrequiredtocompleteeachtaskOrganizetasksconcurrentlytomakeoptimaluseofworkforceMinimizetaskdependenciestoavoiddelayscausedbyonetaskwaitingforanothertocompleteDependentonprojectmanagersintuitionandexperience,Schedulingproblems进度问题,EstimatingthedifficultyofproblemsandhencethecostofdevelopingasolutionishardProductivityisnotproportionaltothenumberofpeopleworkingonataskAddingpeopletoalateprojectmakesitlaterbecauseofcommunicationoverheadsTheunexpectedalwayshappens.Alwaysallowcontingencyinplanning,Barchartsandactivitynetworks横道图和活动网络,GraphicalnotationsusedtoillustratetheprojectscheduleShowprojectbreakdownintotasks.Tasksshouldnotbetoosmall.TheyshouldtakeaboutaweekortwoActivitychartsshowtaskdependenciesandthethecriticalpathBarchartsshowscheduleagainstcalendartime,Taskdurationsanddependencies,Activitynetwork活动网络,Activitytimeline横道图,Staffallocation人员分配,Riskmanagement风险管理,Riskmanagementisconcernedwithidentifyingrisksanddrawingupplanstominimisetheireffectonaproject.Ariskisaprobabilitythatsomeadversecircumstancewilloccur.ProjectrisksaffectscheduleorresourcesProductrisksaffectthequalityorperformanceofthesoftwarebeingdevelopedBusinessrisksaffecttheorganisationdevelopingorprocuringthesoftware,Theriskmanagementprocess风险管理过程,RiskidentificationIdentifyproject,productandbusinessrisksRiskanalysisAssessthelikelihoodandconsequencesoftheserisksRiskplanningDrawupplanstoavoidorminimisetheeffectsoftheriskRiskmonitoringMonitortherisksthroughouttheproject,Riskidentification风险识别,Technologyrisks技术风险Peoplerisks人员风险Organisationalrisks机构风险Requirementsrisks需求风险Estimationrisks估算风险,Riskanalysis风险分析,AssessprobabilityandseriousnessofeachriskProbabilitymaybeverylow,low,moderate,highorveryhigh风险的可能性大小Riskeffectsmightbecatastrophic,serious,tolerableorinsignificant风险影响大小,Riskplanning风险规划,ConsidereachriskanddevelopastrategytomanagethatriskAvoidancestrategies避免风险TheprobabilitythattheriskwillariseisreducedMinimisationstrategies减小风险TheimpactoftheriskontheprojectorproductwillbereducedContingencyplans应急计划Iftheriskarises,contingencyplansareplanstodealwiththatrisk,Riskmonitoring风险监控,Assesseachidentifiedrisksregularlytodecidewhetherornotitisbecominglessormoreprobable风险出现的可能性变大还是变小Alsoassesswhethertheeffectsoftheriskhavechanged风险影响的后果是否改变Eachkeyriskshouldbediscussedatmanagementprogressmeetings重大风险在会上讨论,Keypoints主要知识点,Goodprojectmanagementisessentialforprojectsuccess好的管理是项目成功的必要Theintangiblenatureofsoftwarecausesproblemsformanagement软件不可见性Managershavediverserolesbuttheirmostsignificantactivitiesareplanning,estimatingandscheduling计划、评估和进度安排Planningandestimatingareiterativeprocesseswhichcontinuethroughoutthecourseofaproject计划和评估是反复行为,Aprojectmilestoneisapredictablestatewheresomeformalreportofprogressispresentedtomanagement.里程碑是可见的Risksmaybeprojectrisks,productrisksorbusinessrisks项目、产品、业务风险Riskmanagementisconcernedwithidentifyingriskswhichmayaffecttheprojectandplanningtoensurethattheserisksdonotdevelopintomajorthreats鉴别、分析和解决风险,Keypoints主要知识点,Homework,1.whatarethecontentsofprojectmanagement?2.P62.T4.63.whatarethecontentsofriskmanagement?4.whatarethecharacteristicsofsoftwareprojectmanagement?,SoftwareRequirements软件需求,Descriptionsandspecificationsofasystem系统的描述和规格：准确地回答系统作什么。,软件设计工作的起点一、什么是软件需求分析？为了便于理解分为：用户需求系统需求软件设计描述功能需求非功能需求领域需求。二、如何描述需求？自然语言结构化自然语言PDL,RoleImitation角色模拟1,假设需要开发一个篮球比赛的游戏软件，现在你作为一个系统分析员（SystemAnalyst），去国家队找教练(Coach)做需求分析，请花5分钟的时间作一个提问的提纲。以便采访得到更大的信息量。,实体（唯物）,人教练、球员、裁判、仲裁物篮球、场地、记分牌规则比赛规则、比赛时间抽象名词力度、角度、速度,Reference参考,Guard,Guard,Center,Forward,Forward,相关名词：投球（Shot）规定进攻时间（ShotClock）三分线（Three-PointLine）罚球（FreeThree）犯规（Foul）球场（Court）比赛时钟（GameClock）投篮（Shoot）抢篮板（Rebound）推进（Advance）运球（Dribble）传球（Pass）球（Ball）比赛时间（Duration）选手（Player）,Ball,diametervolume,dribble()shoot()pass()advance(),球类,Center,Name.,shootball()passball(),中锋类,staysnearbasket,shootsfromcloserange,RoleImitation角色模拟2,假设现在为马钢三钢厂开发一个工艺数据库管理系统。工艺过程是：1。转炉炼钢（4座）2。合金微调站（4座）3。LF炉（3座）4。连铸（4座）5。成品6。统计,RoleImitation角色模拟2,请用快速原型法搭建一个界面，以便用于和用户交流，做更为详细的需求分析。,Objectives教学目的,TointroducetheconceptsofuserandsystemrequirementsTodescribefunctionalandnon-functionalrequirementsToexplaintwotechniquesfordescribingsystemrequirementsTo